{"id":101599,"date":"2023-05-02T16:55:48","date_gmt":"2023-05-02T20:55:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=101599"},"modified":"2023-05-02T18:08:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T22:08:23","slug":"%e7%99%bd%e4%b8%81-%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%83%e4%b8%aa%e5%85%b3%e9%94%ae%e6%97%b6%e5%88%bb%e5%a1%91%e9%80%a0%e4%ba%86%e6%99%ae%e4%ba%ac%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%ad%e6%96%87%e8%af%91%e6%96%87%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=101599","title":{"rendered":"\u767d\u4e01\u00a0\uff1a\u4e03\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u666e\u4eac\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u6587\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<strong>\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong>\uff1aMark Galeotti \/\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u52a0\u83b1\u5965\u8482<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u8bd1\u8005<\/strong>\uff1a\u767d\u4e01<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u539f\u6587\u6807\u9898<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Russia&#8217;s Vladimir Putin at 70: Seven key moments that made him<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u539f\u6587\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-63117878\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?hl=zh-CN&amp;q=https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-63117878&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1683151142577000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3oP1RjRWwODmDTVZyvvdi2\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-63117878<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u3010<strong>\u539f\u6587\u6ce8<\/strong>\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u52a0\u83b1\u5965\u8482\uff08Mark Galeotti\uff09\u6559\u6388\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8c08\u8c08\u666e\u4eac\u548c\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u666e\u4eac\u6218\u4e89\u300b\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u5468\u4e94\uff0c\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u666e\u4eac<\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Vladimir Putin)\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u5373\u5c06\u8fce\u6765<\/strong><strong>\u00a070\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u5c81\u751f\u65e5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8d70\u4e0a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u4e4b\u8def\u7684\uff1f<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u4e03\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u65e5\u76ca\u758f\u8fdc\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1964<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u6295\u8eab\u67d4\u9053<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u957f\u8fbe\u00a0872\u00a0\u5929\u7684\u56f4\u56f0\u800c\u4ecd\u7136\u4f24\u75d5\u7d2f\u7d2f\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u813e\u6c14\u66b4\u8e81\u548c\u597d\u6597\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u6700\u597d\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6253\u67b6\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u6050\u60e7\u201d\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8857\u5934\u5e2e\u6d3e\u7316\u7357\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8eab\u6750\u7626\u5c0f\u4f46\u597d\u6597\u7684\u5c0f\u7537\u5b69\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u00a012\u00a0\u5c81\u65f6\u9996\u5148\u5b66\u4e60\u4e09\u5b9d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6b66\u672f\uff1b\u7136\u540e\u662f\u67d4\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u610f\u5fd7\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c18\u5c81\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u67d4\u9053\u9ed1\u5e26\u6bb5\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u6bd4\u8d5b\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e09\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b56\u5212\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u6c14\u6982\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8981\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u7528\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u6597\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u51fa\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u51fa\u624b\u529b\u5ea6\u8981\u5927\u5230\u8ba9\u5bf9\u624b\u722c\u4e0d\u8d77\u6765\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1968<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u5230\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u6c42\u804c<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u907f\u514d\u524d\u5f80\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u653f\u6cbb\u8b66\u5bdf\u603b\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730\u00a0Liteyny Prospekt\u00a0\u5927\u88574\u53f7\u3002\u5728\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u4eba\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5b83\u7684\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ba4\u8d70\u8fdb\u53e4\u62c9\u683c\u52b3\u6539\u8425\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6d41\u4f20\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u82e6\u6da9\u7684\u7b11\u8bdd\uff1a\u5927\u5bb6\u719f\u77e5\u7684Bolshoi Dom\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5927\u623f\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u5ba4\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u00a016\u00a0\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u8fd8\u662f\u8d70\u8fdb\u4e86\u94fa\u7740\u7ea2\u5730\u6bef\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u5904\uff0c\u5411\u684c\u5b50\u540e\u9762\u76f8\u5f53\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u52a0\u5165\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\u5175\u5f79\u6216\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u54ea\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f4d\u6700\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u3002\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u5c31\u4e0b\u5b9a\u51b3\u5fc3\u8981\u653b\u8bfb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u88ab\u6b63\u5f0f\u62db\u52df\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u4eac\u8fd9\u4e2a\u806a\u660e\u7684\u8857\u5934\u66b4\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u662f\u9547\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e2e\u6d3e\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e0e\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u9707\u8361\u8005\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u5982\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u4ed6\u5341\u51e0\u5c81\u65f6\u770b\u8fc7\u7684\u95f4\u8c0d\u7247\u65f6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95f4\u8c0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u51b3\u5b9a\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff08\u56fe1 