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\/>\n\u6211\u5011\u9810\u8a08\u4ee5\u5341\u4e8c\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6708\u4e00\u96c6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u88fd\u64ad\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u4e3b\u984c\u8a02\u5b9a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u3001\u4e94\u56db\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u570b\u5171\u5408\u4f5c<\/strong><br \/>\n1917\u5e74\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u7206\u767c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\uff08Vladimir Ilyich Lenin\uff09\u9818\u5c0e\u4fc4\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u7d44\u7e54\u4e86\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\uff0c\u8f38\u51fa\u9769\u547d\u30021919\u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u5e73\u6703\u8b70\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7206\u767c\u4e94\u56db\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u6551\u4ea1\u5716\u5b58\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u904b\u52d5\u65d7\u5e5f\u6700\u9bae\u660e\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u570b\u7acb\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u6587\u79d1\u5b78\u9577\u9673\u7368\u79c0\u53c3\u8207\u7d44\u7e54\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u4ed6\u66f4\u70ba\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5ef6\u652c\uff0c\u53c3\u82071923\u5e741\u6708\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7684\u6539\u7d44\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1920\u5e747\u81f38\u6708\u9593\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\u63d0\u51fa\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u7db1\u521d\u7a3f\u300b\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u662f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u61c9\u7531\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9818\u5c0e\u30021921\u5e747\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7db1\u9818\u300b\uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7db1\u9818\u300b\uff09\u7684\u7b2c2\u689d\u7b2c1\u6b3e\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a\u300c\u9769\u547d\u8ecd\u968a\u5fc5\u9808\u8207\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4e00\u8d77\u63a8\u7ffb\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u652f\u63f4\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u793e\u6703\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u5340\u5206\u6d88\u9664\u70ba\u6b62\u300d\uff0c\u7b2c2\u6b3e\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a\u300c\u627f\u8a8d\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u5373\u76f4\u5230\u6d88\u6ec5\u793e\u6703\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u5340\u5206\u300d\u30021922\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\u81f323\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e8c\u5927\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u8209\u884c\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5217\u5be7\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9769\u547d\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u6700\u4f4e\u7db1\u9818\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u7db1\u9818\u3002\u6700\u4f4e\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u5373\u9ee8\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7db1\u9818\uff1a\u6d88\u9664\u5167\u4e82\uff0c\u6253\u5012\u8ecd\u95a5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u570b\u5167\u548c\u5e73\uff1b\u63a8\u7ffb\u570b\u969b\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u65cf\u5b8c\u5168\u7368\u7acb\uff1b\u7d71\u4e00\u4e2d\u570b\u70ba\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff1b\u6700\u9ad8\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u5247\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u7db1\u9818\u5be6\u73fe\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u52de\u8fb2\u5c08\u653f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u93df\u9664\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7522\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6f38\u6b21\u9054\u5230\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6709\u5169\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u9700\u8981\u5169\u6b65\u8d70\u30021923\u5e746\u670812\u65e5\u81f320\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e09\u5927\u5728\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8209\u884c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u7522\u696d\u843d\u5f8c\uff0c\u52de\u52d5\u968e\u7d1a\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u61c9\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u4e43\u4f9d\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e4b\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u7531\u9ee8\u54e1\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u52a0\u5165\u6539\u7d44\u5f8c\u7531\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