{"id":1533,"date":"2007-05-23T09:06:10","date_gmt":"2007-05-23T09:06:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=1533 "},"modified":"2007-05-23T09:06:10","modified_gmt":"2007-05-23T09:06:10","slug":"1533-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=1533","title":{"rendered":"\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5b98\u201d\u201c\u9ed1\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb"},"content":{"rendered":"

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    1. \u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u2500\u2500\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u6ecb\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca

    2005\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u674e\u5f3a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ed6\u5206\u6790\u4e862000\u5e74\u201c\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u201d\u6570\u636e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5448\u201c\u5012\u4e01\u5b57\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\uff08\u674e\u5f3a\uff0c2005\uff09\u3002\u674e\u5f3a\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u73b0\u72b6\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u201c\u6210\u679c\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5927\u91cf\u5f02\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u6db5\u5e76\u672a\u5f15\u8d77\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u754c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u5708\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u7528\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u5f62\u201d\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5012\u4e01\u5b57\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4ed6\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u3002

    \u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u30021938\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ed8\u987f\uff08Merton\uff09\u5728\u5206\u6790\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\u72b6\u6001\uff08Anomie\uff09\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff08Merton\uff0c1938\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u6c89\u6ca6\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u9893\u5e9f\u7b49\u53cd\u5e38\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\uff08strains in social structure\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u5173\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u591a\u6570\u6210\u5458\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u6e34\u6c42\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u5374\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e14\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u65e0\u6cd5\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9ed8\u987f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u6070\u5de7\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7279\u5f81\u5341\u5206\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u5171\u704c\u8f93\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u201c\u53d1\u8d22\u81f4\u5bcc\u201d\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u666e\u904d\u901a\u884c\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u5728\u66b4\u5bcc\u9636\u5c42\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u793a\u8303\u4e4b\u4e0b\u52a0\u500d\u81a8\u80c0\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u88ab\u6743\u8d35\u96c6\u56e2\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u4e0e\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u81ea90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u8fde\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u8ba1\u90fd\u5341\u5206\u8270\u96be\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u53d7\u5230\u6fc0\u52b1\u7684\u201c\u6e34\u671b\u201d\u548c\u73b0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u53ea\u4e3a\u6743\u8d35\u96c6\u56e2\u63d0\u4f9b\u81f4\u5bcc\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6324\u538b\u6216\u8bf1\u53d1\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u6210\u5458\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5e38\u6e20\u9053\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u540e\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u5e38\u7684\u8c0b\u751f\u4e4b\u9053\u3002

    2. \u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6

    \u6eaf\u6e90\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u793e\u6700\u4e3a\u5174\u76db\u7684\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5c31\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u578b\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u660e\u6e05\u5386\u53f2\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5c42\u6309\u7b49\u7ea7\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u6839\u201c\u7acb\u67f1\u201d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u6761\u5f02\u5e38\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u901a\u9053\u2500\u2500\u79d1\u4e3e\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u4e8e\u660e\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u662f\u5347\u5b98\u53d1\u8d22\u3001\u5149\u5b97\u8000\u7956\u3002\u4f46\u8003\u8bf8\u53f2\u5b9e\uff0c\u5347\u5b98\u4e0e\u53d1\u8d22\u4e4b\u95f4\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\uff1a\u505a\u5b98\u4e0e\u53d1\u8d22\u5f80\u5f80\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u5546\u4eba\u867d\u80fd\u81f4\u5bcc\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6709\u6291\u5546\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u5374\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3002\u76f4\u81f3\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u671d\u5ef7\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f13\u89e3\u8d22\u653f\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u7279\u5f00\u6350\u5b98\u4e00\u9014\uff0c\u8ba9\u6709\u94b1\u4eba\u80fd\u51fa\u8d44\u4e70\u5b98\u505a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6761\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u901a\u9053\u5f02\u5e38\u72ed\u7a84\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u6324\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u65e0\u671b\u5730\u7559\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e7e\u9686\u521d\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u4ebf\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u5c31\u8fc5\u901f\u7a81\u7834\u4e09\u4ebf\u5927\u5173\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u4e25\u91cd\u8fc7\u5269\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6d41\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc7\u591a\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u6210\u5458\u8feb\u4e8e\u751f\u5b58\u538b\u529b\u5c31\u7ed3\u6210\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u793e\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u6c5f\u6e56\u5e2e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7c7b\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u6c5f\u6e56\u5e2e\u4f1a\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u5b58\u5e76\u85c9\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u6267\u638c\u5927\u8fd0\u6cb3\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u201c\u6f15\u5e2e\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[1] \u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5386\u7ecf\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9020\u5b9e\u65bd\u5f97\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u672a\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u5f62\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002

    \u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u5f62\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u5728\u6570\u91cf\u76f8\u5f53\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f53\u5c40\u80fd\u6d88\u706d\u539f\u6709\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u904f\u6b62\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\uff1f\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u578b\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u867d\u7136\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5939\u7f1d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u738b\u671d\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u5939\u7f1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u8fb9\u7f18\uff0c\u4fd7\u8c13\u201c\u5929\u9ad8\u7687\u5e1d\u8fdc\u201d\u5373\u6307\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u4e00\u5207\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u57ce\u4e61\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u6237\u53e3\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u5916\u51fa\u4f4f\u5bbf\u65c5\u9986\u5fc5\u987b\u6301\u6709\u6240\u5c5e\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4fe1\uff08\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u51fa\u793a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5355\u4f4d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4fe1\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u51fa\u793a\u751f\u4ea7\u5927\u961f\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4fe1\uff09\uff1b\u57ce\u4e61\u5404\u5730\u9910\u996e\u96f6\u552e\u4e1a\u5b9e\u884c\u51ed\u7cae\u7968\u624d\u80fd\u8d2d\u4e70\u98df\u7269\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u519c\u6751\u5c45\u6c11\u5f88\u96be\u83b7\u5f97\u7cae\u7968\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u5982\u672a\u83b7\u51c6\u5151\u6362\u5168\u56fd\u7cae\u7968\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u672c\u7701\u7cae\u7968\u5230\u5916\u7701\u8d2d\u4e70\u98df\u54c1\u6216\u7cae\u98df\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5c40\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u624b\u6bb5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4eba\u53e3\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u300295\uff05\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u5f80\u5f80\u4ece\u51fa\u751f\u5230\u6b7b\u4ea1\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fc1\u5f80\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u533a\u3002\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u90a3\u65f6\u519c\u6751\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u793e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5c06\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u795e\u7ecf\u672b\u68a2\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u53c8\u6781\u529b\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u6c11\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4eb2\u4eba\uff09\u4e92\u76f8\u76d1\u7763\u3001\u68c0\u4e3e\u63ed\u53d1\uff0c\u65f6\u523b\u7559\u610f\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u65b0\u52a8\u5411\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5373\u4fbf\u5916\u51fa\u6295\u5954\u4eb2\u53cb\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u5c45\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u719f\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u6765\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u57ce\u5e02\u6216\u519c\u6751\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53d7\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0e\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5939\u7f1d\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u706d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u53ca\u8fb9\u5883\u5730\u533a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u6781\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u6e38\u79bb\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fb9\u7f18\u4e4b\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u89c1\u5bb9\u4e8e\u539f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u56e0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u8feb\u9003\u79bb\u539f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u5f00\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u5230\u8fb9\u5883\u4ece\u4e8b\u201c\u8d70\u79c1\u201d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5012\u5356\u5f53\u65f6\u8d2d\u4e70\u7cae\u98df\u5e03\u5339\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7968\u8bc1\uff08\u5e03\u7968\u3001\u7cae\u7968\uff09\u7b49\u5730\u4e0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u88ab\u5b98\u65b9\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6295\u673a\u5012\u628a\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u6293\u4f4f\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u683d\u4e0a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6e23\u6ed3\u201d\uff08\u597d\u542c\u4e00\u70b9\u5219\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u95f2\u6563\u4eba\u5458\u201d\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e76\u5224\u5211\u62d8\u62bc\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f02\u5e38\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u7136\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u5b58\u6761\u4ef6\u2500\u2500\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6bdb\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5448\u201c\u5012T\u5b57\u578b\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u5374\u65e0\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002

    3\uff0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u901a\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u6897\u963b\u548c\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210

    \u81ea\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u8d22\u81f4\u5bcc\uff08\u201c\u8ba9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5148\u5bcc\u8d77\u6765\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b98\u65b9\u5ba3\u4f20\u9f13\u52b1\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6027\u53e3\u53f7\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5f15\u5bfc\u5230\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u8d22\u5bcc\u4e3a\u4eba\u751f\u6700\u9ad8\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u6765\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u59cb\u4e8e\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5f31\u5316\u300290\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u60f3\u6062\u590d\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u56e0\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c31\u4e1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u677e\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5c45\u59d4\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u8f96\u533a\u5185\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5927\u5927\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u800c\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u59cb\u4e8e\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u201c\u79bb\u571f\u4e0d\u79bb\u4e61\u201d\u548c\u5916\u51fa\u52a1\u5de5\u3002\u4ece1982\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u519c\u6c11\u6d41\u5165\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5927\u4e2d\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u533a\u57df\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u7740\u5927\u6279\u65e2\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u4eba\u53e3\u3002

    \u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u867d\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u603b\u91cf\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u53e3\u5728\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0d\u4f46\u672a\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8fc5\u901f\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4ece80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u523090\u5e74\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u901a\u7ba1\u9053\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u7545\u901a\u671f\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u9020\u6210\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u5947\u7f3a\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u53c8\u6025\u5207\u9700\u8981\u5404\u79cd\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u4e0e\u5347\u8fc1\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u8fd9\u4e00\u751f\u673a\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u53ea\u662f\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73b0\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5230\u4e8690\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fc7\u65e9\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u578b\u52b3\u529b\u201d\u8fc7\u5269\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u201c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u5373\u5931\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u8bfb\u5927\u5b66\u800c\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u65e5\u89c1\u7a00\u5c11\u3002[2]

    20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u5f62\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u515a\u653f\u4e8b\u4e1a\u673a\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\u4e0e\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u66fe\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c42\u6269\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\u66f4\u4e3a\u72ed\u7a84\u2500\u2500\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53c2\u519b\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\u4e24\u6761\u5411\u4e0a\u5347\u8fc1\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4ece80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u5347\u5927\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u4e86\uff0c\u4f55\u51b5\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u56e0\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u5c31\u4e1a\u56f0\u96be\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u6897\u963b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u8015\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u53e3\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u5e9e\u5927\u3002