1971\u5e74\u4e0e\u540c\u5b66\u6454\u8de4\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1989<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u9a9a\u4e71\u9020\u8005\u5305\u56f4<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u666e\u4eac\u7684\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u751f\u6daf\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u8d77\u98de\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u5e72\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6000\u6709\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u62b1\u8d1f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5b66\u4e60\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5728\u00a01985\u00a0\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u524d\u5f80\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u5728\uff08\u5fb7\u56fd\uff09\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u7684\u8054\u7edc\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fc7\u4e0a\u4e86\u8212\u9002\u7684\u4fa8\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u00a01989\u00a0\u5e74\u00a011\u00a0\u6708\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u653f\u6743\u4ee5\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u5d29\u6e83\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12\u00a0\u6708\u00a05\u00a0\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u9a9a\u4e71\u8005\u5305\u56f4\u4e86\u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f\u514b\u683c\u52c3\u5927\u697c\u3002\u666e\u4eac\u62fc\u547d\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\u7ed9\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7ea2\u519b\u9a7b\u519b\u8bf7\u6c42\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u5948\u5730\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u505a\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u666e\u4eac\u4ece\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6743\u7a81\u7136\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u590d\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u8fc5\u901f\u800c\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1992\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u7406\u201c\u77f3\u6cb9\u6362\u98df\u54c1\u201d\u8ba1\u5212<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u968f\u7740\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u539f\u672c\u8981\u79bb\u5f00\u514b\u683c\u52c3\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u5ea7\u73b0\u5728\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u65b0\u5e02\u957f\u5904\u7406\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u843d\u4f53\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\u4e00\u9879\u8bd5\u56fe\u5e2e\u52a9\u8be5\u5e02\u4eba\u6c11\u6e21\u8fc7\u96be\u5173\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u00a01\u00a0\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff088800\u00a0\u4e07\u82f1\u9551\uff09\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u91d1\u5c5e\u6362\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4f46\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u98df\u7269\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u9879\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u4e86\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u8be5\u5e02\u7684\u9ed1\u5e2e\u6210\u5458\u5c06\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u6b3e\u6536\u5165\u79c1\u56ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u201c\u72c2\u91ce\u7684\u00a090\u00a0\u5e74\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u5f88\u5feb\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d27\u5e01\u5316\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u9ed1\u5e2e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u3002\u5f53\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u83b7\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8be5\u540c\u6837\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff1f<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>2008<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u5165\u4fb5\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5f53\u666e\u4eac\u5728\u00a02000\u00a0\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u8981\u6309\u7167\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8986\u76d6\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7248\u56fe\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u53d8\u5f97\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6b63\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b64\u7acb\u548c\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5f53\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u603b\u7edf\u7c73\u54c8\u4f0a\u5c14\u00b7\u8428\u5361\u4ec0\u7ef4\u5229\uff08Mikheil Saakashvili\uff09\u627f\u8bfa\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u52a0\u5165\u5317\u7ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u7ea2\u8272\u8b66\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u65b0\u63a7\u5236\u88ab\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5357\u5965\u585e\u68af\uff08South Ossetia\uff09\u5206\u79bb\u5730\u533a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u501f\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\uff08\u56fe2\u00a0\u5357\u5965\u585e\u68af\u5987\u4eba\u54c0\u60bc\u5979\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff09<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4e94\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519b\u961f\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8428\u5361\u4ec0\u7ef4\u5229\uff08Saakashvili\uff09\u5f3a\u884c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5c48\u8fb1\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u897f\u65b9\u88ab\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u201c\u91cd\u7f6e\u201d\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u751a\u81f3\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e3e\u529e\u00a02018\u00a0\u5e74\u8db3\u7403\u4e16\u754c\u676f\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5bf9\u666e\u4eac\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u6b66\u529b\u5e26\u6765\u516c\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