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structure\uff09\u3001\u4ea7\u6743\u7ed3\u6784 (property rights structure)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6743\u529b\u548c\u4ea7\u6743\u90fd\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u6781\u70b9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u4e00\u70b9\u8bb2\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u4ea7\u6743\u3002\u6743\u529b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u91cc\u6709\u70b9\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u539f\u672c\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e0a\u6307\u7684\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529bpower,\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u662frights,\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4ea7\u6743\uff0cproperty 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Locke\uff09\u3001\u5362\u68ad\uff08Jean-Jacques 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624d\u8bb2\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u5efa\u8d77\u5baa\u653f\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u662f\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5f88\u8106\u5f31\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u641e\u57ae\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5baa\u653f\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u57ce\u90a6\u3002\u5f53\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u515a\u652b\u53d6\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u9053\u7406\u4e5f\u53ef\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5baa\u653f\u76f8\u5f53\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u53d8\u6210\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u519b\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u8fc7\u597d\u51e0\u6b21\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u523a\u6740\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u867d\u7136\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u652b\u53d6\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5be1\u5934\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u505a\uff0c\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>\u5f20<\/b><b>\uff1a<\/b>\u60a8\u5728\u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u56e0\u300b\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Regionally Administered Totalitarianism\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7528\u5b83\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u843d\u3002\u4f46\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u6797\u8328\uff08Juan Linz\uff09\u6559\u6388\u7528\u540e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u540e\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u540e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><b>\u8bb8<\/b><b>\uff1a<\/b>\u6211\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e0b\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u540e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u624e\u6839\u4ee5\u540e\u9010\u6b65\u6f14\u53d8\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u53eb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e9\u57281958\u5e74\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u30021958\u5e74\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u53d1\u52a8\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u540e\u52301957\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5c31\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece1958\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bdb\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u642c\u6765\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u671d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u6781\u6743\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e1d\u5236\u548c\u4e2d\u5171\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6587\u9769\u540e\u5feb\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u9760\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u5f04\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u9ad8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u800c\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u6797\u8328\u6559\u6388\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u4e1c\u6b27\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u57ae\u53f0\u4e86\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u8f68\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u600e\u4e48\u57ae\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u8f6c\u8f68\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u524d\u4e1c\u6b27\u3001\u4e2d\u6b27\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ed6\u5c06\u57ae\u53f0\u540e\u7684\u524d\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53eb\u505a\u540e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4e0e\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u6797\u8328\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u57ae\u53f0\u540e\u7684\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u6df1\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u4ecd\u7136\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53c8\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2d\u95f4\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9ad8\u901f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c45\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6765\u81ea\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u533a\u7ba1\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8003\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><b>\u5f20<\/b><b>\uff1a<\/b>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u5feb\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u628a\u5b83\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u30022024\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u60a8\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u963f\u897f\u83ab\u683c\u9c81(Daron Acemoglu)\u548c\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a(James A. Robinson)\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f1a\u5931\u8d25\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u3001\u7e41\u8363\u548c\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u300b\u8fd9\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u652b\u53d6\u578b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u7ec8\u7a76\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73b0\u3002\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8bfb\u8005\u5f88\u60ca\u8bb6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5148\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u60a8\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5174\u8870\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u6301\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><b>\u8bb8<\/b><b>\uff1a<\/b>\u6211\u5012\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u963f\u897f\u83ab\u683c\u9c81\u548c\u9c81\u5bbe\u900a\u6559\u6388\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5174\u8870\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u5f53\u62bd\u8c61\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u9645\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5230\u5e95\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u6982\u8981\uff0c\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8981\u8bf4\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u4e1c\u4e2d\u6b27\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u6ca1\u6709\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u6cdb\u6cdb\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8bba\u8ff0\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a0d\u5fae\u5177\u4f53\u4e00\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\uff08inclusive institutions\uff09\u548c\u652b\u53d6\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\uff08extractive 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