u3002\u6b64\u662f\u70ba\u570b\u5171\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u904e\u4e16\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4f10\u7684\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u8ecd\u7e3d\u53f8\u4ee4\u8523\u4e2d\u6b63\u767c\u52d5\u4e86\u6e05\u9ee8\uff0c\u5c0d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u9673\u7368\u79c0\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u89e3\u9664\u4e2d\u5171\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u8077\u52d9\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u5728\u4e2d\u6771\u9435\u8def\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53cd\u5c0d\u8607\u806f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e2d\u570b\u4e3b\u6b0a\u800c\u70ba\u4e2d\u5171\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u53c8\u70ba\u570b\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u902e\u6355\u4e0b\u7344\u30021937\u5e74\u6297\u6230\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u570b\u5171\u7d44\u7e54\u6297\u65e5\u6c11\u65cf\u7d71\u4e00\u6230\u7dda\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u9673\u7368\u79c0\u65bc\u6b64\u6642\u51fa\u7344\uff0c\u5728\u6b77\u7d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Vissarionovich 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\/>\n1983\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u7e3d\u90e8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c5\u6708\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u793e\u8ad6\u3008\u5927\u5bb6\u4f86\u63cf\u7e6a\u7956\u570b\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u3009\u4e2d\u5021\u8b70\u300c\u5fb9\u5e95\u8b8a\u9769\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5be6\u73fe\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u4e94\u9805\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u3001\u5ee2\u9664\u4e00\u9ee8\u5c08\u5236\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u8ecd\u968a\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u5206\u96e2\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u4e09\u6b0a\u5206\u7acb\uff1b\u56db\u3001\u5404\u7d1a\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\u53ca\u5404\u7d1a\u884c\u653f\u9996\u8166\u61c9\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u9078\u8209\u7522\u751f\uff1b\u4e94\u3001\u5be6\u884c\u806f\u90a6\u5236\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u65b0\u61b2\u6cd5\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u7956\u570b\u7d71\u4e00\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u53ca\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\u300d\u300212\u670827\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u53ec\u958b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\uff0c\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u4e00\u5e74\u7e3d\u7d50\u53ca\u4eca\u5f8c\u4efb\u52d9\u2500\u2500\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u5831\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u76f4\u8a00\u81fa\u7063\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5171\u9b25\u722d\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a7a\u9699\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u82df\u80fd\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u5ee3\u6cdb\u53c3\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u63d0\u4f9b\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u6539\u540d\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5718\u7d50\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u7576\u9078\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u6d77\u5916\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u6709\u6797\u6a35\u6e05\u7576\u9078\u7e3d\u90e8\u5e38\u52d9\u59d4\u54e1\uff0c\u6c99\u6797\uff08\u59dc\u65b0\u7acb\uff09\u8207\u694a\u96f2\uff08\u694a\u96e8\u4ead\uff09\u7576\u9078\u7e3d\u90e8\u59d4\u54e1\uff0c\u694a\u96f2\u5247\u51fa\u4efb\u820a\u91d1\u5c71\u5206\u90e8\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<br \/>\n\u8523\u7d93\u570b\u547d\u570b\u9632\u90e8\u8ecd\u4e8b\u60c5\u5831\u5c40\u6210\u7acb\u300a\u79fb\u5c71\u5c08\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u4e43\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u570b\u91cd\u5efa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u66ab\u7528\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u570b\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1984\u5e74\uff0c\u6c11\u806f\u4e3b\u5f35\u7406\u6027\u53cd\u5171\uff0c\u5c0d\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u548c\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8def\u7dda\u8868\u793a\u652f\u6301\u3002<br \/>\n1986\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9032\u6b65\u9ee8\u6210\u7acb\uff0c1987\u5e74\u694a\u9ec3\u7f8e\u5e78\u7576\u9078\u5168\u7f8e\u81fa\u7063\u540c\u9109\u6703\u6703\u9577\uff0c\u7a4d\u6975\u8207\u6c11\u806f\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u63a8\u4ecb\u81ea\u6c7a\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u6709\u610f\u5728\u81fa\u7063\u7d44\u9ee8\uff0c\u8207\u8ecd\u60c5\u5c40\u7206\u767c\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4e43\u5ba3\u5e03\u6c11\u904b\u7368\u7acb\u3001\u4ee5\u5546\u990a\u904b\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u5f9e\u5546\u7dad\u6301\u6c11\u806f\u8ca1\u52d9\u3002<br \/>\n1989\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6c11\u806f\u56e0\u8cea\u7591\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u8ca1\u52d9\u652f\u6301\u5931\u4fe1\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e3b\u5e2d\u80e1\u5e73\u8207\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u7206\u767c\u5012\u738b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5167\u9b28\uff0c4\u67082\u65e5\u64c1\u738b\u6d3e\u53e6\u884c\u96c6\u6703\u6210\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c12\u6708\uff0c\u5168\u7f8e\u4e2d\u570b\u5b78\u751f\u5b78\u8005\u81ea\u6cbb\u806f\u5408\u6703\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\uff0c\u7d44\u9ee8\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u4e2d\u6709\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\uff08University of California, Berkeley\uff09\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u4f59\u8302\u6625\u30021991\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u70b3\u7ae0\u51fa\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u9ee8\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<br \/>\n1993\u5e741\u6708\u6c11\u806f\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u570b\u9663\u7dda\u9f4a\u96c6\u7f8e\u570b\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u8a08\u756b\u5408\u4f75\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u806f\u5408\u9663\u7dda\uff0c\u56e0\u9078\u8209\u722d\u8b70\u800c\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u5f90\u90a6\u6cf0\u7576\u9078\u6c11\u806f\u9663\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u6c11\u806f\u8207\u6c11\u9663\u62d2\u7d55\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u5f8c\u7d93\u8a34\u8a1f\uff0c\u6c11\u806f\u9663\u53d6\u5f97\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u6625\u300b\u7d93\u71df\u6b0a\uff0c\u6c11\u806f\u5247\u53e6\u884c\u5275\u8fa6\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u4e4b\u6625\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e5d\u3001\u4e19\u5bc5\u516b\u516d\u5b78\u6f6e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1985\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u540c\u6fdf\u5927\u5b78\u7ba1\u7406\u5b78\u9662\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u9673\u52c1\u677e\uff08\u9673\u7834\u7a7a\uff09\u7b4910\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4e0a\u66f8\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3001\u63a8\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u9032\u7a0b\u3002\u6b64\u53ef\u8b02\u516b\u516d\u5b78\u6f6e\u7684\u5148\u8072\u3002<br \/>\n1986\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9867\u554f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u4efb\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u6388\u610f\u570b\u52d9\u9662\u7e3d\u7406\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\uff0c\u5c31\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u6240\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a2d\u7acb\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7814\u8a0e\u5c0f\u7d44\u4e26\u4e0b\u8a2d\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u9032\u884c\u7814\u8b70\u3002\u9b91\u5f64\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u70ba\u653f\u6539\u8fa6\u4e3b\u4efb\u9032\u884c\u7814\u8b70\u300211\u67087-8\u65e5\u9996\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u7531\u653f\u6539\u8fa6\u4e3b\u4efb\u9b91\u5f64\u63d0\u51fa\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u9054\u6210\u9ee8\u653f\u5206\u958b\u8207\u9ee8\u5167\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u521d\u6b65\u5171\u8b58\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e2d\u5171\u9ad8\u5c64\u6240\u91cb\u653e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u6c23\u606f\uff0c\u537b\u4ee4\u6c11\u9593\u632f\u596e\u4e0d\u5df2\u300211\u6708\u4e0a\u65ec\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5354\u6703\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5289\u8cd3\u96c1\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u5927\u5b78\u526f\u6821\u9577\u65b9\u52f5\u4e4b\u76f8\u7e7c\u5230\u540c\u6fdf\u5927\u5b78\u540c\u6fdf\u516b\u516d\u6587\u5316\u6f6e\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u540c\u6fdf\u5927\u5b78\u6f14\u8b1b\u300212\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u65b9\u52f5\u4e4b\u5728\u6821\u5167\u7af6\u9078\u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u5408\u80a5\u5e02\u897f\u5e02\u5340\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u6703\u4e0a\u767c\u8a00\u7a31\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5230\u4e0b\u7d66\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u722d\u53d6\u5230\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u6709\u9760\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u89ba\u609f\u722d\u53d6\u5230\u624d\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6703\u88ab\u6536\u56de\u53bb\u7684\u300d\u3002\u5728\u5176\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u79d1\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u806f\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u9ad8\u6821\u51714,000\u9918\u540d\u5b78\u751f\u904a\u884c\u722d\u53d6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9078\u8209\u3002\u516b\u516d\u5b78\u6f6e\u7206\u767c\u3002<br \/>\n\u65b9\u52f5\u4e4b\u8207\u4e2d\u79d1\u5927\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4efb\u6eab\u5143\u51f1\u9ad8\u7968\u7576\u9078\u897f\u5e02\u5340\u4eba\u4ee3\uff0c\u9f13\u821e\u5b78\u6f6e\u8513\u5ef6\u5168\u570b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u3001\u6b66\u6f22\u5404\u5730\u76f8\u7e7c\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u6301\u7e8c\u52301987\u5e741\u6708\u5bd2\u5047\u59cb\u6563\u53bb\u3002\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u53cd\u5c0d\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u4e0d\u529b\uff0c\u7e31\u5bb9\u5b78\u904b\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u64f4\u5927\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\u8acb\u8fad\uff0c\u7531\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u4ee3\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u5c55\u958b\u53cd\u5c0d\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u904b\u52d5\u3002<br 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\/>\n4\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u9ad8\u6821\u5b78\u751f\u81ea\u6cbb\u806f\u5408\u6703\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u767c\u8d77\u7121\u9650\u671f\u7f77\u8ab2\uff0c\u5168\u570b\u5404\u5730\u9678\u7e8c\u97ff\u61c9\u3002\u7576\u65e5\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u524d\u5f80\u671d\u9bae\u570b\u662f\u8a2a\u554f\u3002\u6b21\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u8207\u5168\u570b\u5404\u5730\u5927\u5b78\u5168\u9762\u7f77\u8ab2\uff0c25\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u9ad8\u806f\u63d0\u51fa\u5fa9\u8ab2\u4e09\u9805\u8981\u6c42\uff1a\u8207\u570b\u52d9\u9662\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5b98\u54e1\u5c0d\u8a71\uff1b\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u65b0\u83ef\u9580\u4e8b\u4ef6\u516c\u958b\u9053\u6b49\u548c\u61f2\u7f70\u5147\u624b\uff1b\u570b\u5167\u50b3\u5a92\u5982\u5be6\u5831\u5c0e\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u800c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u5df2\u6c7a\u5fc3\u5f37\u786c\u5c0d\u4ed8\u5b78\u904b\u3002<br 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\/>\n\u652f\u806f\u6703\u7d44\u7e54\u9ec3\u96c0\u884c\u52d5\u81ea\u5ee3\u6771\u63f4\u6551\u516d\u56db\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u3002\u81fa\u7063\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u6d77\u5916\u5de5\u4f5c\u6703\u5247\u6709\u300a\u9ec3\u9ce5\u8a08\u756b\u300b\u81ea\u798f\u5efa\u6551\u63f4\uff0c9\u6708\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u5016\u5b58\u8005\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u6210\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u570b\u9663\u7dda\uff0c\u63a8\u9078\u539f\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u9577\u56b4\u5bb6\u5176\u51fa\u4efb\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u524d\u5317\u4eac\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\u9818\u8896\u543e\u723e\u958b\u5e0c\u70ba\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u76e3\u4e8b\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u70ba\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u9322\u9054\u3002<br \/>\n\u7f8e\u570b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u6709\u524d\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\u5289\u51f1\u7533\uff0c\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5dde\u820a\u91d1\u5c71\u7063\u5340\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6c11\u904b\u670d\u52d9\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u516d\u56db\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5c6c\u3002\u6b21\u5e741990\u5e74\u5289\u51f1\u7533\u4ee5\u6c11\u904b\u670d\u52d9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7d50\u5408\u820a\u91d1\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\uff08University of San Francisco\uff09\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u517c\u53f2\u4e39\u798f\u5927\u5b78\u80e1\u4f5b\u6230\u722d\u3001\u9769\u547d\u8207\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace\uff09\u9867\u554f\u5433\u5143\u9ece\u8207\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\u6578\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u694a\u5efa\u5229\u6210\u7acb\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u4e8b\u696d\u63a8\u52d5\u3002\u6b64\u70ba\u6d77\u5916\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u904b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u667a\u5eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5341\u4e00\u3001\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7d44\u9ee8\u904b\u52d5<\/strong><br \/>\n\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u906d\u5230\u570b\u969b\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u88c1\u548c\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7981\u904b\uff0c\u570b\u5167\u4e00\u7247\u8085\u6bba\uff0c\u666f\u6c23\u4e0d\u632f\u3002\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u52ab\u5f8c\u9918\u751f\u8005\u4ecd\u6709\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e0d\u6b7b\uff0c1991\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6709\u5317\u4eac\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u9662\u8b1b\u5e2b\u80e1\u9577\u6839\u3001\u8077\u54e1\u738b\u570b\u9f4a\u3001\u5317\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cfb\u8b1b\u5e2b\u738b\u5929\u6210\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u6c23\u8c61\u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u751f\u9673\u9752\u6797\u7b49\uff0c\u97ff\u61c9\u6d77\u5916\u7d44\u9ee8\uff0c\u7d44\u7e54\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\uff0c\u5168\u570b\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u4eba\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u80e1\u9577\u6839\u8d77\u8349\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u4e26\u7576\u9078\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1992\u5e741\u6708\u81f32\u6708\uff0c\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u5de1\u8996\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u6df1\u5733\u5e02\u7b49\u5730\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u5357\u65b9\u8ac7\u8a71\uff0c\u91cd\u7533\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u4e4b\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u4f46\u907f\u8ac7\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u7d93\u6fdf\u9010\u6f38\u5fa9\u7526\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u80ce\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1993\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08Universal Declaration of Human Rights\uff09\u767c\u4f4845\u5468\u5e74\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u56db\u4e94\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7246\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u6b66\u6f22\u9818\u8896\u4eba\u7269\u79e6\u6c38\u654f\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7531\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u54c8\u7dad\u723e\uff08V\u00e1clav Havel\uff09\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff08Charta 77\uff09\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u516d\u56db\u6642\u671f\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\u81ea\u6cbb\u6703\u5c0d\u5916\u806f\u7d61\u90e8\u90e8\u9577\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u674e\u6d77\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u806f\u5408\u6703\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9867\u554f\u5468\u570b\u5f37\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7246\u6642\u671f\u300a\u4eca\u5929\u300b\u7de8\u8f2f\u5289\u5ff5\u6625\u7b49\u4eba\u5354\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u8d77\u8349\u4e26\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u904b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u7db1\u9818\u6027\u6a94\u300a\u548c\u5e73\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u5e73\u53cd\u516d\u56db\u8207\u89e3\u9664\u9ee8\u7981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1998\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u6642\u671f\u5317\u5927\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5317\u4eac\u9ad8\u6821\u5b78\u751f\u81ea\u6cbb\u806f\u6703\u79d8\u66f8\u9577\u738b\u6709\u624d\u3001\u8207\u738b\u6771\u6d77\u3001\u6797\u8f1d\u5411\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u6c11\u653f\u5ef3\u7533\u8acb\u8a3b\u518a\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u6d59\u6c5f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u6d77\u5167\u5916\u5404\u7701\u5e02\u9ee8\u4eba\u4ea6\u7d1b\u7d1b\u63d0\u51fa\u7533\u8acb\uff0c7\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u5e0c\u54f2\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\uff08Boston\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u6d77\u5916\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c11\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u524d\u300a\u56db\u4e94\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\u4e3b\u7de8\u5f90\u6587\u7acb\u3001\u67e5\u5efa\u570b\u3001\u9ad8\u6d2a\u660e\u3001\u5289\u4e16\u9075\u7b49\u4f9d\u56b4\u5bb6\u5176\u8d77\u8349\u4e4b\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7ae0\u7a0b\u300b\u6210\u7acb\u4eac\u6d25\u5730\u5340\u9ee8\u90e8\uff0c\u4f55\u5fb7\u666e\u3001\u694a\u5b50\u7acb\u7b49\u5171\u540c\u52a0\u5165\uff0c26\u65e5\u79e6\u6c38\u654f\u8207\u9673\u5fe0\u548c\u7b49\u6210\u7acb\