    1994\u5e74\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u91cc\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u6b64\u6587\u7ecf\u4fee\u6539\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u7528\u201c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u63cf\u8ff0\u90a3\u79cd\u9876\u5c42\u5448\u5c16\u7aef\u72b6\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u4eba\u6570\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u5c42\u5448\u8fc7\u6e21\u72b6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0b\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u6570\u91cf\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5230\u4e862000\u5e74\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u518d\u6b21\u5728\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u5206\u6790\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u4e61\u4eba\u53e3\u5408\u8ba1\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5c45\u4e8e\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u9ad8\u8fbe\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768483\uff05\uff0c\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c4211\uff05\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e0a\u5c42\u53604\uff05\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u5c42\u53ea\u67091\uff05\u5de6\u53f3\u3002[3] \u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u674e\u5f3a\u6839\u636e2000\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u57ce\u5e02\u5e95\u5c42\u536055%\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c42\u5171\u536027%\uff0c\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ec4\u536018%\uff08\u4ed6\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5206\u6790\u672a\u5305\u62ec\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u4e0b\u5c97\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\u8ba1\u7b97\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u5219\u57ce\u5e02\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u5c42\u3001\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4f1a\u76f8\u5e94\u7f29\u5c0f\uff09\uff1b\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u5448\u201c\u5012\u4e01\u5b57\u5f62\u201d\uff08\u5012T\u5b57\u578b\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u519c\u6751\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u768497%\u5904\u4e8e\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u5373\u5012T\u5b57\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u6a2a\u3002[4]

    \u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u53e3\u5982\u6b64\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u519c\u6751\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u5e0c\u671b\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u800c\u82e6\u65e0\u51fa\u8def\u7684\u4eba\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u6210\u5458\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e4b\u8def\u6781\u5176\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u9760\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b63\u5f53\u52aa\u529b\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u6587\u5316\u9f13\u5439\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u6210\u529f\u4eba\u58eb\u201d\u90a3\u6765\u8def\u4e0d\u660e\u7684\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6876\u91d1\u201d\u7684\u793a\u8303\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ea7\u751f\u793e\u4f1a\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7d27\u5f20\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u56e0\u3002\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u6025\u4e8e\u6446\u8131\u751f\u5b58\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u62c9\u5e2e\u7ed3\u6d3e\u3001\u4e92\u76f8\u6276\u6301\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8d70\u9ed1\u9053\u201d\u6446\u8131\u751f\u5b58\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u800c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4ee5\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u76f8\u5bf9\u653e\u677e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u91cf\u6e38\u79bb\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6ecb\u751f\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u4eba\u53e3\u5219\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u540e\u5907\u529b\u91cf\u3002

    \u4ece20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72af\u7f6a\uff09\u8fc5\u901f\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u81ea1983\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u4e25\u6253\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u5168\u56fd\u90fd\u8981\u6467\u6bc1\u5404\u79cd\u72af\u7f6a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6570\u4e07\u4e2a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5341\u591a\u4e07\u4e2a\u3002[5] \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72af\u7f6a\u5e76\u672a\u56e0\u6b64\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u65e7\u7684\u8fd8\u672a\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53c8\u6ecb\u751f\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4ece\u5df2\u6709\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6210\u5458\u5728\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5371\u9669\u6027\u6781\u5927\u3001\u751f\u547d\u98ce\u9669\u5f88\u9ad8\u4f46\u62a5\u916c\u504f\u4f4e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4ece\u5176\u52a8\u673a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u666e\u901a\u6210\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u52a0\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5e26\u6709\u5c31\u4e1a\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u4e0e\u6b63\u5e38\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5c31\u4e1a\u201d\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u5458\u4ed8\u51fa\u201c\u8840\u916c\u201d\u3002\u5982\u5409\u6797\u7701\u8457\u540d\u7684\u9ed1\u5e2e\u5934\u5b50\u6881\u65ed\u4e1c\uff08\u6881\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5e2e\u5185\u9aa8\u5e72\u6210\u5458\u5747\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e0b\u7684\u5404\u516c\u53f8\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u9886\u53d6800\u5143\u81f33,000\u5143\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u62a5\u916c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u7684\u85aa\u916c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b97\u9ad8\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d6\u5f97\u85aa\u916c\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u6761\u4ef6\u5374\u6781\u4e3a\u4e25\u82db\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u6210\u5458\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u8be5\u5e2e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e25\u5389\u201c\u5bb6\u89c4\u201d\u2500\u2500\u5373\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6d3b\u52a8\u5747\u9700\u5411\u6881\u65ed\u4e1c\u8bf7\u793a\u6c47\u62a5\u8c46\u5373\u5241\u6389\u624b\u6307\u6216\u6253\u65ad\u53cc\u817f\u30021996\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u6210\u5458\u56e0\u8fdd\u53cd\u5e2e\u89c4\uff0c\u88ab\u780d\u6389\u5de6\u624b\u65e0\u540d\u6307\u30021997\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u6210\u5458\u53c8\u56e0\u8fdd\u53cd\u201c\u5bb6\u89c4\u201d\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u53cc\u817f\u3002[6]

<\/FONT>\u4e8c\u3001\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u201d\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/FONT><\/A>
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    \u4e0a\u9762\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6ecb\u751f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u672c\u8282\u5c06\u4e13\u95e8\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u2500\u2500\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08clientelism\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u4e0e\u88ab\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u201d\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u5185\u5c06\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u79c1\u4eba\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u7528\u4e8e\u725f\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u7ecf\u6df1\u5165\u6e17\u900f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u79c1\u4eba\u5316\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u591f\u5e2e\u52a9\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63a7\u5236\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e0e\u6b63\u5e38\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u51ed\u501f\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6709\u63a0\u593a\u4e0e\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u672a\u8d77\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002

    1. \u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d

    \u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u7cfb\u6307\u5728\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u52bf\u529b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e3a\u4e86\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8054\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u5730\u57df\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u793e\u7fa4\u6216\u533a\u57df\u91cc\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5373\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u201d\uff09\u5229\u7528\u5176\u6743\u52bf\u53ca\u5176\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e76\u4e14\u65bd\u60e0\u4e8e\u5730\u4f4d\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5373\u201c\u88ab\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4ee5\u8ffd\u968f\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u8005\u4e0a\u8d21\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\u3002[7]

    \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u534e\u590f\u5927\u5730\u4e0a\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u662f\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fd8\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff09\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u6c83\u5fb7 \uff08Andrew Walder\uff09\u5728\u4ed61986\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u65b0\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fe\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5185\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Walder 1986\uff09\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6c83\u5fb7\u5bf9\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5185\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u5256\u6790\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5bf9\u5b98\u573a\u4ee5\u53ca\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u6765\u5b98\u5546\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002

    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\u3002\uff08\u8c22\u5cb3\uff0c2005\uff09\u5b83\u5960\u57fa\u4e8e\u515a\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u53ca\u5176\u5b98\u5458\u638c\u63e1\u6743\u529b\u3001\u800c\u672c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u201d\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u538b\u5236\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7ba1\u9053\u5f97\u5230\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7ecf\u5e38\u906d\u5230\u5b98\u5458\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u6b63\u5e38\u5236\u5ea6\u5916\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\u5f97\u5230\u522b\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\u3002

    \u81ea\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u201c\u6743\u8d35\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u201d\u8fd9\u6761\u5316\u516c\u5171\u8d22\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u7684\u901a\u9053\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u573a\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0d\u4ec5\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u201c\u7ea2\u8272\u8d35\u65cf\u201d\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u5546\u754c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5177\u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u7ea2\u8272\u8d35\u65cf\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u5b98\u5546\u52fe\u7ed3\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5b98\u9ed1\u201d\u52fe\u7ed3\uff09\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ebd\u5e26\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u6cbf\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4f38\u5c55\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u9762\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u515a\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u5b98\u5546\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5316\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4f38\u5c55\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u5404\u81ea\u5b64\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8fd1\u5e74\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e92\u76f8\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\uff1a\u5728\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b98\u5546\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5b98\u9ed1\uff09\u52fe\u7ed3\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u8fd8\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u5f62\uff1b\u5230\u4e86\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5750\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u515a\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u5185\u5df2\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5c42\u53c8\u4e00\u5c42\u76d8\u6839\u9519\u8282\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u51e1\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u8d77\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u901a\u7545\uff0c\u800c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u653f\u7b56\u5219\u5f62\u540c\u865a\u8bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u5f71\u54cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u201c\u4fd8\u83b7\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08Capture State\uff09\u3002

    \u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u5730\u3001\u77ff\u4ea7\u3001\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u6218\u7565\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u6295\u8d44\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5ba1\u6279\u6743\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u638c\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u65bd\u820d\u8005\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5546\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53d7\u5236\u5ea6\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4f9b\u9700\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u62e5\u6709\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u6e90\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u201c\u4f9b\u65b9\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u5b9a\u4ef7\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff08\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9a\u4ef7\u662f\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5546\u754c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u9700\u65b9\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u518d\u5206\u914d\u6743\u529b\u6709\u7740\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e1a\u52a1\u80fd\u5426\u53d1\u5c55\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u5b98\u573a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u505a\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u8f68\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d5a\u53d6\u90e8\u5206\u5784\u65ad\u79df\u91d1\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5546\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u91cc\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8d62\u5229\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5e87\u62a4\u548c\u65bd\u820d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u201c\u9700\u65b9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4f9b\u65b9\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u6d3b\u52a8\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u4f01\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u201c\u65bd\u60e0\u2500\u53d7\u60e0\u201d\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u3002

    \u5728\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u5546\u4eba\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u51c6\u5165\u7b49\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u969c\u788d\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4ece\u4e8b\u201c\u5bfb\u79df\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u7a33\u5b9a\u8d62\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u6781\u5f3a\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u624d\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f00\u653e\uff1b\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u91cc\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u8d62\u5229\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u5343\u519b\u4e07\u9a6c\u6324\u72ec\u6728\u6865\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7ade\u4e89\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7ade\u4e89\u4f7f\u5f97\u5546\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u673a\u4f1a\u800c\u8d3f\u8d42\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u638c\u63e1\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u51c6\u5165\u8d44\u683c\u5ba1\u6279\u6743\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4fbf\u6709\u4e86\u5bfb\u79df\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8d44\u6e90\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5ba1\u6279\u67d0\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u51c6\u5165\u8d44\u683c\uff09\u5e76\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u91d1\u94b1\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u8425\u624d\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u91d1\u94b1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7164\u77ff\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u77ff\u4ea7\u7684\u5f00\u91c7\u6743\u3001\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u6743\u3001\u5a31\u4e50\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u51c6\u5165\u8d44\u683c\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u6279\u51c6\u65b9\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u7279\u8bb8\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u4e4b\u540e\u65b9\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u4e0b\u91d1\u86cb\u7684\u6bcd\u9e21\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u6709\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u6761\u4ef6\u3002

    \u5728\u5982\u6b64\u8fd9\u822c\u7684\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u81f4\u5bcc\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u5b98\u5458\uff09\u7684\u201c\u65bd\u60e0\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a33\u5b9a\u957f\u8fdc\u7684\u201c\u65bd\u60e0\u2500\u53d7\u60e0\u201d\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5177\u6709\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u4ece\u5b98\u573a\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ef6\u4f38\u94fe\u6761\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5b98\u2500\u9ed1\u201d\u52fe\u7ed3\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u3002

    2. \u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6

    \u6309\u7167\u72af\u7f6a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u201c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff08Organized Crime\uff09\u201d\u5177\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u6216\u5546\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u800c\u6536\u4e70\u6267\u6cd5\u5b98\u5458\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u91c7\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u624b\u6bb5\u6216\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u624b\u6bb5\u4e3a\u63a9\u62a4\u3002\uff08McCaghy 1976\uff09\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u91d1\u94b1\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u516c\u53f8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u975e\u6cd5\u624b\u6bb5\u7ecf\u8425\u5408\u6cd5\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5784\u65ad\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u3002\u5728\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff0c\u8d77\u4e86\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002

