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\n\u5728\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300b\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u516d\u8b1b\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u89c0\u5ff5\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u65cf\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u8feb\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u6709\u5f37\u8feb\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u50b3\u9054\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u63a5\u8457\u53c8\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7e3d\u6578\u662f\u56db\u842c\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6f22\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u8840\u7d71\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u591a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u591a\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u9019\u500b\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u8aaa\u904e\u5206\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u775c\u773c\u8aaa\u778e\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u624d\u6703\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u7531<\/p>\n
\n\u7576\u7136\u3002\u9019\u9084\u8981\u642d\u914d\u4ed6\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u4f86\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u4ed6\u8ac7\u5230\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8b1b\u6709\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u592a\u904e\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u8981\u5f97\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u80fd\u5920\u884c\u52d5\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4fbf\u662f\u5f37\u76db\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u53bb\u4fbf\u8981\u5927\u5bb6\u72a7\u7272\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u300d\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u628a\u570b\u5bb6\u81ea\u7531\u8207\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u5c0d\u7acb\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u518d\u4f86\u8ac7\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5c31\u6709\u554f\u984c\u4e86\u3002
\n\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6216\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u90fd\u8b1b\u5230\u5929\u8ce6\u4eba\u6b0a\u2500\u2500\u5148\u6709\u500b\u4eba\u624d\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u53c8\u8aaa\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u624d\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u3002\u5169\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5fc3\u5883\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6e05\u671d\u88ab\u5217\u5f37\u6b3a\u51cc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u55aa\u5931\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u88ab\u6253\u8db4\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u8981\u91cd\u632f\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7cbe\u795e\u57fa\u790e\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u8ffd\u6c42\u6216\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u767c\u5c55\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u5f88\u5f37\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002
\n\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u5b50\u666e\u904d\u5728\u8ac7\u6551\u4ea1\u5716\u5b58\u3001\u5bcc\u570b\u5f37\u5175\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5f9e\u9769\u547d\u9ee8\u3001\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6551\u4ea1\u5716\u5b58\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u8d70\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u8ac7\u5230\u5982\u4f55\u5be6\u73fe\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5c31\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u9ee8\u570b\u9ad4\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u908a\u53c8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5c0d\uff0c\u6211\u8b80\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u6551\u4ea1\u5716\u5b58\u7126\u616e\u611f\u3002\u4ed6\u8b1b\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u904e\u53bb\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u73fe\u5728\u5c40\u52e2\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f37\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u65bd\u52a0\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e43\u81f3\u65bc\u4eba\u6578\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u90fd\u8b93\u4ed6\u89ba\u5f97\u4e2d\u570b\u6709\u4ea1\u570b\u6ec5\u7a2e\u4e4b\u865e\u3002
\n\u4ed6\u5728\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\u5f88\u5f37\u70c8\u5730\u8868\u9054\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u63d0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u7576\u6642\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u8981\u7406\u89e3\u5df1\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5371\u6a5f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9084\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u4ea1\u570b\u6ec5\u7a2e\u4e4b\u865e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u601d\u8003\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u3002\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u5b78\u7406\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u8981\u4ea1\u570b\u6ec5\u7a2e\u7684\u7126\u616e\u611f\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\u3002
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u601d\u8003\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u727d\u5f37\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4ed6\u5206\u6790\u6c11\u65cf\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8840\u7d71\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u8b1b\u5230\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u5011\u56db\u842c\u842c\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u6f22\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8b1b\u6cd5\u771f\u7684\u883b\u6b66\u65b7\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u5947\u602a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u8981\u8b1b\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4e86\u300c\u6311\u592b\u4e2d\u5927\u734e\u4e1f\u6241\u64d4\u300d\u7684\u5bd3\u8a00\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u570b\u5bb6\u5f37\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b1b\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u5f31\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u8b1b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u8b1b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7b56\u7565\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4ed6\u662f\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5c07\u5b83\u91d0\u6e05\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u6a23\u8b1b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u3001\u52d5\u6a5f\u3001\u76ee\u7684\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u641e\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u7d44\u4ed6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u4f60\u770b\u4ed6\u8ac7\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u7576\u6642\u5728\u5217\u5f37\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9999\u6e2f\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5217\u5f37\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u4f86\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u611f\u89ba\u662f\u76ee\u7121\u6cd5\u7d00\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2d\u570b\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u4eab\u6709\u9818\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6b0a\u3002\u4ed6\u7576\u6642\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6709\u5728\u5404\u570b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u75db\u5fc3\u7684\u3002