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u9ee8\u90e8\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4e43\u5c55\u958b\u5168\u9762\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u738b\u6709\u624d\u3001\u79e6\u6c38\u654f\u3001\u5f90\u6587\u7acb\u4e09\u4eba\u7387\u5148\u5165\u7344\uff0c1999\u5e74\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7d0450\u9918\u9ee8\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u6293\u6355\u30021999\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4eac\u6d25\u9ee8\u90e8\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u63a8\u52d5\u6210\u7acb\u5168\u570b\u806f\u5408\u7e3d\u90e8\uff0c\u5c0a\u5f90\u6587\u7acb\u70ba\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u67e5\u5efa\u570b\u548c\u9ad8\u6d2a\u660e\u4efb\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u67e5\u3001\u9ad8\u4e8c\u4eba\u5165\u7344\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f55\u5fb7\u666e\u70ba\u806f\u5408\u7e3d\u90e8\u767c\u8a00\u4eba\uff0c2002\u5e74\u5143\u65e6\u767c\u5e03\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u8fce\u63a521\u4e16\u7eaa\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u300211\u6708\uff0c\u4f55\u5fb7\u666e\u4ee5\u717d\u52d5\u985b\u8986\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\u7f6a\u5165\u7344\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6551\u63f4\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f90\u6587\u7acb\u8207\u738b\u6709\u624d\u5148\u5f8c\u65bc2002\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5\u548c2004\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5916\u5c31\u91ab\u540d\u7fa9\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u91cd\u7e8c\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u85aa\u706b\uff0c\u5f90\u6587\u7acb\u65bc2004\u5e7412\u67083\u65e5\u5728\u7f85\u5fb7\u5cf6\u5dde\u666e\u6d1b\u5a01\u9813\u65af\uff08Providence\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u6d77\u5916\u6d41\u4ea1\u7e3d\u90e8\uff0c2007\u5e746\u67085\u65e5\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u5168\u570b\u806f\u5408\u7e3d\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6d77\u5916\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u88ab\u9078\u8209\u7232\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u806f\u5408\u7e3d\u90e8\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5ba3\u793a\u5c07\u7e7c1911\u5e74\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u30011946\u5e74\u5236\u61b2\u570b\u6c11\u5927\u6703\u5f8c\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u30022010\u5e744\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u5168\u570b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7279\u5225\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u53ec\u958b\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5168\u59d4\u6703\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u738b\u8ecd\u6fe4\u8207\u738b\u6709\u624d\u70ba\u5171\u540c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u9673\u5fe0\u548c2011\u5e74\u6d41\u4ea1\u8377\u862d\uff0c2015\u5e744\u6708\u767c\u8d77\u6210\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u6d77\u5916\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u738b\u6709\u624d\u70ba\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u9673\u5fe0\u548c\u70ba\u57f7\u884c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u70ba\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u6700\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u653f\u9ee8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u95dc\u8207\u884d\u751f\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u51fa\u806f\u7e3d\u3001\u5168\u59d4\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u8108\u7d61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5341\u4e8c\u3001\u4e2d\u570b\u5236\u61b2\u8207\u300a\u96f6\u516b\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1992\u81f31994\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570b\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u59d4\u7531\u56b4\u5bb6\u5176\u9818\u929c\u4e3b\u6301\u4e00\u500b\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u672a\u4f86\u6c11\u4e3b\u61b2\u653f\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u65bc1994\u5e741\u6708\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u7531\u7fc1\u677e\u71c3\u3001\u5f35\u946b\u3001\u5289\u51f1\u7533\u3001\u56b4\u5bb6\u5176\u3001\u5f35\u5049\u570b\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5c0f\u7d44\u8d77\u8349\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u806f\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\uff08\u5efa\u8b70\u6027\u8349\u6848\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u8d77\u8349\u904e\u7a0b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5fb5\u8a62\u4e86\u5404\u65cf\u7fa4\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u81fa\u7063\u5b78\u8005\u80e1\u4f5b\u3001\u6731\u96f2\u6f22\u3001\u9ad8\u6717\u3001\u9ec3\u9ed8\u3001\u7fc1\u677e\u71c3\uff0c\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