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—————————————————————————————————————————<\/p>\n

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\u6b63\u5982\u8036\u7a23\u5bf9\u7f57\u9a6c\u603b\u7763\u5f7c\u62c9\u591a\u6240\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u7236\u8d50\u7ed9\u4f60\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u987a\u670d\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u987a\u670d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u987a\u670d\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f53\u987a\u670d\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u987a\u670d\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u5e1d\u65e8\u610f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u987a\u670d\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4eba\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u6000\u7740\u656c\u754f\u7684\u5fc3\uff0c\u5374\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5d07\u62dc\u3001\u653f\u515a\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u5d07\u62dc\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u5d07\u62dc\u5c31\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8d70\u5411\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u89c9\u9192\u3002<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14(Alexis-Charles-Henri Cl\u00e9rel de Tocqueville)\uff0c1805\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\u20141859\u5e744\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u51fa\u8eab\u8d35\u65cf\u4e16\u5bb6\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u4e94\u4e2a\u201c\u671d\u4ee3\u201d(\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u6ce2\u65c1\u738b\u671d\u3001\u4e03\u6708\u738b\u671d\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u524d\u671f\u70ed\u5fc3\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c1838\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\uff0c1848\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\u53c2\u4e0e\u5236\u8ba2\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c1849\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u51fa\u4efb\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n

1851\u5e74\uff0c\u8def\u6613-\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u00b7\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u5efa\u7acb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u56e0\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u79f0\u5e1d\u800c\u88ab\u6355\u3002\u83b7\u91ca\u540e\uff0c\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u65e5\u76ca\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u9010\u6e10\u6de1\u51fa\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31859\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5927\u9769\u547d\u300b\u548c\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u5c31\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6027\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

—————————————————————————————————————————<\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6784\u6210\u51b2\u51fb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u548c\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\n\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u548c\u6770\u6590\u900a\u957f\u671f\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u5148\u540e\u53bb\u4e16<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6770\u6590\u900a\uff08ThomasJefferson\uff0c1743-1826\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u8d77\u8349\u4eba\uff0c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff081801\u5e74\u25001809\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4efb\u671f\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u624b\u4e2d\u8d2d\u4e70\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u90a3\u5dde\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u8fd1\u4e4e\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u300a\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u81ea\u7531\u5b97\u6559\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6770\u6590\u900a\u559c\u597d\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u5b97\u6559\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5b57\u6c47\u63cf\u8ff0\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u9020\u8005\u201d\uff08”Creator”\uff09\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e4b\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u201d\uff08”Nature’sGod”\uff09\u7b49\u8bcd\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u6240\u6267\u653f\u7684\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u6d3e\u4e3a\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u552f\u4e00\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u3002\u6770\u6590\u900a\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u573a\u5408\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u540c\u610f\u5176\u53cb\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u666e\u91cc\u65af\u7279\u5229\uff08J.JosephPriestley\uff0c1733-1804\u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u62d2\u7edd\u201c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u201c\u795e\u4eba\u4e8c\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6770\u6590\u900a\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8036\u7a23\u4e4b\u795e\u6027\uff0c\u5374\u81ea\u79f0\u5341\u5206\u5c0a\u5d07\u8036\u7a23\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u8bf2\u3002\u4e00\u5982\u4f17\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u6770\u6590\u900a\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u795e\u8ff9\u3002\u4ed6\u81ea\u5236\u7684\u7b80\u8981\u7248\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4ec5\u6709\u4ed6\u6240\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e4b\u8036\u7a23\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u767b\u5c71\u5b9d\u8bad\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u6770\u6590\u900a\u7248\u5723\u7ecf\u4e8e\u5176\u8eab\u6545\u540e\u53d1\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u798f\u97f3\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4e00\u518d\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u795e\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u662f\u53d7\u818f\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u3001\u662f\u521b\u59cb\u8005\u3001\u66f4\u662f\u6551\u8d4e\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5355\u5355\u627f\u8ba4\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5374\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u8036\u7a23\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u662f\u201c\u75af\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u662f\u201c\u9a97\u5b50\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82e5\u6770\u6590\u900a\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u6240\u5bc4\u751f\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5219\u5fc5\u7136\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u590d\u6d3b\u201d\u662f\u795e\u8ff9\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u4e66\u300b15-19\u6240\u4e91\uff0c\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4eba\u82e5\u4e0d\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u590d\u6d3b\u4e86\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u590d\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4fbf\u662f\u5f92\u7136\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u4ecd\u5728\u7f6a\u91cc\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u91cc\u7761\u4e86\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u706d\u4ea1\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u9760\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u4eca\u751f\u6709\u6307\u671b\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u6bd4\u4f17\u4eba\u66f4\u53ef\u601c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd8\u662f\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8ba4\u53ef\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u201d\u5171\u4eab\u4e00\u5957\u610f\u601d\u5f62\u6001\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5904\u4e8b\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u8bba\u5c06\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5bb6\u6240\u4e91\u4e4b\u201c\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5dee\u5e8f\u683c\u5c40\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u9645\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6c34\u9762\u4e0a\u6cdb\u5f00\u7684\u8fde\u6655\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u5ef6\u4f38\u5f00\u53bb\uff0c\u4e00\u5708\u4e00\u5708\uff0c\u6309\u79bb\u81ea\u5df1\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u8fdc\u8fd1\u6765\u5212\u5206\u4eb2\u758f\u3002\uff08\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u8d39\u5b5d\u901a\uff1a\u300a\u4e61\u571f\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c33\uff0d36\u3001102\u9875\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5728\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7236\u90fd\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u6d01\u7684\u5f6c\u5f6c\u541b\u5b50\u3002\u4ece\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u9760\u8c29\u9a82\u5bf9\u624b\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6307\u8d23\u800c\u4e0a\u4f4d\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6770\u6590\u900a\u4e0e\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5e76\u4e0d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u706b\u836f\u5473\u3002\u6770\u6590\u900a\u6d3e\u653b\u51fb\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u4eb2\u82f1\u7684\u4fdd\u7687\u6d3e\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u628a\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u4f4d\u4f20\u7ed9\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u738b\u671d\u3002\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u6d3e\u5219\u6293\u4f4f\u6770\u6590\u900a\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u653e\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u6770\u6590\u900a\u662f\u4e2a\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u9694\u56db\u5e74\uff0c1800\u5e74\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u4e0e\u6770\u6590\u900a\u518d\u5ea6\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u4f4d\u5bf9\u51b3\u3002\u6770\u6590\u900a\u4ecd\u7136\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9971\u53d7\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u91cc\u6069\uff08WilliamRiehen\uff09\u7267\u5e08\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5c24\u4e3a\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u51e0\u70b9\u4e25\u8083\u601d\u8003\u300b\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u91cc\u6069\u8d28\u95ee\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6770\u6590\u900a\u53bb\u8fc7\u6559\u4f1a\u5417\uff1f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e3b\u65e5\u4ed6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5ea6\u8fc7\u7684\uff1f\u4ed6\u4e0e\u54ea\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e00\u8d77\u505a\u8fc7\u793c\u62dc\u5417\uff1f\u201d\u4ed6\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5047\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6559\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56f4\u7ed5\u5728\u4ed6\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u90fd\u5c06\u662f\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u656c\u8654\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5e38\u4fbf\u996d\uff0c\u800c\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u6765\u7684\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u6deb\u4e71\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u6765\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5ea6\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u201d\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u663e\u660e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u540e\u6765\u96be\u514d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u6295\u673a\u201d\u548c\u201c\u80cc\u53db\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u7f6a\u201d\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

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