    \u5728\u4f17\u591a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5927\u591a\u5b58\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u77ed\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u751f\u547d\u529b\u6bd4\u8f83\u8106\u5f31\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u5c55\u201c\u4e25\u5389\u6253\u51fb\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u5f52\u4e8e\u8986\u4ea1\u3002\u4f46\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u975e\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u539f\u59cb\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u51ed\u85c9\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u4e8c\u8005\u517c\u7528\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5784\u65ad\u67d0\u5730\u67d0\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bfb\u627e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0e\u65bd\u820d\uff0c\u800c\u5b98\u5458\u5bfb\u627e\u652b\u53d6\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u4e14\u80fd\u529b\u8f83\u5f3a\u53c8\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u5c40\u9762\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5934\u76ee\u2500\u2500\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201d\u4f01\u4e1a\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5e26\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u2500\u2500\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002

    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u5f20\u76f8\u5f53\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\u9648\u51ef\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u5171\u6709113\u540d\u5305\u62ec\u5e02\u957f\u3001\u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u5728\u5185\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5e76\u4e0d\u592a\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u5b8b\u6c38\u4f73\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ec7\u5c31\u4e00\u5f20\u7275\u6d89\u8fd1\u767e\u540d\u5e72\u90e8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f51\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5904\u7ea7\u5e72\u90e820\u4f59\u540d\uff0c\u79d1\u7ea7\u5e72\u90e830\u4f59\u540d\u3002[8] \u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5f62\u6001\u5230\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u8054\u5408\u4f53\u5728\u5176\u53d1\u8ff9\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u6709\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4eab\u6709\u5784\u65ad\u4e4b\u5229\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u738b\u56fd\u3002

    \u798f\u5efa\u53a6\u95e8\u7684\u8d56\u660c\u661f\u8d70\u79c1\u96c6\u56e2\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8d56\u660c\u661f\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff08\u201c\u8fdc\u534e\u516c\u53f8\u201d\uff09\u7ecf\u8425\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u8d70\u79c1\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u8d70\u79c1\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\u6c7d\u8f66\u3001\u7535\u5668\u3001\u539f\u6cb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u67aa\u652f\u5f39\u836f\u7b49\uff0c\u8d70\u79c1\u91d1\u989d\u9ad8\u8fbe30\u4ebf\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff08\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u8bf4\u8fbe\u6570\u767e\u4ebf\uff09\uff0c\u6d89\u6848\u4eba\u5458159\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u578b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u592e\u5230\u7701\u3001\u5730\u3001\u5e02\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u4e0e\u8d56\u6709\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u5f80\uff1b\u4ece\u90e8\u95e8\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u515a\u3001\u653f\u3001\u519b\u3001\u8b66\u3001\u6d77\u5173\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u5747\u56ca\u62ec\u4e8e\u5185\u3002\u636e\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u201c420\u4e13\u6848\u7ec4\u201d\uff08\u4e8e1999\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6545\u5f97\u6b64\u540d\uff09\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8be5\u4e13\u6848\u7ec49\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u624d\u63ed\u5f00\u8be5\u6848\u9ed1\u5e55\u4e4b\u4e00\u89d2\u3002\u201c\u8fdc\u534e\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u8d70\u79c1\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u5b98\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6b64\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u519b\u65b9\u53ca\u6d77\u5173\u76f8\u4e92\u914d\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u519b\u65b9\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u66f4\u662f\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u201c\u8fdc\u534e\u8d70\u79c1\u6848\u201d\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u9a7e\u62a4\u822a\u201d\u8005\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8d56\u660c\u661f\u5bc4\u8eab\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u672c\u8eab\u5f02\u5e38\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u53a6\u95e8\u624d\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4e00\u5ea7\u201c\u5b98\u50da\u9ed1\u5e2e\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u201d\u3002[9] \u7531\u4e8e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u666e\u904d\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u5bfb\u6c42\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u4ef6\u540e\u9762\u90fd\u4f1a\u7275\u6d89\u51fa\u5b98\u573a\u9ed1\u5e55\u3002

    \u5728\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5546\u4eba\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u77ff\u96be\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7164\u77ff\u7ecf\u8425\u4e2d\u666e\u904d\u7684\u201c\u5b98\u9ed1\u7ed3\u5408\u201d\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4ece2001\u5e74\u52302005\u5e7410\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7164\u77ff\u603b\u5171\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u6b21\u6b7b\u4ea110\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u5927\u4e8b\u6545188\u8d77\uff0c\u5e73\u57477.4\u5929\u4e00\u8d77\uff1b\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6b21\u6b7b\u4ea130\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u6545\u670928\u8d77\uff0c\u5e73\u574750\u5929\u4e00\u8d77\u3002[10] \u6f20\u89c6\u77ff\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7164\u77ff\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u672a\u88ab\u67e5\u7981\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u201c\u5b98\u7164\u52fe\u7ed3\u201d[11]\uff1b\u4e0d\u5c11\u7164\u7a91\u8001\u677f\u4e3a\u4e86\u903c\u8feb\u77ff\u5de5\u5356\u547d\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u6491\u8170\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5b98\u7164\u7ed3\u5408\u201d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c4f\u969c\u4f7f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6e05\u67e5\u6d41\u4e8e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a2006\u5e749\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u5c40\u4e0e\u4e2d\u7eaa\u59d4\u7b49\u516d\u90e8\u59d4\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u5e03\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u6e05\u67e5\u201c\u5b98\u7164\u201d\u52fe\u7ed3\u5df2\u521d\u89c1\u6210\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ecd\u7136\u5904\u5728\u77ff\u96be\u9ad8\u53d1\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8be5\u5e7410\u6708\u81f311\u6708\u4efd\u5168\u56fd\u5171\u53d1\u751f\u77ff\u96be22\u8d77\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1322\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002[12]

    \u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u624b\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u767d\u5408\u6d41\u201d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u8b66\u754c\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u754c\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u515a\u653f\u673a\u5173\u53ca\u5de5\u5546\u3001\u7a0e\u52a1\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u7b49\u90e8\u95e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6709\u529b\u7684\u9760\u5c71\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5e72\u90e8\u4eec\u5219\u56e0\u5171\u540c\u5229\u5bb3\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u4e92\u76f8\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002

    \u53ea\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u51e0\u70b9\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u524d\u201c\u5b98\u9ed1\u201d\u7ed3\u5408\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u5728\u5404\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u547c\u98ce\u5524\u96e8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53e6\u7c7b\u6743\u529b\u3002

<\/FONT>\u4e09\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8<\/FONT><\/A>
<\/FONT><\/B>
    1. \u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u53f8\uff1a\u975e\u6cd5\u4e1a\u52a1\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u7ecf\u8425

    \u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u975e\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8425\u548c\u5784\u65ad\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u7ecf\u8425\u4e2d\u5f80\u5f80\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5fb7\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u53ea\u80fd\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u4f7f\u516c\u53f8\u514d\u4e8e\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5185\u5219\u6839\u636e\u9ed1\u9053\u89c4\u77e9\u6765\u201c\u6446\u5e73\u201d\u3002\u4ec5\u4ece\u516c\u53f8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5176\u804c\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u6b63\u89c4\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7167\u8bbe\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u3001\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u526f\u603b\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u90e8\u95e8\u7ecf\u7406\u3001\u4e1a\u52a1\u5458\u3001\u4f1a\u8ba1\u3001\u51fa\u7eb3\u7b49\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b63\u89c4\u516c\u53f8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u6b63\u89c4\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u533a\u522b\u3002

    \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6b63\u89c4\u516c\u53f8\u56e0\u4e8b\u8bbe\u804c\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u4eba\u5b9a\u5c97\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5185\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u804c\u6743\u4e0e\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u5728\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5730\u4f4d\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7531\u201c\u8001\u5927\u201d\u638c\u63e1\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u751f\u6b7b\u8363\u8fb1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u8425\u4e1a\u52a1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5229\u6da6\u201d\u5206\u914d\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6b63\u89c4\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u6606\u660e\u94c1\u8def\u5c40\u516c\u5b89\u5206\u5c40\u4e1c\u7ad9\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u8b66\u5bdf\u6768\u5929\u52c7\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u62a2\u8f66\u7b49\u7edf\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ecf\u8425\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u201c\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\u6240\u5f97\u6263\u51fa20\uff05\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6d3b\u52a8\u6210\u672c\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u6570\u989d\u6309\u4e24\u4e2a\u6863\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u3002[13] \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u516c\u53f8\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5916\u8863\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u8c61\u6b63\u89c4\u4f01\u4e1a\u90a3\u6837\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u4f9d\u9760\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u8d28\u91cf\u83b7\u5f97\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d\u800c\u8d62\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u5373\u4f7f\u6d89\u8db3\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66b4\u529b\u4f5c\u540e\u76fe\u83b7\u53d6\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d\u6216\u5784\u65ad\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u3002\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u90d1\u5dde\u5e02\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u9053\u6559\u7236\u201d\u5b8b\u7559\u6839\u5728\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\u66fe\u5784\u65ad\u53f7\u79f0\u201c\u4e2d\u539f\u5546\u90fd\u201d\u7684\u90d1\u5dde\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u6570\u767e\u4e2a\u5546\u54c1\u6279\u53d1\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5236\u9020\u65e0\u6570\u8840\u8165\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c06\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u6740\u6b7b\u6216\u91cd\u4f24\u81f4\u6b8b\u3002[14] \u6b63\u5f53\u5546\u5bb6\u56e0\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u66b4\u529b\u80c1\u8feb\u4e0b\u9000\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u3002

    \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5177\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5408\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8425\u4f5c\u63a9\u62a4\uff0c\u4f46\u5229\u6da6\u6765\u6e90\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u975e\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u6d89\u8db3\u5a31\u4e50\u4e1a\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u66f4\u517c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e2a\u7a77\u4eba\u8fdc\u591a\u4e8e\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u9700\u6c42\u75b2\u8f6f\uff0c\u9500\u552e\u7ade\u4e89\u6781\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u5546\u5bb6\u4ec5\u9760\u6b63\u5e38\u7ecf\u8425\u6781\u96be\u83b7\u5229\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u624b\u6bb5\u83b7\u5229\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u6377\u5f84\u3002\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u53ea\u754f\u60e7\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5bfb\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u6765\u5e87\u62a4\u5176\u201c\u751f\u610f\u201d\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u884c\u4e1a\u5982\u8d4c\u535a\u4e1a\u3001\u966a\u4f8d\u670d\u52a1\u7b49\uff0c\u6309\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u5c5e\u8fdd\u6cd5\uff0c\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u8b66\u5bdf\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7f09\u67e5\u90e8\u95e8\u505a\u540e\u53f0\uff0c\u4e00\u5929\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ec4\u8272\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6709\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u201c\u9ed1\u201d\u201c\u767d\u201d\u4e24\u9053\u5171\u540c\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u767d\u9053\u201d\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u7ecf\u8425\u9ec4\u8272\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u5165\u80a1\u7684\u8d44\u672c\uff1b\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u9ec4\u8272\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5206\u5229\uff0c\u5219\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u9ed1\u9053\u201d\u5b9e\u73b0\u30022000\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u536b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5356\u6deb\u5ad6\u5a3c\u76f8\u5f53\u7316\u7357\uff0c\u966a\u4f8d\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5df2\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u6d77\u5357\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7518\u8083\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u7701\u4f1a\u57ce\u5e02\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7a77\u56f0\u53bf\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u6b4c\u821e\u5a31\u4e50\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u201c\u966a\u4f8d\u5c0f\u59d0\u201d\uff08\u5373\u5993\u5973\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8272\u60c5\u573a\u6240\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u90fd\u6709\u516c\u5b89\u673a\u5173\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u5145\u5f53\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u767d\u9053\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u8fd8\u900f\u9732\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\u548c\u966a\u4f8d\u4eba\u5458\u90fd\u66fe\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u2018\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u7edd\u5bf9\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u5148\u901a\u77e5\u6211\u4eec\u2019\uff1b\u5f53\u8be2\u95ee\u5230\u662f\u5426\u77e5\u9053\u5f53\u665a\u6709\u68c0\u67e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u2018\u966a\u4f8d\u5c0f\u59d0\u2019\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bb2\u51fa\u68c0\u67e5\u7ec4\u7684\u6d3e\u51fa\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u201d[15] \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u5a31\u4e50\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u5bf9\u5b98\u573a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e4b\u6df1\u3002