\n\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u8981\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5217\u5f37\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u5c0d\u5f85\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6e05\u671d\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u5217\u5f37\u8a8d\u70ba\u6e05\u671d\u662f\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u7576\u6642\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5217\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u628a\u5b83\u7576\u6210\u5e73\u7b49\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u7576\u6642\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u662f\u4f86\u81ea1648\u5e74\u6b50\u6d32\u300a\u897f\u4f10\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u7d04\u300b\uff08Peace of Westphalia\uff09\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u5728\u9019\u500b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u7b97\u662f\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b97\u662f\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u3002
\n\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u4e5f\u7b97\u672a\u958b\u5316\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u770b\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u3001\u6cd5\u570b\u4eba\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8239\u5e36\u8457\u570b\u65d7\uff0c\u8d70\u5230\u54ea\u88e1\u5f80\u5730\u4e0a\u4e00\u63d2\u5c31\u8aaa\u9019\u662f\u6211\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u9ede\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u628a\u63d2\u65d7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7d0d\u5165\u6cbb\u7406\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u5730\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u641e\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u662f\u73a9\u9019\u4e00\u5957\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u570b\u529b\u7d42\u7a76\u6bd4\u8f03\u5f37\u5927\uff0c\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u90a3\u908a\u767c\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u570b\u9762\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u9019\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u7528\u9019\u5957\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u4f60\u3002
\n\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u8981\u6709\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6b0a\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u8aaa\u90a3\u662f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u88ab\u77ee\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u770b\u770b\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6b0a\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u7528\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u90a3\u5957\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u8207\u666e\u4e16\u50f9\u503c\u662f\u80cc\u53cd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u8a18\u5f97\u7576\u6642\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u8207\u6e05\u671d\u8a02\u5b9a\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u689d\u7d04\u300b\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u90fd\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u689d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u6e05\u671d\u8981\u597d\u597d\u5c0d\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u300a\u4e2d\u82f1\u5929\u6d25\u689d\u7d04\u300b\u7b2c8\u6b3e\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a\u300c\u8036\u7a4c\u8056\u6559\u66a8\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u539f\u4fc2\u70ba\u5584\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5f85\u4eba\u77e5\u5df1\u3002\u81ea\u5f8c\u51e1\u6709\u50b3\u6388\u7fd2\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u9ad4\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u5176\u5b89\u5206\u7121\u904e\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u6beb\u4e0d\u5f97\u523b\u5f85\u7981\u963b\u300d\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5929\u6d25\u689d\u7d04\u300b\u7b2c13\u6b3e\u5247\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a\u300c\u51e1\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u9858\u4fe1\u5d07\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u800c\u5faa\u898f\u8e48\u77e9\u8005\uff0c\u6beb\u7121\u67e5\u7981\uff0c\u7686\u514d\u61f2\u6cbb\u300d\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u662f\u5f9e\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e2d\u570b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4e00\u822c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u61c2\u9019\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u89ba\u5f97\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0a\u56b4\u53d7\u5230\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5c0d\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4eac\u5e2b\u540c\u6587\u9928\u5c31\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u5178\u7c4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f71\u97ff\u81fa\u7063\u6700\u6df1\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7e3d\u6559\u5e2d\u4e01\u97d9\u826f\uff08W. A. P. Martin\uff09\u7ffb\u8b6f\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u8457\u4f5c\u60e0\u9813\uff08Henry Wheaton\uff09\u7684\u300a\u842c\u570b\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Elements of International Law\uff09\u3002\u7576\u6642\u90b1\u9022\u7532\u3001\u5510\u666f\u5d27\u5c31\u662f\u62ff\u8457\u300a\u842c\u570b\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u8aaa\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u6c7a\u624d\u662f\u6700\u7d42\u6c7a\u5b9a\u9818\u571f\u4e3b\u6b0a\u6b78\u5c6c\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u300a\u4e2d\u65e5\u99ac\u95dc\u689d\u7d04\u300b\u5272\u8b93\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u4e0d\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u62ff\u570b\u969b\u516c\u6cd5\u4f86\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\uff1f\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6309\u7167\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u8b70\u6703\u3001\u7e3d\u7d71\u3001\u884c\u653f\u7acb\u6cd5\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e09\u6b0a\u5206\u7acb\u3001\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u9032\u4f86\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u5efa\u7acb\u7acb\u8db3\u65bc\u7576\u4e0b\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u65b0\u570b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5149\u7dd2\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u662f\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u8b70\u9662\u3002\u620a\u620c\u8b8a\u6cd5\u8ac7\u5230\u8b70\u9662\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u53d7\u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7acb\u61b2\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002