u5f31\u548c\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u867d\u7136\u4f1a\u607c\u6012\u548c\u606b\u5413\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u5728\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u9762\u524d\u9000\u7f29\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>2011-13<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u00a02011\u00a0\u5e74\u56e0\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u88ab\u64cd\u7eb5\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u666e\u4eac\u5ba3\u5e03\u4ed6\u5c06\u5728\u00a02012\u00a0\u5e74\u7ade\u9009\u8fde\u4efb\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u6fc0\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u6297\u8bae\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5e7f\u573a\u4e0a\u6324\u6ee1\u4e86\u6297\u8bae\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u4e4b\u540e\u88ab\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u535a\u6d1b\u7279\u7eb3\u4e9a\u6297\u8bae\u201d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u666e\u4eac\u6267\u653f\u671f\u95f4\u516c\u4f17\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u58f0\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u666e\u4eac\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f1a\u662f\u7531\u534e\u76db\u987f\u53d1\u8d77\u3001\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u6307\u6325\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u8d23\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5e0c\u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u987f\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5bf9\u666e\u4eac\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5bf9\u624b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d64\u818a\u4e0a\u9635\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6b63\u5728\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u4ed6\u6251\u6765\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>2020-21<\/strong><strong>\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0e<\/strong><strong>\u00a0Covid\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u9694\u79bb<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5f53\u00a0Covid-19\u00a0\u5e2d\u5377\u5168\u7403\u65f6\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u552f\u6211\u72ec\u5c0a\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u4ed6\u89c1\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u5148\u88ab\u9694\u79bb\u4e24\u5468\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fd8\u8981\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e00\u6761\u5145\u6ee1\u6740\u83cc\u7d2b\u5916\u7ebf\u548c\u6d88\u6bd2\u5242\u55b7\u96fe\u7684\u8d70\u5eca\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u666e\u4eac\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u548c\u987e\u95ee\u6570\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u5e94\u58f0\u866b\u548c\u9e70\u6d3e\u4f19\u4f34\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u9762\u5bf9\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u600e\u4e48\u770b\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u666e\u4eac\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u201c\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u504f\u89c1\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u64ad\u4e0b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(2,172 words)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<header class=\"ssrcss-1eqcsb1-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5\">\n<h1 id=\"main-heading\" class=\"ssrcss-15xko80-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\">Russia&#8217;s Vladimir Putin at 70: Seven key moments that made him<\/h1>\n<div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping e1ojgjhb2\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1\" role=\"listitem\">\n<div class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">Published<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1pvwv4b-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v3\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1if1g9v-MetadataText ecn1o5v1\"><time datetime=\"2022-10-05T20:20:28.000Z\" data-testid=\"timestamp\">5 October 2022<\/time><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-11faxz6-TagShareWrapper e1nh2i2l0\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1ynay8h-StyledInformationPanel e15ad6a66\">\n<div>\n<div><button class=\"ssrcss-i42p3a-Button etotop31\" type=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper etotop30\" data-testid=\"actions:share\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">Share<\/span><\/span><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1xq7is6-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21\"><span class=\"ssrcss-11kpz0x-Placeholder e16icw910\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png.webp 976w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ssrcss-evoj7m-Image ee0ct7c0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/17ED8\/production\/_126980089_b4c426e6-d1f3-4806-9893-a42bdb2c02f5.png 976w\" alt=\"Montage of Vladimir Putin now and as a boy\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/span><span class=\"ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">IMAGE SOURCE,<\/span>GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1aucc07-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90\" data-component=\"byline-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96\">By Mark Galeotti<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910\">Academic and author<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\"><b class=\"ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3\">As Vladimir Putin nears his 70th birthday on Friday, how did he become the isolated autocrat who launched his disastrous invasion of Ukraine?<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Seven pivotal moments in his life helped shape his thinking and explain his growing estrangement with the West.