    2. \u64cd\u7eb5\u7ecf\u8425\u5408\u6cd5\u4ea7\u4e1a

    \u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u7ecf\u8425\u5a31\u4e50\u4e1a\uff08\u542b\u9ec4\u8272\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e0e\u8d4c\u535a\u4e1a\uff09\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0e\u8b66\u5bdf\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u4ece\u4e8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5219\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5efa\u7acb\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6d89\u5165\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u4e1a\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5374\u662f\u5171\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u4ea7\u4e1a\u83b7\u5229\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e30\u539a\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c31\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u628a\u6301\u5784\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540d\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u5b9e\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u7acb\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u6240\u5728\u5730\u4e00\u4e9b\u638c\u63e1\u5b9e\u6743\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u4e4b\u6276\u6301\u3002

    \u5e7f\u897f\u7701\u5c91\u6eaa\u5e02\u6709\u4e09\u5927\u201c\u652f\u67f1\u4ea7\u4e1a\u201d\uff1a\u77f3\u6750\u3001\u6728\u6750\u3001\u6db2\u5316\u6c14\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u884c\u4e1a\u7531\u53bf\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u5973\u5a7f\u6b27\u6770\u96c4\u7684\u201c\u5171\u53d1\u5b9e\u4e1a\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u201d\u628a\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u53bf\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u9000\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4fbf\u7531\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7a0b\u5b66\u6ee1\u3001\u7a0b\u5b66\u5fb7\u4e24\u5144\u5f1f\u628a\u6301\u5784\u65ad\u3002[16] \u201c\u4e8c\u7a0b\u201d\u5144\u5f1f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5784\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u53bf\u957f\u7a0b\u67f1\u5fb7\u3001\u5e02\u59d4\u526f\u4e66\u8bb0\u83ab\u4ee5\u6d77\u7b4913\u540d\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002[17] \u5728\u798f\u5dde\u201c\u51ef\u65cb\u96c6\u56e2\u201d\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u9648\u51ef\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72af\u7f6a\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d89\u6848\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5171\u6709113\u540d\uff0c\u798f\u5dde\u5e02\u59d4\u3001\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u7701\u5b89\u5168\u5385\u3001\u53cd\u8d2a\u5c40\u3001\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u3001\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5a31\u4e50\u884c\u4e1a\u5ba1\u6279\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5c40\u7b49\u515a\u52a1\u5b98\u3001\u653f\u52a1\u5b98\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e8b\u52a1\u5b98\u5168\u5728\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u5185\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9648\u51ef\u5f97\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e[18]\uff1b\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6587\u5316\u5a31\u4e50\u884c\u4e1a\u5ba1\u6279\u4e0e\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u6587\u5316\u5385\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u5904\uff08\u8be5\u5904\u4e13\u7ba1\u516c\u4f17\u5a31\u4e50\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5982\u6e38\u620f\u673a\u5385\u3001\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u3001\u6b4c\u5385\u7b49\uff09\u526f\u5904\u957f\u94b1\u9999\u8fdb\u3001\u798f\u5dde\u5e02\u6587\u5316\u5c40\u515a\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u517c\u6587\u5316\u5c40\u957f\u5415\u8d63\u660e\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u9648\u51ef\u7684\u53d1\u8ff9\u8d77\u4e86\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u3001\u6cbb\u5b89\u5de1\u8b66\u603b\u961f\u653f\u59d4\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u5c40\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7a3d\u67e5\u961f\u961f\u957f\u5219\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u9648\u51ef\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002[19]

    \u8bb8\u591a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u6cd5\u624b\u6bb5\u7ecf\u8425\u5408\u6cd5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u30022003\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u7701\u9f50\u9f50\u54c8\u5c14\u5e02\u5f20\u6267\u6587\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b87\u9f99\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u62db\u6807\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u672a\u80fd\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u5f20\u6267\u6587\u9042\u52a8\u7528\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u624b\u6bb5\u7ed1\u67b6\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\u62db\u6807\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9500\u552e\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u5bf9\u65b9\u8ba9\u51fa\u4ee3\u7406\u6743\u3002[20]

    3. \u96f6\u8d44\u672c\u8d77\u5bb6

    \u4ece\u5df2\u7ecf\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u770b\uff0c\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5934\u76ee\u591a\u51fa\u8eab\u5bd2\u5fae\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u8d77\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u8d44\u672c\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u8fdd\u89c4\u501f\u8d37\uff0c\u5982\u798f\u5dde\u7684\u9648\u51ef\u5373\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u9648\u51ef\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u5c61\u5c61\u501f\u5f97\u5de8\u6b3e\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u5b98\u5458\u2500\u2500\u4e2d\u56fd\u94f6\u884c\u798f\u5dde\u5206\u884c\u539f\u884c\u957f\u9648\u79c0\u7af9\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u9648\u79c0\u7af9\u4ece\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0a\u5e2e\u52a9\u9648\u51ef\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u9648\u51ef\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u738b\u56fd\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u3002\u9648\u51ef\u6848\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u7406\u4e2d\u56fd\u94f6\u884c\u798f\u5dde\u5206\u884c\u4e0d\u826f\u503a\u52a1\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9648\u51ef\u4ece\u9648\u79c0\u7af9\u624b\u4e0a\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u501f\u8d37\u8d44\u91d1\u591a\u8fbe\u4e24\u4ebf\u5143\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fdd\u89c4\u501f\u8d37\uff0c\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u5177\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u62c5\u4fdd\uff0c\u6216\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u62b5\u62bc\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d37\u6b3e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u903e\u671f\u4e0d\u8fd8\uff0c\u4ec5\u5229\u606f\u62d6\u6b20\u5c31\u8d85\u8fc73\u5343\u591a\u4e07\u5143\u3002[21] \u6d59\u6c5f\u6e29\u5cad\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u5f20\u754f\u768413\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u591a\u662f\u201c\u76ae\u5305\u516c\u53f8\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u9a97\u8d37\uff0c\u81f3\u6848\u53d1\u65f6\u5c1a\u67098,420\u591a\u4e07\u5143\u8d37\u6b3e\u300156\u4e07\u591a\u5143\u5229\u606f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f52\u8fd8\u3002\u914d\u5408\u5f20\u754f\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u9a97\u53d6\u8d37\u6b3e\u7684\u662f10\u4f4d\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u5185\u90e8\u4eba\u5458\u3002[22]

    \u9664\u4e86\u4ece\u94f6\u884c\u9a97\u8d37\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u8054\u624b\u541e\u5e76\u5176\u5b83\u516c\u53f8\u6570\u4ebf\u5de8\u989d\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e5f\u65f6\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u30022004\u5e743\u6708\u9999\u6e2f\u7f8e\u90a6\u96c6\u56e2\u8001\u677f\u3001\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5934\u76ee\u56fd\u6d2a\u8d77\u88ab\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u516c\u5b89\u5385\u902e\u6355\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5546\u4e1a\u5c40\u5b98\u5458\u8054\u624b\u4fb5\u541e\u9999\u6e2f\u5609\u5229\u6765\u6570\u4ebf\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff08\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u5a92\u4e60\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u5317\u4eac\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\uff09\u66dd\u5149\u3002\u56fd\u6d2a\u8d77\u8fd8\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u3001\u6c5f\u82cf\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7b49\u5730\u3001\u91d1\u989d\u9ad8\u8fbe\u6570\u5341\u4ebf\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u91d1\u878d\u8bc8\u9a97\u5927\u6848\u7684\u4e3b\u8c0b\u3002\u636e\u5df2\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u6709\u9650\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56fd\u6d2a\u8d77\u957f\u671f\u5728\u8bc1\u5238\u548c\u6295\u878d\u8d44\u9886\u57df\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7f16\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\uff0c\u88ab\u6355\u524d\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u548c\u5185\u5730\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u5341\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u6240\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u572880\u4ebf\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u8d44\u4ea7\u662f\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u8054\u624b\uff0c\u5de7\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\u800c\u6765\u3002[23]

    \u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bc1\u5238\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89e6\u89d2\u5df2\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u8bc1\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u30022001\u5e74\u62ab\u9732\u7684\u5170\u5dde\u9ed1\u5e2e\u64cd\u7eb5\u8bc1\u5238\u9ed1\u5e02\u3001\u6d17\u52ab\u80a1\u6c11\u6570\u4ebf\u5143\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u3002\u636e\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u8bc1\u5238\u9ed1\u5e02\u5e55\u540e\u64cd\u7eb5\u8005\u63a0\u593a\u4e86\u80a1\u6c11\u7684\u94b1\u8d22\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u8d44\u91d1\u6295\u5165\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u4e1a\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u76d8\u6839\u9519\u8282\u5730\u4f38\u5c55\u5230\u653f\u754c\u5404\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\u3002\u6848\u53d1\u540e\u5de5\u5546\u5c40\u4ee5\u6d89\u5acc\u8bc8\u9a97\u7f6a\u5c06\u6b64\u6848\u79fb\u4ea4\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u5730\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5374\u4ee5\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u7531\u62d6\u7740\u4e0d\u529e\uff0c\u4efb\u5176\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bc8\u9a97\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u7fa4\u8d77\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u4f5c\u6848\u4eba\u624d\u906d\u5230\u60e9\u5904\u3002[24]