\n\u73cd\u60dc\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u63a8\u9032\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6<\/p>\n
\n\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u662f\u958b\u660e\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u5b98\u54e1\u90fd\u770b\u5230\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u570b\u5fa9\u8208\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u9019\u9ede\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u3001\u58eb\u7d33\u89ba\u5f97\u4e2d\u570b\u88ab\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u6b3a\u8ca0\u5f97\u5f88\u5c48\u8fb1\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5be6\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6b3a\u8ca0\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u66f4\u53b2\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u9ede\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4e5f\u633a\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\u8aaa\u5230\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u771f\u6b63\u5f37\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u8b1b\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u9084\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u53b2\u5bb3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u8aaa\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8981\u5411\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u6f14\u8b1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u5b9a\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6709\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4ed6\u8981\u8b93\u4e2d\u570b\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u63a5\u53d7\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u85cd\u5716\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u6b77\u53f2\u7cbe\u795e\u885d\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u6240\u4ee5\u8aaa\u4ed6\u9019\u500b\u6f14\u8b1b\u5176\u5be6\u6709\u4e9b\u5f88\u6a5f\u5de7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6709\u8b1b\u5230\uff0c\u6062\u5fa9\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u667a\u80fd\u7b49\u7b49\u5f8c\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u5b78\u7fd2\u897f\u65b9\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u662f\u5728\u5b89\u64ab\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u8981\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u50c5\u6b62\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u63d0\u5230\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u8aaa\u65e5\u672c\u6700\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5e74\u4f86\u958b\u59cb\u5c08\u4e00\u5730\u5b78\u7fd2\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u5217\u5f37\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5fc5\u9808\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u8b1b\u56fa\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5fe0\u5b5d\u4ec1\u611b\u4fe1\u7fa9\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u9084\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u683c\u7269\u81f4\u77e5\u6b63\u5fc3\u8aa0\u610f\u4fee\u8eab\u9f4a\u5bb6\u6cbb\u570b\u5e73\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u4e00\u5957\u9053\u5fb7\u653f\u6cbb\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u9019\u5012\u662f\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5728\u8b1b\u6c11\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u8ac7\u6c11\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u9ede\u662f\u4ed6\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u80af\u5b9a\u4ed6\u3002\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e2d\u570b\u7576\u6642\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u5167\u6db5\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u8981\u628a\u5b83\u627e\u51fa\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u60a8\u8b93\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u6709\u8b1b\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u904e\u53bb\u5217\u5f37\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e00\u76f4\u6b3a\u8ca0\u4e2d\u570b\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u9769\u547d\uff1f\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f37\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u6b3a\u8ca0\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u9019\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u771f\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n
\n\u8b93\u4eba\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5f97\u8d77\u3001\u80fd\u5920\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u624d\u6703\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3002\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\u6211\u59d3\u66fe\uff0c\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\u6211\u5bb6\u88e1\u6709\u300a\u66fe\u6587\u6b63\u516c\u5bb6\u66f8\u9078\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u90a3\u6642\u4e0d\u61c2\uff0c\u8b80\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5c31\u89ba\u5f97\uff1a\u54c7\uff01\u597d\u611f\u52d5\uff0c\u771f\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\uff0c\u9023\u8523\u4e2d\u6b63\u7e3d\u7d71\u4e5f\u559c\u6b61\u8ac7\u66fe\u6587\u6b63\u516c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66fe\u570b\u85e9\u6253\u6557\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u570b\uff0c\u570d\u653b\u5929\u4eac\uff0f\u5357\u4eac\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5c60\u57ce\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u53eb\u505a\u66fe\u5243\u982d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bba\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u65e5\u672c\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6bba\u9084\u8981\u591a\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u600e\u9ebc\u6703\u88ab\u8aaa\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5c1a\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\n\u5c0d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u9084\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e4b\u539a\u8584\u595a\u81ea\u4e4e\uff1f\u81ea\u4e4e\u4e00\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fc3\u4e4b\u6240\u56ae\u800c\u5df2\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u4ed6\u9019\u6a23\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u526f\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u77db\u76fe\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n
\n\u5c0d\uff0c\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u611b\u597d\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u4ec1\u611b\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u9084\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6bba\u7684\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u6b66\u660c\u8d77\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5f8c\u6bba\u7684\u4eba\u5176\u5be6\u883b\u591a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u6b66\u660c\u8d77\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9769\u547d\u8ecd\u5728\u6b66\u660c\u548c\u5404\u5730\u7a2e\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\u3001\u5c60\u6bba\u6eff\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6b0a\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002