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Taking-up-judo-1964\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Taking up judo, 1964<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Born in a Leningrad still scarred by its 872-day siege in World War Two, young Vladimir was a surly and combative boy at school &#8211; his best friend recalled that &#8220;he could get into a fight with anyone&#8221; because &#8220;he had no fear&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Nonetheless, a slight but scrappy young boy in a city overrun with street gangs needed an edge, and at the age of 12 he took up first sambo, a Russian martial art, and then judo. He was determined and disciplined, and by the time he was 18 had a judo black belt and third place in the national junior competition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"teads-adCall\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Of course, this has since been used as part of his carefully-curated macho persona, but it also confirmed his early belief that in a dangerous world, you need to be confident but also realise that, in his own words, when a fight is inevitable, &#8220;you must hit first, and hit so hard that your opponent will not rise to his feet&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Asking-the-KGB-for-a-job-1968\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Asking the KGB for a job, 1968<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">On the whole, people avoided going to 4 Liteyny Prospekt, the KGB political police HQ in Leningrad. So many had passed through its interrogation cells to the gulag labour camps in the Stalin era that the bitter joke was that the so-called Bolshoi Dom, the &#8220;Big House&#8221;, was the tallest building in Leningrad, because one could see Siberia from its basement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"piano-inline1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Nonetheless, when he was 16, Putin entered its red-carpeted reception and asked the rather bemused officer behind the desk how he could join. He was told that he needed to have completed military service or a degree, and so he even asked which degree was best.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Law, he was told &#8211; and from that point, Putin was determined to graduate in law, after which he was duly recruited. To Putin the street-smart bruiser, the KGB was the biggest gang in town, offering security and advancement even to someone with no Party connections.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">But it also represented a chance to be a mover and shaker &#8211; as he himself said about the spy films he watched as a teenager, &#8220;one spy could decide the fate of thousands of people&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1xq7is6-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1hq4gmv-Placeholder e16icw910\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png.webp 976w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ssrcss-evoj7m-Image ee0ct7c0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/A791\/production\/_126979824_putin_at_70_4_976-nc.png 976w\" alt=\"Vladimir Putin (bottom) wrestles with a classmate in St Petersburg in 1971\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/span><span class=\"ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">IMAGE SOURCE,<\/span>GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/div><figcaption class=\"ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">Image caption,<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260\">Wrestling a classmate in 1971<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Surrounded-by-a-mob-1989\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Surrounded by a mob, 1989<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">For all his hopes, Putin&#8217;s KGB career never really took off. He was a solid worker, but no high flier. Nonetheless, he had applied himself to learning German, and this got him an appointment to the KGB&#8217;s liaison offices in Dresden in 1985.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">There he settled into a comfortable expat life, but in November 1989, the East German regime began to collapse, with shocking speed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">On 5 December, a mob surrounded the Dresden KGB building. Putin desperately rang the nearest Red Army garrison to request protection, and they helplessly replied &#8220;we cannot do anything without orders from Moscow. And Moscow is silent.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"piano-inline2\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Putin learned to fear the sudden collapse of central power &#8211; and determined never to repeat what he felt was Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev&#8217;s mistake, not to respond with speed and determination when faced by opposition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Brokering-the-Oil-for-Food-programme-1992\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Brokering the &#8216;Oil for Food&#8217; programme, 1992<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Putin would later leave the KGB as the Soviet Union imploded, but soon secured a position as fixer for the reformist new mayor of what was now St Petersburg.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">The economy was in freefall, and Putin was charged with managing a deal to try and help the city&#8217;s people get by, swapping $100m (\u00a388m) worth of oil and metal for food.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"unordered-list-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1o5f7ft-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0\">\n<ul role=\"list\">\n<li><a class=\"ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1no5rhv0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-32066222\">Vladimir Putin&#8217;s formative German years<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1no5rhv0\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/brand\/m0015nfd\">LISTEN: The extraordinary story of Putin&#8217;s life<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">In practice, no one saw any food, but according to an investigation, quickly suppressed, Putin, his friends and the city&#8217;s gangsters pocketed the money.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">In the &#8220;wild 90s&#8221;, Putin quickly learned that political influence was a monetisable commodity, and gangsters could make useful allies. When everyone around him was profiting from their positions, why shouldn&#8217;t he?