<\/FONT>\u56db\u3001\u8b66\u754c\uff1a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5730<\/FONT><\/A>
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    2006\u5e745\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u4ece3\u6708\u4ee5\u67653\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u9664\u6076\u4e13\u9879\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u5355\uff1a\u6b63\u5728\u4fa6\u529e\u7684\u6d89\u9ed1\u6d89\u6076\u6848\u4ef6\u903e1\u5343\u8d77\uff0c\u79fb\u9001\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fbe28\u4e2a\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u529e\u201d\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u675c\u822a\u4f1f\u8bf4\uff1a\u5f53\u524d\u548c\u4eca\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5316\u201d\u3001\u201c\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u201d\u7684\u65b0\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5883\u5916\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u5728\u5411\u56fd\u5185\u6e17\u900f\uff1b\u4eca\u540e\u8981\u5c06\u6253\u9ed1\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u6467\u6bc1\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f9d\u6258\uff0c\u94f2\u9664\u5176\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u65b9\u9762\u3002[25] \u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bb2\u8bdd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u201c\u8fdf\u5230\u201d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u516c\u53f8\u5316\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5316\u201d\u8d8b\u52bf\u65e9\u5728\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u53ea\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u81f3\u4eca\u53ea\u80af\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9ed1\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u80af\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u201c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u529e\u201d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8a00\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u5728\u516c\u5b89\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\u3002

    1. \u8b66\u754c\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6491\u5f00\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d

    \u5df2\u66dd\u5149\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6848\u4f8b\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6269\u5f20\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e4b\u6276\u6301\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff1b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8d8a\u957f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f51\u8def\u201d\u5c31\u7f16\u7ec7\u5f97\u8d8a\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u516c\u3001\u68c0\u3001\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6e17\u900f\u7684\u91cd\u70b9[26]\u3002\u4ece\u5df2\u6709\u6848\u4f8b\u770b\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u521d\u8d77\u65f6\u671f\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u6240\u5728\u5730\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\uff1b\u4e00\u65e6\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e0e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6210\u4e92\u60e0\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5c31\u8fc5\u901f\u81a8\u80c0\u30022004\u5e74\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u8fbd\u5b81\u76d8\u9526\u5218\u6653\u519b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u6d3b\u52a8\u6570\u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8d70\u79c1\u3001\u76d7\u7a83\u3001\u8d4c\u535a\u3001\u5f3a\u8feb\u4ea4\u6613\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u75af\u72c2\u63a0\u593a\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u4ece1993\u5e74\u81f32000\u5e74\u805a\u655b\u8d22\u5bcc3,894\u4e07\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u7316\u72c2\u5e76\u65e0\u4eba\u6562\u4e8e\u7ba1\u675f\uff0c\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u76d8\u9526\u5e02\u53cc\u53f0\u5b50\u533a\u516c\u5b89\u5206\u5c40\u5efa\u8bbe\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u6240\u957f\u5218\u6653\u660e\u7b49\u4e09\u540d\u8b66\u5bdf\u505a\u5176\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u3002[27]

    \u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8b66\u5bdf\u6ca6\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ece\u672a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u516c\u5e03\u8fc7\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u5217\u4e3e\u5176\u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5ec9\u653f\u201d\u6210\u5c31\u65f6\u5076\u800c\u900f\u9732\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6bcf\u5e743\u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e72\u8b66\uff08\u5e72\u6307\u5e72\u90e8\uff0c\u5373\u5b98\u5458\uff09\u8fdd\u7eaa\u8fdd\u6cd5\u72af\u7f6a\u6570\u91cf\u9010\u5e74\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4ece1994\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5343\u540d\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c1998\u5e74\u88ab\u8ffd\u7a76\u5211\u4e8b\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u9ad8\u8fbe221\u540d\uff0c\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u5904\u5206\u7684\u9ad8\u8fbe2,291\u4eba\u3002[28] 2003\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u516c\u5b89\u673a\u5173\u5171\u67e5\u5904\u6c11\u8b66\u8fdd\u6cd5\u8fdd\u7eaa\u6848\u4ef65,526\u8d77\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u6c11\u8b667,716\u540d\u3002[29] \u800c\u6765\u81ea\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u5219\u79f0\uff0c\u81ea1997\u5e74\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u63a8\u884c\u8b66\u52a1\u7763\u5bdf\u673a\u5236\u81f32006\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5171\u670910,034\u540d\u8fdd\u7eaa\u6c11\u8b66\u88ab\u505c\u6b62\u6267\u884c\u804c\u52a1\uff0c5,856\u540d\u6c11\u8b66\u88ab\u5173\u7981\u95ed\u3002[30] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdd\u6cd5\u8b66\u5bdf\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5747\u4e0e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u68c0\u5bdf\u96622004\u5e741\u6708\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4ece2001\u5e744\u6708\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u68c0\u5bdf\u673a\u5173\u67e5\u529e557\u540d\u9ed1\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6c5f\u897f\u7701\u840d\u4e61\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u9648\u5176\u8c6a\u3001\u5468\u65b0\u8015\u7b49\u5145\u5f53\u9648\u8ff0\u56fd\u4e3a\u9996\u768424\u4eba\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u7b49\u4e00\u6279\u6848\u4ef6\u3002[31]

    \u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u7701\u4efd\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u4e09\u7701\uff08\u8fbd\u5b81\u3001\u5409\u6797\u3001\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\uff09\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u754f\u60e7\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c1949\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u904d\u5730\u571f\u532a\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u66f4\u662f\u517b\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0e\u60e7\u6015\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u719f\u6089\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u57df\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u603b\u7ed3\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u4eba\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u86ee\u6a2a\u9738\u9053\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u6743\u529b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u5f02\u5e38\u4e56\u987a\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u6743\u529b\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u662f\u7a00\u7f3a\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u66b4\u529b\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5927\u80c6\u5984\u4e3a\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u98ce\u6c14\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5bb6\u6709\u51e0\u5144\u5f1f\u4e14\u5747\u4e3a\u4ea1\u547d\u4e4b\u5f92\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u9738\uff1b\u800c\u8981\u60f3\u957f\u4e45\u7ef4\u6301\u5730\u65b9\u4e00\u9738\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\u52fe\u7ed3\u3002\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u6700\u65e9\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u884c\u653f\u4e0d\u529b\uff0c\u4fbf\u52a8\u7528\u9ed1\u5e2e\u6210\u5458\u4ecb\u5165\u6536\u8d39\u3001\u5f81\u7cae\u3001\u62c6\u8fc1\u7b49\u68d8\u624b\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u66ff\u4ee3\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6267\u6cd5\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u957f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5750\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u804c\u80fd\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u76db\u4f20\u201c\u627e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5982\u627e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7528\u201d\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u56e0\u4e3a\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u4ecb\u5165\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u3002\u8fd1\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u6d89\u53ca\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5927\u8981\u6848\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u8f70\u52a8\u5168\u56fd\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5934\u76ee\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u4efb\u804c\u3002\u6bd4\u59822000\u5e74\u957f\u6625\u6881\u65ed\u4e1c\u6848\uff0c\u6881\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\uff1b2001\u5e74\u6c88\u9633\u5218\u6d8c\u6848\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u5218\u6d8c\u662f\u6c88\u9633\u5e02\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u30022003\u5e74\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\u201c\u59dc\u6c0f\u5bb6\u65cf\u201d\u3001\u8fbd\u5b81\u76d8\u9526\u5218\u6653\u519b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5409\u6797\u201c\u4e09\u4e8e\u201d\u5bb6\u65cf\u5f0f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6848\u3001\u5409\u6797\u901a\u5316\u7530\u6ce2\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c2004\u5e74\u9f50\u9f50\u54c8\u5c14\u201c\u5f20\u6c0f\u5144\u5f1f\u201d\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f7\u79f0\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5973\u8001\u5927\u201d\u7684\u674e\u6dd1\u73cd\uff0c\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u90fd\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7ed3\u6210\u4e86\u76d8\u6839\u9519\u8282\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[32] \u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u66fe\u516c\u5e03\u4e00\u4efd\u201c2003\u5e74\u90e8\u5206\u7701\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u804c\u52a1\u72af\u7f6a\u4e00\u89c8\u8868\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u8868\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u72af\u7f6a\u6848\u4ef6\u9ad8\u8fbe8,486\u5b97\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u91d1\u989d\u81f3\u5c114.8\u4ebf\u5143\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u7701\u5e02\u4e2d\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e00\uff1b\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u72af\u7f6a\u6848\u4ef6\u5219\u9ad8\u8fbe2,327\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u91d1\u989d1.7\u4ebf\u5143\u3002[33] \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5174\u76db\u4e0e\u5b98\u573a\u8150\u8d25\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u7834\u83b7\u7684\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u6c11\u8b66\u4e3a\u72af\u7f6a\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u51fa\u8c0b\u5212\u7b56\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6c11\u8b66\u51fa\u501f\u67aa\u652f\u3002\u8be5\u7701\u524d\u4e24\u5e74\u4fa6\u529e\u8fbd\u9633\u7b49\u5730\u7cfb\u5217\u6d89\u9ed1\u5927\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u6d89\u6848\u768464\u540d\u515a\u653f\u673a\u5173\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\u670932\u540d\u516c\u5b89\u5e72\u8b66\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u3001\u5211\u8b66\u3001\u5de1\u8b66\u3001\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u6c11\u8b66\u3001\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u6c11\u8b66\u7b49\u3002[34] 2006\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u6c88\u9633\u5e02\u53c8\u66dd\u51fa\u60ca\u5929\u65b0\u95fb\uff1a\u4e0a\u767e\u8b66\u5bdf\u6d89\u5165\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d29\u6bd2\u6848\uff0c\u88ab\u6307\u6d89\u6848\u7684\u6709\u6c88\u9633\u5e02\u7981\u6bd2\u652f\u961f\u961f\u957f\u9648\u946b\u3001\u6c88\u6cb3\u5206\u5c40\u524d\u4efb\u5c40\u957f\u66f2\u6708\u798f\u3001\u73b0\u4efb\u5c40\u957f\u5f20\u4fdd\u534e\u7b49\u3002[35]

    \u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e3a\u7978\u751a\u70c8\u3002\u8be5\u7701\u5171\u6709181\u4e2a\u5e02\u3001\u5dde\u3001\u53bf\uff0c2006\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u59d4\u526f\u4e66\u8bb0\u674e\u5d07\u79a7\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5168\u7701\u76ee\u524d\u4ec52\u4e2a\u5e02\u3001\u5dde\u548c\u5f88\u5c11\u51e0\u4e2a\u53bf\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002[36] \u8be5\u7701\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u7316\u7357\u4e0e\u8b66\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u6697\u4e2d\u5145\u5f53\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece2001\u5e74\u52302003\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u5171\u67e5\u590433\u4ef6\u4e3a\u9ed1\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u5145\u5f53\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6d89\u684835\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u7ef5\u9633\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5211\u4e8b\u4e00\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u674e\u6797\u5bcc\u3001\u7ef5\u9633\u5e02\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u526f\u6240\u957f\u5218\u677e\u8363\uff0c\u6c5f\u6cb9\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5211\u8b66\u5927\u961f\u5927\u961f\u957f\u9ec4\u6b63\u660e\u3001\u7279\u7ba1\u4e2d\u961f\u961f\u957f\u6768\u4ec1\u541b\u3001\u526f\u961f\u957f\u4f55\u6b23\uff0c\u4e95\u7814\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u6cbb\u5b89\u79d1\u79d1\u957f\u7ae5\u52a0\u6797\uff0c\u53cc\u6d41\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u6cbb\u5b89\u79d1\u79d1\u957f\u674e\u6b63\u884c\u7b49\u4eba\u3002[37]