9032\u6b65\u9ee8\u653f\u7b56\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4efb\u9ec3\u714c\u96c4\uff1b\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u6709\u5433\u570b\u5149\u3001\u5f35\u5049\u570b\u3001\u5b63\u885b\u6771\uff1b\u5357\u8499\u53e4\u6709\u5df4\u8d6b\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u6709\u964d\u908a\u5609\u63aa\u3001\u963f\u6c9b\u6649\u7f8e\u7b49\u3002\u8349\u6848\u7576\u4e2d\u4ee5\u81ea\u6cbb\u90a6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u5167\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u81fa\u7063\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u3001\u5be7\u590f\u548c\u5ee3\u897f\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u90a6\u6709\u975e\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6027\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u81fa\u7063\u53ef\u64c1\u6709\u8ecd\u968a\u3002\u5236\u61b2\u8ac7\u5224\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u5cb8\u4e4b\u9593\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u5167\u90e8\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u3001\u5167\u8499\u53e4\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u5340\u5169\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u9032\u884c\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u694a\u5efa\u5229\u5728\u6d1b\u6749\u78ef\uff08Los Angeles\uff09\u5c07\u300a\u806f\u90a6\u4e2d\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u300b\u5448\u7d66\u897f\u85cf\u6cd5\u738b\u9054\u8cf4\u5587\u561b\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u4e16\u4e39\u589e\u5609\u63aa\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5b8c\u5f8c\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1998\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u6709\u4f01\u696d\u4e3b\u5f6d\u660e\u7d44\u7e54\u4e4b\u4e2d\u570b\u767c\u5c55\u806f\u5408\u6703\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5f6d\u660e\u51fa\u4efb\u4e3b\u4efb\u59d4\u54e1\u300210\u6708\uff0c\u5f6d\u660e\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u5224\u8655\u52de\u52d5\u6559\u990a1\u5e74\u534a\u3002\u7372\u91cb\u5f8c\uff0c\u65bc2000\u5e7410\u6708\u7d93\u6771\u5357\u4e9e\u9003\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c2003\u5e745\u6708\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7c4c\u5efa\u4e2d\u570b\u806f\u90a6\u81e8\u6642\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4efb\u81e8\u6642\u7e3d\u7d71\u3002\u5f6d\u660e\u8457\u6709\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u7a0b\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\uff0c\u8d0a\u540c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u570b\u5be6\u65bd\u806f\u90a6\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2008\u5e74\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u570b\u4e3b\u7f16\u5289\u66c9\u6ce2\u8207\u6c11\u9593\u61b2\u6cd5\u5b78\u8005\u5f35\u7956\u6a3a\u5171\u540c\u9818\u929c\u3001\u9023\u7f72\u63d0\u51fa\u300a\u96f6\u516b\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4f9d\u7167\u7acb\u61b2\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u7acb\u7cbe\u795e\u5be6\u65bd\u61b2\u653f\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u61b2\u7ae0\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u5171\u548c\uff0c\u61b2\u653f\u516d\u5927\u539f\u5247\u4ee5\u53ca19\u689d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u96b1\u542b\u6027\u5730\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e00\u9ee8\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c08\u653f\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7e7c\u627f1977\u5e74\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7531\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u54c8\u7dad\u723e\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u5c65\u884c\u5b83\u5728\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u7d04\u300b\uff08Helsinki Agreement\uff09\u548c\u300a\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u300b\u7576\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u54c8\u7dad\u723e\u5373\u4ee5\u5371\u5bb3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u985b\u8986\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\u7f6a\u4e0b\u7344\u3002\u5289\u66c9\u6ce2\u5247\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7acb\u61b2\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u548c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u901a\u904e60\u9031\u5e74\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u65bc\u300a\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff08International Bill of Human 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\/>\n2017\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5289\u66c9\u6ce2\u56e0\u78ba\u8a3a\u809d\u764c\u665a\u671f\u800c\u7372\u51c6\u4fdd\u5916\u5c31\u91ab\uff0c7\u670813\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4ee3\u7d50\u8a9e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b<\/strong><br 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