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Invading-Georgia-2008\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Invading Georgia, 2008<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">When Putin became Russian president in 2000, he hoped to be able to build a positive relationship with the West &#8211; on his own terms, including a sphere of influence across the former Soviet Union. He soon became disappointed, then angry, believing the West was actively trying to isolate and demean Russia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"piano-inline3\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">When Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili committed his country to joining Nato, Putin saw red and a Georgian attempt to regain control over the Russian-backed breakaway region of South Ossetia became an excuse for a punitive operation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1xq7is6-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1hq4gmv-Placeholder e16icw910\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png.webp 976w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ssrcss-evoj7m-Image ee0ct7c0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/F5B1\/production\/_126979826_putin_georgia1.png 976w\" alt=\"Woman grieving in Georgia\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/span><span class=\"ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">IMAGE SOURCE,<\/span>GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/div><figcaption class=\"ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">Image caption,<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260\">Woman in South Ossetia mourns her son<\/div>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">In five days, Russian forces shattered the Georgian military and forced a humiliating peace on Saakashvili.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">The West was outraged, yet within a year, US president Barack Obama was offering to &#8220;reset&#8221; relations with Russia, and Moscow was even awarded the right to host the 2018 football World Cup.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">To Putin, it was clear that might made right &#8211; and a weak and inconstant West would huff and puff, but ultimately back down in the face of a determined will.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Protests-in-Moscow-201113\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Protests in Moscow, 2011-13<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">A widespread &#8211; and credible &#8211; belief that the 2011 parliamentary elections were rigged sparked protests that were only galvanised when Putin announced that he would be standing for re-election in 2012.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Known as the &#8220;Bolotnaya Protests&#8221; after the Moscow square that they filled, this represented the largest expression of public opposition yet under Putin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1xq7is6-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1\" data-component=\"image-block\">\n<figure class=\"ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21\"><span class=\"ssrcss-1hq4gmv-Placeholder e16icw910\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png.webp 976w\" type=\"image\/webp\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ssrcss-evoj7m-Image ee0ct7c0\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 240w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 320w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 480w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/624\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 624w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 800w, https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/976\/cpsprodpb\/5971\/production\/_126979822_putin_at_70_2_976-nc.png 976w\" alt=\"Protests in Moscow in 2013 in support of opposition\" width=\"976\" height=\"549\" \/><\/picture><\/span><span class=\"ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20\" role=\"text\"><span class=\"visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0\">IMAGE SOURCE,<\/span>GETTY IMAGES<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">His belief was that the rallies were initiated, encouraged and directed by Washington, blaming US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton personally.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">To Putin, it was evidence that the gloves were off, and the West was coming directly for him, and that, in effect, he was now at war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-z0dilw-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0\" data-component=\"subheadline-block\">\n<h2 id=\"Isolating-from-Covid-202021\" class=\"ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span role=\"text\">Isolating from Covid, 2020-21<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">When Covid-19 swept across the globe, Putin went into an isolation unusual even for personalistic autocrats, with anyone going to meet him being isolated for a fortnight under guard and then having to pass through a corridor bathed in germ-killing ultraviolet light and fogged in disinfectant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">In this time, the number of allies and advisers able to have face time with Putin shrank dramatically to a handful of yes-men and fellow hawks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\">Exposed to fewer alternative opinions and scarcely even seeing his own country, Putin seems to have &#8220;learned&#8221; that all his assumptions were right and all his prejudices justified, and the seeds of the invasion of Ukraine were planted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssrcss-1fdlmrg-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0\" data-component=\"text-block\">\n<div class=\"ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1\">\n<p class=\"ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00\"><i class=\"ssrcss-xbdn93-ItalicText e5tfeyi2\">Professor Mark Galeotti is an academic and author, whose books include We Need To Talk About Putin and the forthcoming Putin&#8217;s Wars<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aMark Galeotti \/\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u52a0\u83b1\u5965\u8482 \u8bd1\u8005\uff1a\u767d\u4e01 \u539f\u6587\u6807\u9898\u00a0 Russia&#8217;s [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101599","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","category-b","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101599","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=101599"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101599\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101600,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101599\/revisions\/101600"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=101599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=101599"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=101599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}