    \u5c71\u897f\u7701\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u8d25\u7c7b\u4e5f\u65f6\u5e38\u5145\u5f53\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u30022001\u5e74\u8be5\u7701\u9ad8\u5e73\u5e02\u5b8b\u9b41\u8be6\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9664\u62c9\u62e2\u5e02\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u5f20\u559c\u6765\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u9ad8\u5e73\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u653f\u59d4\u517c\u57ce\u9547\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u6240\u957f\u9773\u67d0\u7b49\u8b66\u5b98\u5145\u5f53\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u3002[38] 2005\u5e74\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e09\u664b\u6d89\u9ed1\u7b2c\u4e00\u6848\u201d\u7684\u674e\u6ee1\u6797\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6848\uff0c\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u8b66\u5b98\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u5c71\u897f\u7701\u59d4\u5e38\u52a1\u526f\u4e66\u8bb0\u4faf\u4f0d\u6770\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e34\u6c7e\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u90b5\u5efa\u4f1f\u3001\u592a\u539f\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u6cbb\u5b89\u5904\u5904\u957f\u8303\u680b\u5347\u3001\u592a\u539f\u5e02\u674f\u82b1\u5cad\u516c\u5b89\u5206\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u725b\u85e9\u7b49\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u674e\u6ee1\u6797\u9ed1\u5e2e\u624d\u5728\u592a\u539f\u5e02\u6a2a\u884c\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u3002[39]

    \u6d77\u5357\u7701\u4e09\u4e9a\u5e02\u6797\u6d32\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec72001\u5e74\u88ab\u5217\u4e3a\u201c\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u7763\u529e\u201d\u5927\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5949\u547d\u5ba1\u7406\u6b64\u6848\u7684\u8be5\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u201c\u4e25\u6253\u201d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u957f\u5434\u4ec1\u8d85\u5374\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u6797\u6d32\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b64\u6848\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f6a\u8bc1\u786e\u51ff\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u957f\u8fbe\u4e00\u5e74\u534a\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u7763\u529e\u201d\u671f\u5185\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002[40]

    \u8fd9\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f00\u5217\u4e00\u5f20\u957f\u957f\u7684\u6e05\u5355\u3002

    \u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u5165\u72f1\u540e\u53ef\u80fd\u7167\u6837\u5f97\u5230\u72f1\u8b66\u7684\u7ba1\u7167\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u72af\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u91cc\u547c\u98ce\u5524\u96e8\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u72f1\u5185\u5bb4\u5ba2\u53ec\u5993\u3002\u8fd9\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u6216\u76d1\u72f1\u5185\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u76d1\u72f1\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u5185\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e0b\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8981\u201c\u6253\u6389\u72f1\u4e2d\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u3002[41]

    2. \u8b66\u5bdf\u81ea\u7ec4\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7

    \u6709\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5145\u5f53\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u3001\u4ece\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u624b\u4e2d\u5206\u5f97\u4e00\u676f\u7fb9\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5e72\u8106\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u9a6c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002

    \u5409\u6797\u7701\u957f\u6625\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5211\u8b66\u961f\u4fa6\u67e5\u5458\u6881\u65ed\u4e1c\u638c\u63a7\u7740\u5f53\u65f6\u957f\u6625\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ed6\u626c\u8a00\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u4e09\u628a\u201c\u5200\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u628a\u2018\u5200\u2019\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u8c01\u6562\u4e0d\u6015\u6211\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u628a\u2018\u5200\u2019\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8c01\u6562\u4e0d\u670d\u6211\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e09\u628a\u2018\u5200\u2019\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u4eba\u7f69\u7740\u6211\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u628a\u6211\u548b\u6837\uff1f\u201d[42]

    \u6cb3\u5317\u6ca7\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u4ea4\u8b66\u5927\u961f\u526f\u5927\u961f\u957f\u97e9\u6d2a\u6da6\u4e0e\u5176\u4e09\u4f4d\u5f1f\u5f1f\u97e9\u6d2a\u751f\u7b49\uff0c\u4ece1998\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5148\u540e\u529e\u8d77\u4e8611\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u4f9d\u6258\uff0c\u5927\u8086\u76d7\u7a83\u77f3\u6cb9\u539f\u6cb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4e8b\u975e\u6cd5\u4e70\u5356\u67aa\u652f\u5f39\u836f\u7b49\u72af\u7f6a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e3a\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6709\u6ca7\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u738b\u4e16\u5170\u3001\u6ca7\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u653f\u59d4\u8881\u6c38\u5174\u7b499\u4f4d\u8b66\u5bdf\u3002[43]

    2004\u5e742\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u56db\u4f1a\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u7ecf\u4fa6\u5927\u961f\u8b66\u5bdf\u9f99\u6770\u950b\u5f53\u8857\u88ab\u6740\uff0c\u7ecf\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9f99\u6770\u950b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u6a2a\u884c5\u5e74\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u9f99\u5174\u793e\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8001\u5927\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u53d4\u53d4\u5219\u662f\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u8087\u5e86\u5e02\u4e00\u540d\u533a\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u3002\u6b7b\u65f6\u5e74\u4e3a28\u5c81\u7684\u9f99\u6770\u950b1997\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u8b66\u6821\u5c31\u8bfb\uff0c1999\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u5230\u516c\u5b89\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u201c\u9f99\u5174\u793e\u201d\uff0c\u6697\u4e2d\u62db\u52df150\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u884c\u52a8\u7eb2\u9886\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u660e\u786e\u5206\u5de5\u3002\u81ea2000\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u201c\u9f99\u5174\u793e\u201d\u5728\u56db\u4f1a\u7684\u5e02\u533a\u548c\u4e61\u9547\u5f00\u529e\u8d4c\u5e84\u3001\u653e\u9ad8\u5229\u8d37\uff0c\u79f0\u9738\u9c7c\u5e02\uff0c\u5411\u56db\u4f1a\u5e02\u533a\u591a\u5bb6\u5a31\u4e50\u573a\u6240\u3001\u9152\u5427\u6536\u53d6\u4fdd\u62a4\u8d39\u3002\u8be5\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a2a\u884c\u56db\u4f1a\u7684\u4e94\u5e74\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u72af\u4e0b\u7d2f\u7d2f\u8840\u6848\uff0c\u81f45\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u591a\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u975e\u5e38\u60e7\u6015\u30022004\u5e742\u670824\u65e5\u665a\u9f99\u6770\u950b\u88ab\u4eba\u523a\u6740\u8eab\u6b7b\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u90e8\u7f72\u7f09\u62ff\u51f6\u624b\u5374\u9690\u7792\u9f99\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u8eab\u4efd\uff1b\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u9f99\u6770\u950b\u88ab\u523a\u8eab\u6b7b\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u5728\u56db\u4f1a\u4e0d\u80eb\u800c\u8d70\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u8857\u5c0f\u5df7\u987f\u65f6\u97ad\u70ae\u9f50\u9e23\uff0c\u7ea2\u900f\u4e86\u534a\u8fb9\u5929\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e00\u591c\uff0c\u56db\u4f1a\u51e0\u4e4e\u5f7b\u591c\u72c2\u6b22\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9152\u5427\u5168\u514d\u6216\u534a\u514d\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u3002[44] \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7531\u8b66\u5bdf\u5145\u5f53\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bb3\u6c11\u6b8b\u6c11\u4e4b\u6df1\u3002

    \u6e56\u5357\u6c38\u5dde\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u3001\u5e02\u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u9664\u6076\u9886\u5bfc\u5c0f\u7ec4\u201d\u7ec4\u957f\u738b\u77f3\u5bbe\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u540e\u53f0\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e13\u95e8\u805a\u8d4c\u3001\u653e\u9ad8\u5229\u8d37\uff0c\u79c1\u85cf\u67aa\u679d\u3001\u8d29\u5356\u6bd2\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u5e38\u631f\u6301\u4eba\u8d4c\u535a\u3002\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u738b\u77f3\u5bbe\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u6c38\u5dde\u7684\u9ed1\u3001\u767d\u4e24\u9053\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9ed1\u3001\u767d\u4e24\u9053\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u725f\u5229\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u201d[45]

    3. \u201c\u52a3\u5e01\u9a71\u9010\u826f\u5e01\u201d\uff1a\u8b66\u754c\u7684\u9006\u6dd8\u6c70\u73b0\u8c61

    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8b66\u5bdf\u5f53\u4e2d\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u826f\u77e5\u672a\u6cef\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u82e5\u575a\u6301\u826f\u77e5\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u906d\u9047\u8bb8\u591a\u574e\u5777\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u9a7b\u9a6c\u5e97\u5e73\u8206\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u653f\u59d4\u8463\u7559\u6c11\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8463\u7559\u6c112002\u5e742\u6708\u63a5\u624b\u67e5\u529e\u4e00\u8d77\u7531\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u516c\u5b89\u5385\u7763\u529e\u7684\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u9ed1\u52bf\u529b\u5934\u76ee\u53eb\u5218\u660e\u7406\uff0c\u53d1\u8ff9\u524d\u662f\u5e73\u8206\u53bf\u91d1\u7531\u6751\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u9760\u7ecf\u8425\u4f2a\u52a3\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u6572\u8bc8\u52d2\u7d22\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u5de7\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\u800c\u81f4\u5bcc\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u5e73\u8206\u53bf\u5de5\u5546\u8054\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u53bf\u653f\u534f\u5e38\u59d4\u3001\u9a7b\u9a6c\u5e97\u5e02\u653f\u534f\u59d4\u5458\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u662f\u4e2a\u60f9\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u63a5\u529e\u6848\u4ef6\u540e\u8463\u7559\u6c11\u906d\u5230\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u5176\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u7684\u75af\u72c2\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u521d\u7684\u8bec\u9677\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4eba\u8eab\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5f53\u9762\u4e34\u7262\u72f1\u4e4b\u707e\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u65f6\uff0c\u8463\u88ab\u8feb\u79bb\u4e61\u80cc\u4e95\uff0c\u5c06\u5bb6\u4eba\u8f6c\u79fb\u5916\u5730\uff0c\u4ee5\u9003\u907f\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u5728\u5916\u6d41\u6d6a\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8463\u7559\u6c11\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8bbf\u83b7\u5f97\u4e0a\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u53e6\u6d3e\u5458\u91cd\u65b0\u67e5\u529e\u6b64\u6848\uff0c\u8463\u7559\u6c11\u7684\u51a4\u60c5\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u6d17\u6e05\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\u5e76\u672a\u5168\u90e8\u67e5\u529e\uff0c\u8463\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u8fd8\u5728\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002[46] \u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8463\u7559\u6c11\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fd8\u7b97\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u8fde\u547d\u90fd\u4e22\u6389\uff0c\u6b7b\u540e\u6c89\u51a4\u83ab\u767d\u3002

    4. \u4e00\u4f4d\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u957f\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a\u201c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\u517b\u5927\u7684\u201d