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\n\u8ffd\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6<\/p>\n
\n\u7136\u5f8c\u62b9\u715e\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u53c8\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6253\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u88e1\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u9019\u985e\u7c89\u98fe\u592a\u5e73\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u9762\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u3002
\n\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u50cf\u8001\u5e2b\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u89ba\u5f97\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u9ad4\u7684\uff0c\u8b93\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u61b2\u653f\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u7acb\u8db3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u8207\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u4ee3\u2500\u2500\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u81fa\u7063\u2500\u2500\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u76f8\u7576\u7b26\u5408\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u570b\u65cf\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u5c0d\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u6240\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e0d\u5c0d\uff1f<\/p>\n
\n\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u570b86\u5e74\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u4fee\u61b2\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u300a\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u300b\u7b2c10\u689d\u7b2c11 \u9805\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a \u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u80af\u5b9a\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u300d\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u5be6\u65bd\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u6587\u5316\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8b8a\u6210\u300a\u61b2\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u570b\u7b56\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u8ac7\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u6f22\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7528\u6f22\u6587\u5316\u4f86\u540c\u5316\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8ac7\u540c\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e86\u3002
\n\u5176\u5be6\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u300b\u672c\u4f86\u4e5f\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u548c\u5217\u5be7\uff08Vladimir Ilyich Lenin\uff09\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u8b1b\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u6c7a\uff0c\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5927\u6f22\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u767d\u7d19\u9ed1\u5b57\u5beb\u5728\u61b2\u6cd5\u88e1\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u770b\u5b83\u73fe\u5728\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n
\n\u73fe\u5728\u6539\u4e86\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4eca\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u5718\u7d50\u9032\u6b65\u4fc3\u9032\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u5fb9\u5e95\u6539\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u878d\u9444\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u65cf\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u500b\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u6f22\u65cf\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u540c\u5316\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u9084\u8981\u63a8\u5ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8207\u81fa\u7063\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u4fee\u61b2\u5f8c\u6240\u589e\u8a02\u7684\u300a\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u300b\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u8d70\u5411\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u81fa\u7063\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0d\u53ea\u83ef\u8a9e\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6bcd\u8a9e\u554f\u653f\u3002\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u672c\u4f86\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\u7cbe\u795e\u66f4\u5fb9\u5e95\u3002\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5e6b\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u767c\u5c55\u5b83\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5354\u52a9\u50a3\u65cf\u3001\u58ef\u65cf\u9019\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5efa\u69cb\u6587\u5b57\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u5178\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u505a\u5f97\u6bd4\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u597d\u592a\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u4f86\u81fa\u7063\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u59d3\u90fd\u88ab\u6539\u6210\u6f22\u59d3\uff0c\u641e\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5bb6\u65cf\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\u59d3\u3002\u6211\u5011\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u534a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5c31\u6539\u70ba\u64c1\u62b1\u591a\u5143\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ca\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5247\u662f\u8d70\u56de\u982d\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u800c\u4e14\u771f\u7684\u5f88\u8af7\u523a\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5354\u5546\u6703\u8b70\u5168\u570b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5169\u6703\u958b\u6703\uff0c\u5404\u500b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u7a7f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u670d\u88dd\u4f86\u958b\u6703\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u6c11\u65cf\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6a23\u8c8c\uff0c\u5728\u670d\u88dd\u4e0a\u5c31\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u767e\u82b1\u9f4a\u653e\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u6cd5\uff0c\u525b\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5f2d\u5e73\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u60dc\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5c0d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u5718\u7d50\u9032\u6b65\u4fc3\u9032\u6cd5\u300b\u9084\u8981\u6c42\u5404\u65cf\u5c0f\u5b78\u751f\u5b78\u7fd2\u8981\u7528\u666e\u901a\u8a71\uff0c\u8981\u57f9\u990a\u611b\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u611b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u5beb\u9032\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88e1\u3002\u4e0d\u611b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u8981\u88ab\u8655\u7f70\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b69\u6c92\u6559\u597d\u7236\u6bcd\u89aa\u8981\