    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u3001\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u5927\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u8fc5\u901f\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u7981\u8981\u95ee\uff1a\u662f\u8c01\u517b\u5927\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\u7701\u677e\u6ecb\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u957f\u9093\u5e74\u70af\u65e9\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u56de\u7b54\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9093\u57282001\u5e74\u66fe\u4eb2\u624b\u67e5\u529e\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd1\u767e\u4ef6\u7f6a\u884c\u8bc1\u636e\u786e\u51ff\uff0c\u7f6a\u72af\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f9b\u8ba4\u4e0d\u8bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6848\u4ef6\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4f4d\u526f\u53bf\u957f\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u53ca\u51e0\u4f4d\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u6240\u957f\uff0c\u529e\u6848\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5f53\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u9093\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u529e\u6848\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u4e09\u7c7b\u963b\u529b\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u52bf\u8005\u4e3a\u4e4b\u8bf4\u60c5\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u529e\u6848\u4eba\u5458\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5c5e\u9047\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u9020\u8c23\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u529e\u6848\u8005\u4e0e\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u5925\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u8d2a\u6c61\u53d7\u8d3f\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u6709\u8bb0\u8005\u95ee\u9093\u5e74\u70af\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u8c01\u5c06\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u517b\u5927\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u9093\u5e74\u70af\u660e\u786e\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b66\u5bdf\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u517b\u5927\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8b66\u5bdf\u5e87\u62a4\u653e\u7eb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u5747\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002[47]

<\/FONT>\u4e94\u3001\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u6e17\u900f\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8<\/FONT><\/A>
<\/B>
    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u5e76\u547c\u98ce\u5524\u96e8\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5934\u76ee\u4eec\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6e17\u900f\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u4e3b\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5728\u653f\u6743\u673a\u5173\u5185\u5bfb\u627e\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u83b7\u53d6\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u518d\u6b21\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6350\u52a9\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u4e0e\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u6c42\u53d6\u793e\u4f1a\u4fe1\u4efb\u7b49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6700\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u800c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u6148\u5584\u6350\u52a9\u5219\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u83b7\u53d6\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b2003\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\u535a\u5927\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u4e2d\u5df2\u591a\u5904\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b64\u8282\u53ea\u64ae\u8981\u8ff0\u4e4b\u3002

    \u8fd9\u79cd\u6e17\u900f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a

    \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u201c\u9ed1\u8001\u5927\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u901a\u8fc7\u91d1\u94b1\u5f00\u8def\uff0c\u8c0b\u6c42\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u653f\u534f\u59d4\u5458\u751a\u81f3\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6234\u4e0a\u201c\u7ea2\u5e3d\u5b50\u201d\u3001\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u201c\u6f02\u767d\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u8363\u8854\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u6295\u8d44\u8425\u9020\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u907f\u98ce\u6e2f\u201d\u3002\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u7684\u5218\u6d8c[48]\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u6e29\u5cad\u7684\u5f20\u754f[49]\u3001\u9f50\u9f50\u54c8\u5c14\u5e02\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u5f20\u6267\u6587[50]\u3001\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u629a\u987a\u5e02\u66f2\u5168\u56fd[51]\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u5e02\u7684\u9648\u6bc5\u950b\u7b49[52]\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3002

    \u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u5b89\u63d2\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u6307\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u6e17\u5165\u53bf\u3001\u5e02\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u9009\u53d6\u201c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u9884\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u6216\u53c2\u4e0e\u5b89\u6392\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4eba\u5927\u4e0e\u653f\u534f\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u7701\u6f7c\u5173\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ea7\u91d1\u5927\u53bf\uff0c\u77ff\u7ba1\u5c40\u957f\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u9ec4\u91d1\u5f00\u91c7\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\u30022001\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u8be5\u53bf\u8c03\u6574\u53bf\u76f4\u90e8\u95e8\u73ed\u5b50\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u8001\u5927\u201d\u674e\u6587\u519b\u8981\u6c42\u53bf\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u674e\u7eaa\u8ba1\u8ba9\u8d75\u67d0\u5f53\u77ff\u7ba1\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\uff0c\u674e\u7eaa\u8ba1\u4e34\u65f6\u5728\u53bf\u59d4\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e0a\u52a8\u8bae\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u9884\u5b9a\u4eba\u9009\uff0c\u5c06\u8d75\u67d0\u5217\u5165\u5e72\u90e8\u4eba\u9009\u540d\u5355\u5e76\u63d0\u4ea4\u53bf\u59d4\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece1997\u81f32001\u5e74\uff0c\u6f7c\u5173\u53bf\u5224\u51b3\u768490\u8d77\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d28\uff05\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u9519\u6848\u201d\u3002\u5728\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c29\u540d\u8b66\u5bdf\u7adf\u7136\u52a8\u75283\u8f86\u8b66\u8f66\u56f4\u5835\u53bf\u59d4\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5411\u53bf\u59d4\u8ba8\u8981\u5b98\u8854\u5f85\u9047\u3002[53] \u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u8fd8\u6709\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5730\u4e0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90e8\u957f\u201d\u7684\u8fbd\u5b81\u7701\u8fbd\u9633\u5e02\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5934\u76ee\u5f20\u5b8f\u4e1c\u7b49\u3002[54] \u800c\u5c71\u897f\u4e2d\u9633\u53bf\u7684\u201c\u71d5\u5b50\u5e2e\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u6e17\u900f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u4e3a\u6df1\u8c0b\u8fdc\u8651\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u53ca\u6cd5\u9662\u5b98\u5458\u52fe\u7ed3\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd8\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u9f13\u52b1\u5176\u5e2e\u5185\u6210\u5458\u62a5\u8003\u8b66\u5bdf\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u4fdf\u5176\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u5230\u516c\u5b89\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u4e0e\u6cd5\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3a\u672c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u653f\u6cbb\u5e87\u62a4\u3002\u5728\u5e2e\u4e3b\u51af\u6653\u6625\u9f13\u52b1\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u71d5\u5b50\u5e2e\u201d\u6210\u5458\u4e2d\u5148\u540e\u670915\u4eba\u8003\u53d6\u4e86\u8b66\u6821\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5c31\u5b66\u671f\u95f4\u5f97\u5230\u8be5\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u52a9\u3002[55]

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    \u53ea\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u975e\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u9636\u6bb5\u5728\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u538b\u8feb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u72b6\u6001\u5904\u4e8e\u4f55\u79cd\u65e0\u671b\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u5904\u4e8e\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u65e0\u6743\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u5c42\u5c42\u5b98\u540f\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u800c\u65e0\u529b\u6297\u4e89\uff1b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u4f7f\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u6d41\u4e8e\u865a\u6587\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u9762\u5bf9\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u8086\u8650\u552f\u6709\u5fcd\u53d7\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u5177\u7684\u63a0\u593a\u6027\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u6027\u4e0e\u53cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u5f97\u5230\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u6076\u52a3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u7531\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5360\u9886\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5c06\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cd\u73b0\u3002
<\/FONT>
\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u3011<\/FONT><\/A>
<\/FONT><\/B>
Charles H. McCaghy, 1976, Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict, and Interest
Groups. NY: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Robert K. Merton, 1938 \\”Social Structure and Anomie,\\” American Sociological
Review 3, pp.672-682. For a revised discussion see Merton, Social Theory and Social
Structure, revised and enlarged ed. (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957), pp.131-194.

Andrew G. Walder, 1986, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese
Industry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

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\u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011<\/A> <\/B>

[1] \u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u53e3\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60ac\u5251\u300b\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff1b\u5434\u96e8\u3001\u6881\u7acb\u6210\u3001\u738b\u9053\u667a\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u56fd\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\u5e745\u6708\u51fa\u7248\u3002

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[3] \u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e66\u5c4b\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c2000\u5e743\u6708\u53f7\u3002

[4] \u674e\u5f3a\uff0c\u201c\u2018\u4e01\u5b57\u578b\u2019\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u2018\u7ed3\u6784\u7d27\u5f20\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b2005\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002

[5] \u4f55\u79c9\u677e\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u6027\u8d28\uff09\u72af\u7f6a\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2002\u5e745\u6708\u51fa\u7248\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e74\u9274\u300b\uff0c1988\u5e74\uff0d2003\u5e74\u3002

[6] \u201c\u2018\u6253\u9ed1\u9664\u6076\u2019\u7279\u522b\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7f51\uff0c2001\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\u3002

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[8] 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[9] \u4f0a\u94ed\uff0c\u201c\u53a6\u95e8\u8fdc\u534e\u8d70\u79c1\u6848\u9ed1\u5e55\u91cd\u91cd\u201d\uff08http:\/\/asiademo.org\/gb\/2000\/01\/20000123b.htm\uff09\u3002

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[11] 2005\u5e7411\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u4ece\u4eca\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6e05\u67e5\u5b98\u5458\u5165\u80a1\u7164\u77ff\u5de5\u4f5c\u5df2\u6709\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u5168\u56fd\u5171\u767b\u8bb0\u5728\u7164\u77ff\u6295\u8d44\u5165\u80a1\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba4,578\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54583,002\u4eba\u3002\u767b\u8bb0\u5165\u80a1\u91d1\u989d6.53\u4ebf\u5143\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u64a4\u8d444.73\u4ebf\u5143\u3002\u89c1\u201c4500\u4f59\u540d\u5e72\u90e8\u64a4\u8d444.73\u4ebf\uff0c\u56db\u90e8\u95e8\u4e25\u67e5\u5f04\u865a\u4f5c\u5047\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u5a31\u4e50\u4fe1\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u636e\u65b0\u534e\u793e\u7535\u3002

[12] \u201c2006\u5e74\u51ac\u5b63\u77ff\u96be\u4e4b\u602a\u4e0e\u6068\uff1a\u5b98\u7164\u52fe\u7ed3\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u201d\uff08http:\/\/news.tom.com\uff0c2006\u5e7412\u670804\u65e505\u65f630\u5206\u3002\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u7f51\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5468\u520a\u201d\u3002

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[16] \u5f20\u5468\u6765\u3001\u9093\u82cf\u52c7\uff0c\u201c\u2018\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u2019\u4e0b\u7684\u2018\u7b2c\u4e8c\u653f\u5e9c\u2019\uff1a\u5e7f\u897f\u5c91\u6eaa\u4e8c\u7a0b\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff08www.qianlong.com\uff0c2004\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\uff09\uff0c \u539f\u8f7d\u300a\u5357\u56fd\u65e9\u62a5\u300b\u3002

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[22] \u201c\u6d59\u6c5f\u6e29\u5cad\u7279\u5927\u9ed1\u5e2e\u6848\u5f00\u5ba1 67\u540d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u90e8\u6d89\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b0\u7f51\uff0c2000\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\uff1b\u201c\u6e29\u5cad\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6837\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u201d\uff08http:\/\/edu.sina.com.cn\uff0c2001\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u8f7d\u300a\u4e09\u8054\u751f\u6d3b\u5468\u520a\u300b\u3002

[23] \u739b\u96c5\uff0c\u201c\u5317\u4eac\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u2500\u2500\u5609\u5229\u6765\u6848\u663e\u9732\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u6311\u6218\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u201d\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u300a\u51e4\u51f0\u5468\u520a\u300b2005\u5e74\u7b2c14\u671f\uff08\u603b\u7b2c183\u671f\uff09\u3002

[24] \u8d75\u6c11\u671b\uff0c\u201c\u5170\u5dde\u8bc1\u5238\u9ed1\u5e02\u4e3a\u4f55\u7316\u7357\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u5de5\u5546\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2001\u5e742\u670816\u65e5\uff1b\u8d75\u6c11\u671b\uff0c\u201c\u5170\u5dde\u8bc1\u5238\u9ed1\u5e02\u6848\u5c06\u5ba1\uff0c34\u540d\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u672a\u9003\u6cd5\u7f51\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u5de5\u5546\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2001\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u3002