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u9019\u5be6\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u8352\u5510\u3002\u7528\u570b\u5bb6\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u5f37\u8feb\u6d88\u6ec5\u6f22\u65cf\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6f22\u65cf\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u540c\u5316\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u6f22\u65cf\u3002\u9019\u662f\u9055\u53cd\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u60f3\u8acb\u66fe\u8001\u5e2b\u8ac7\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300b\u6f14\u8b1b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u8aaa\u6c11\u65cf\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u9020\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u65cf\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u9020\u6210\u3002\u4ed6\u8ac7\u5230\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u529b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8840\u7d71\u3001\u98a8\u4fd7\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u985e\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff08Imagined community\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u8840\u7de3\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u9760\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u5f37\u8feb\u4f60\u6210\u70ba\u570b\u6c11\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7d50\u5408\u5fd7\u540c\u9053\u5408\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f86\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u8981\u5f9e\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Locke\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04\u89c0\u5ff5\u51fa\u767c\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8ca1\u7522\u53ca\u5e78\u798f\u624d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u99ac\u514b\u601d\uff08Karl Marx\uff09\u4e5f\u8ac7\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08The Communist Manifesto\uff09\u88e1\u9762\u5c31\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u806f\u5408\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u76e7\u68ad\u4ed6\u5011\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u770b\u5f85\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u96f7\u9707\u3001\u6bb7\u6d77\u5149\u7b49\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5148\u8f29\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5171\u540c\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\u7684\u3002\u81fa\u7063\u662f\u7acb\u8db3\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u5df2\u7d93\u812b\u96e2\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u540c\u8840\u7de3\u6216\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u50cf\u6bb7\u6d77\u5149\u5c31\u8aaa\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u662f\u66b4\u653f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u8981\u53cd\u6297\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u88e1\uff0c\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e5f\u8ac7\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7f8e\u5229\u5805\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5be6\u7f8e\u570b\u4e0d\u662f\u7f8e\u5229\u5805\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u591a\u5143\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u83ef\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4e00\u8f29\u5b50\u4e0d\u8b1b\u82f1\u6587\u9084\u662f\u6d3b\u5f97\u597d\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u83ef\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u5340\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u83ef\u8a9e\u9084\u6210\u70ba\u5b98\u65b9\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4fdd\u969c\u83ef\u8a9e\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u5805\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u6216\u904e\u6642\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u6210\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u56ae\u5f80\u7f8e\u570b\u7acb\u570b\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u70ba\u8ffd\u6c42\u7f8e\u570b\u5922\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u5922\u4e0d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5f37\u5927\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u81ea\u7531\u767c\u5c55\u4ed6\u7684\u500b\u6027\u3001\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5922\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u7f8e\u570b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u52c7\u58eb\u6240\u7d50\u5408\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u7576\u5e74\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u53d7\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u99d5\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u865f\uff08Mayflower\uff09\u8239\u9003\u8dd1\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u958b\u59cb\u7f8e\u5229\u5805\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u5805\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6700\u8fd1\u770b\u5230\u5289\u4fca\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u5289\u7f8e\u8ce2\uff0c\u5979\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u7f8e\u570b\u53c3\u52a0\u51ac\u5b63\u5967\u6797\u5339\u514b\u904b\u52d5\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u9003\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u53bb\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u5be6\u73fe\u5922\u60f3\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u5049\u5927\u5fa9\u8208\u3001\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cbe\u795e\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002
\n\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u4e9b\u5ba2\u89c0\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u9084\u8ac7\u5230\u4e3b\u89c0\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8b58\u3002\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5f9e\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8b58\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u672c\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u5bb6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7b26\u5408\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u8981\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u8b1b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u8b1b\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u8ac7\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3001\u9023\u74b0\u6027\u548c\u4e92\u76f8\u7684\u7d71\u5408\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u80fd\u7531\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u5728\u89e3\u9664\u6212\u56b4\u3001\u7d42\u6b62\u52d5\u54e1\u6221\u4e82\u3001\u570b\u6703\u5168\u9762\u6539\u9078\u548c\u7e3d\u7d71\u6c11\u9078\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u5be6\u73fe\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u61b2\u653f\u3001\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u624d\u6210\u70ba\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u624d\u662f\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5be6\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u65b0\u5317\u677f\u6a4b\u55ac\u5d34\u840a\u82ac\u5712\u6821\u7562<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"