[25] \u4e2d\u65b0\u793e\u5317\u4eac2006\u5e745\u670825\u65e5\u7535\u3002

[26] \u201c\u6253\u9ed1\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u957f\u671f\u3001\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u2500\u2500\u8bbf\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u5211\u4fa6\u5c40\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72af\u7f6a\u4fa6\u67e5\u5904\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b2004\u5e749\u67082\u65e5\u3002

[27] \u201c\u8fbd\u5b81\u76d8\u95268\u00b729\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u5ead\u5ba1\u76f4\u51fb\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u8fbd\u6c88\u665a\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e742\u670810\u65e5\u3002

[28] \u89c11994\u5e74\u81f31999\u5e74\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5de5\u4f5c\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7f51\u4e0a\u53ef\u4e0b\u8f7d\u3002

[29] \u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2005\u5e749\u67082\u65e5\u3002

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[31] \u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u4e2d\u65b0\u7f51\u201d\uff09\uff0c2004\u5e7401\u670817\u65e5\u3002

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[36] \u300a\u5929\u5e9c\u65e9\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u6210\u90fd\uff092006\u5e743\u67083\u65e5\u3002\u5e02\u53bf\u5dde\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7f51\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u680f\u76ee\uff08www.sc.gov.cn\uff09\u3002

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[40] \u201c\u4e09\u4e9a\u5f00\u5ba1\u743c\u5357\u6700\u5927\u6d89\u9ed1\u56e2\u4f19\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u7adf\u662f\u2018\u4e25\u6253\u2019\u7ec4\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\uff0c\u4e09\u4e9a2002\u5e748\u67087\u65e5\u7535\u3002

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[43] \u201c\u62c5\u5f53\u9ed1\u56e2\u4f19\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\uff0c\u539f\u6ca7\u53bf\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u957f\u7b499\u6c11\u8b66\u83b7\u5211 \u201d\uff0c\u5343\u9f99\u7f51\u8baf\uff08www.qianlong.com\/\uff09\u3002

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[45] \u201c\u6e56\u5357\u6c38\u5dde\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u738b\u77f3\u5bbe\u6210\u2018\u5730\u4e0b\u94f6\u884c\u884c\u957f\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u539f\u8f7d\u4e1c\u65b9\u7f51\uff0c2006\u5e747\u670822\u65e516\u65f611\u5206\uff08http:\/\/news.163.com\/06\/0722\/16\/2ML9OG6G0001124J_2.html\uff09\u3002

[46] \u641c\u72d0\u7f51\uff082005\u5e747\u67086\u65e5\uff09\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff0c\u201c\u6cb3\u5357\u5e73\u8206\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u526f\u653f\u59d4\u906d\u9ed1\u52bf\u529b\u62a5\u590d\u80cc\u4e95\u79bb\u4e61\u201d\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u592e\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u300a\u7126\u70b9\u8bbf\u8c08\u300b2004\u5e747\u670820\u65e5\u8282\u76ee\u5b9e\u5f55\u3002

[47] \u201c\u8bb0\u8005\u6697\u8bbf\u6e56\u5317\u677e\u6ecb\u5e02\u2018\u626b\u9ed1\u5c40\u957f\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2001\u5e7411\u670827\u65e5\u3002

[48] \u201c\u6c88\u9633\uff1a\u8c6a\u8d4c\u5e02\u957f\u4e0e\u9ed1\u5e2e\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53d1\u8ff9\u6ca1\u843d\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e09\u8054\u751f\u6d3b\u5468\u520a \u300b\uff0c2001\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\uff1b\u5b5f\u5524\u3001\u77f3\u5e86\u4f1f\u3001\u66fe\u534e\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u6c88\u9633\u5218\u6d8c\u72af\u7f6a\u96c6\u56e2\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9ed1\u5e55\uff1a\u2018\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f1e\u2019\u9001\u2018\u9ed1\u9053\u9738\u4e3b\u2019\u8fdb\u4eba\u5927\u201d \uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u793e\u5317\u4eac2001\u5e744\u670825\u65e5\u7535\u3002

[49] \u6731\u6d77\u5175\u3001\u66fe\u7965\u751f\u3001\u752c\u4ef2\uff0c\u201c\u6d59\u6c5f\u6e29\u5cad\u2018\u9ed1\u5e2e\u8001\u5927\u2019\u5f20\u754f\u7684\u6700\u540e\u81ea\u767d\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b0\u7f51\u5b81\u6ce22001\u5e744\u670827\u65e5\u6d88\u606f\u3002

[50] \u4e93\u6811\u65b0\uff0c\u201c\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u6700\u5927\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u5f00\u5ead\uff0c\u9ed1\u8001\u5927\u66fe\u7ecf\u5f53\u4e0a\u653f\u534f\u5e38\u59d4\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e747\u670819\u65e5\u3002

[51] \u6bb5\u5b87\u5b8f\uff0c\u201c\u660e\u661f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7684\u6d89\u9ed1\u4e4b\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u5468\u520a\u300b\uff0c2003\u5e748\u670814\u65e5\u3002

[52] \u9a6c\u4e2d\u539f\uff0c\u9ec4\u65e5\u98de\uff0c\u201c\u5185\u5730\u4eba\u6570\u6700\u591a\u3001\u624b\u6bb5\u6700\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u9ed1\u6076\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ec8\u4e8e\u683d\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e744\u670826\u65e5\u3002

[53] \u201c\u6e2d\u5357\u5e02\u7eaa\u59d4\u5173\u4e8e\u539f\u6f7c\u5173\u53bf\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u674e\u7eaa\u8ba1\u3001\u539f\u6f7c\u5173\u53bf\u957f\u738b\u5143\u5b89\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u901a\u62a5\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u6e2d\u5357\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e748\u670813\u65e5\u3002

[54] \u201c\u8bb8\u6587\u6709\uff1a\u548c\u9ed1\u5e2e\u8f83\u91cf\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u592e\u89c6\u56fd\u9645\uff08www.cctv.com\uff09\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u670804\u65e5\uff1b\u201c\u6211\u56fd\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u9ed1\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u9ad8\u53d1\u671f\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u65b0\u7f51\uff0c2006\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\u7535\u3002

[55] \u5e05\u653f\u3001\u5218\u8f76\u82b3\uff0c\u201c\u5c71\u897f\u7834\u83b7\u2018\u71d5\u5b50\u5e2e\u2019\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u72af\u7f6a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7eaa\u5b9e\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\uff0c2004\u5e746\u67084\u65e5\u3002

[56] \u201c\u2018\u7b2c\u4e8c\u653f\u5e9c\u2019\u8840\u8165\u5784\u65ad\uff0c3\u5e74\u8d5a1\u4ebf\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec8\u906d\u706d\u9876\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e744\u670819\u65e5\u3002

[57] \u201c\u5de5\u5546\u5c40\u957f\u7adf\u662f\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5934\u76ee\uff0c\u6572\u8bc8\u52d2\u7d22\u903c\u826f\u4e3a\u5a3c\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\uff0c2004\u5e747\u670819\u65e5\u3002

[58] \u201c\u6797\u8273\u5174\uff0c\u201c\u6c5f\u897f\u4e00\u5728\u62bc\u2018\u9ed1\u8001\u5927\u2019\u4eab\u53d7\u975e\u5e38\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e0d\u5b89\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\u5357\u660c2003\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\u7535\uff1b\u6797\u8273\u5174\uff0c\u201c\u751f\u7c73\u9547\u2018\u9ed1\u8001\u5927\u2019\u6848\u653e\u5012\u4e09\u540d\u53bf\u4e61\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u793e\uff0c2003\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\u3002

[59] \u66f9\u9646\u519b\u3001\u9648\u6f8e\uff0c\u201c\u6e56\u5357\u6700\u5927\u6d89\u9ed1\u6848\u4e00\u5ba1\u5ba3\u5224\uff0c57\u540d\u88ab\u544a\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u60e9\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u793e\uff0c2003\u5e744\u67082\u65e5\u3002

[60] \u6c5f\u96ea\uff0c\u201c\u9655\u897f\u957f\u5b89\u53bf\u90d1\u536b\u56fd\u9ed1\u6076\u56e2\u4f19\u7f6a\u884c\u5f55\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u534e\u5546\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2001\u5e747\u670821\u65e5\u3002

[61] \u90d1\u71d5\u5cf0\uff0c\u201c\u5c71\u4e1c\u7834\u83b78\u5e74\u60ac\u6848\uff0c\u5df2\u6545\u7701\u6c34\u4ea7\u5c40\u957f\u96c7\u51f6\u6740\u6b63\u5385\u9ad8\u5e72\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2002\u5e744\u670830\u65e5\u3002

[62] \u5e05\u653f\u3001\u960e\u5929\u661f\uff0c\u201c\u5c71\u897f\u4e00\u524d\u4efb\u5c40\u957f\u4e70\u51f6\u70b8\u6b7b\u65b0\u5c40\u957f\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e09\u53e3\u88ab\u67aa\u51b3\u201d\uff0c\u65b0\u534e\u7f51\u592a\u539f2003\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u7535\u3002

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[64] \u90b9\u9ad8\u7fd4\uff0c\u201c\u516b\u5c0f\u65f6\u5ead\u5ba1\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5de8\u8d2a\u4e25\u6587\u8000\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\u3002

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[67] \u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u73b0\u573a\u67aa\u6740\u6848\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u201d\uff0c2003\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\u8282\u76ee\uff0c\u201c\u592e\u89c6\u56fd\u9645\u201d\uff0c2003\u5e749\u670823\u65e5\u8f6c\u8f7d\u3002

[68] \u8212\u9633\u3001\u695a\u6cb3\uff0c\u201c\u5ef6\u5b89\u9ec4\u9f99\u4e00\u4e61\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u9662\u53d1\u547d\u6848 \u515a\u59d4\u4e66\u8bb0\u6740\u6b7b\u4e61\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u534e\u5546\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2004\u5e7412\u670826\u65e5\u3002

[69] \u201c\u4e2d\u65b0\u793e\u201d\u6e5b\u6c5f1996\u5e749\u670810\u65e5\u7535\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u6df1\u661f\u65f6\u62a5\u300b1996\u5e749\u670811\u65e5\u3002

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[71] \u5f20\u6bc5\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u5173\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5927\u53cd\u8150\u529b\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4ea7\u7ecf\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\uff08www.chinatradenews.com.cn\/old\/20020208\/1.htm\uff09\u3002

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[73] \u201c\u4e2d\u592e\u7eaa\u59d4\u76d1\u5bdf\u90e8\u53ec\u5f00\u65b0\u95fb\u53d1\u5e03\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u62a5\u53a6\u95e8\u7279\u5927\u8d70\u79c1\u6848\u9996\u6279\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u6d89\u6848\u4eba\u5458\u515a\u7eaa\u653f\u7eaa\u5904\u7406\u60c5\u51b5\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2000\u5e7411\u670809\u65e5\u7b2c1\u7248\u3002

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