{"id":17932,"date":"2010-12-17T02:49:33","date_gmt":"2010-12-17T02:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=17932 "},"modified":"2010-12-17T02:49:33","modified_gmt":"2010-12-17T02:49:33","slug":"17932-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=17932","title":{"rendered":"\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\uff08\u4e4b\u4e8c\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

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2.2\u81ea\u7531\u5316<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de9\u56fa\uff08democratic consolidation\uff09\u5462\uff1f\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e7f\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u754c\u8bf4\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6797\u8328\u3001\u65af\u6cf0\u6f58\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\u5305\u62ec\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u57ce\u4e2d\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u201d(the only game in town)\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7fa4\u4f53\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u5bfb\u6c42\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u6216\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u4e2d\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u9009\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u5de6\u53f3\u4e86\u3002\u4ece\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u5360\u538b\u5012\u6027\u7684\u591a\u6570\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u7a0b\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u4e2d\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u4ece\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u6240\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89d2\u8272\u90fd\u4e60\u60ef\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u5c06\u6839\u636e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u4e2d\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u7b80\u77ed\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d8\u5f97\u5e38\u89c4\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5185\u5316\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7b97\u8ba1\u4e2d\u3002\u201d \uff08\u6ce820\uff09 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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1\u3001Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: \u201c Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\u201d(The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996),p1.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

2\u3001Guillermo O\u2019Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies(The Johns Hopkins University Press,1986),p8.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

3\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Samuel Huntington\uff0c The Third Wave, pp.5-13\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

4\u3001Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (George Allen & Unwin, 1976. Taylor & Francis e-Library,2003), p269. \u8bd1\u6587\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u987e\u6615\u4e3a\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279•\u8fbe\u5c14\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u524d\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff08\u4e09\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c213\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

5\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\uff0cpp.284-285\u3002\u8bd1\u6587\u53c2\u8003\u4e86\u987e\u6615\u4e3a\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279•\u8fbe\u5c14\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u524d\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff08\u4e09\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c213-214\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

6\u3001Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy, p1.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

7\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy, pp.1-10\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

8\u3001\u540e\u9762\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u8bba\u53ca\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53ca\u65f6\u63a8\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

9\u3001Guillermo O\u2019Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies,p7.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

10\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

11\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

12\u3001Samuel Hungtington\uff0c\u201cThe Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century\u201d, p9.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

13\u3001Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: \u201c Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\u201d(The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996),p1.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

14\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

v15\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Guillermo O\u2019Donnell and Philipp.e C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies(The Johns Hopkins University Press,1986),48-57\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

16\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Geoffrey Pridham and Paul G. Lewis: Stabilizing Fagile Democracies: Comparing New Party System in Southern and Eastern Europe ( Routeledge, 1996 ), 11-15\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

17\u3001Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation.p8.\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u8be5\u4e667-8\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

18\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Giuseppe D. Palma:To Craft Democracies .p142 .(University of California Press)\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

19\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u56de\u5f52\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff08breakdown of democracy\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4fb5\u8680(erosion of democracy)\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u603b\u662f\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65e7\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6000\u5ff5\u8005\u3001\u652f\u6301\u8005\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u62a5\u7684\u5934\u6761\u65b0\u95fb\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u632b\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u653f\u53d8\u8005\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u4e0d\u50cf\u5d29\u6e83\u90a3\u6837\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u592a\u660e\u663e\u3001\u9010\u6b65\u63a8\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u524a\u5f31\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u64cd\u63a7\u9009\u4e3e\u7b49\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u541e\u566c\uff0c\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u91cd\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5386\u53f2\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u3001\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u4e2d\u65ad\u3002\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u5c31\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4fb5\u8680\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Andreas Schedler, \u201cWhat is Democratic Consolidation?\u201d, Journal of Democracy 9.2 (1998) 91-107\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

20\u3001Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan\uff1aProblems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\uff0cp5.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

21\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cpp.7-15\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

22\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u62c9\u91cc•\u6234\u8499\uff08Larry Diamond\uff09\uff0cDeveloping Democracy (The Johns Hopkins University Press,1999)\uff0cpp.73-116\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

23\u3001Samuel Huntington: \u201cPolitical Order in Changing Societies\u201d. p12. (Yale University Press, 2006)<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

24\u3001Guillermo O\u2019Donnell, Illusions about Consolidation, in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, etc, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives. The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.p43-48.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

25\u3001\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709Juan Linz, \u201cThe Perils of Prsidentialism\u201d, in Journal of Democracy, winter 1990; Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach , \u201cConstitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism\u201d, in World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 1, (Oct., 1993); Scott Mainwaring, \u201cPresidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy\u201d, in Comparative Political Studies, Vol.26 No.2,July 1993; Adam Przeworski etc, \u201cWhat Makes Democracies Endure\u201d, in in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, etc, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives. The Johns Hopkins University Press\u7b49\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

26\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach , \u201cConstitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

27\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u540e\u679c\u3001\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709Maurice Duverger, Political Parties\uff08John Wiley & Sons,1954\uff09\uff1bDouglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws(Yale University Press,1969); Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences(Agathon Press, 1986); Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidentialism and Assemblies(Cambridge University Press,1992) ; Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering(New York University Press,1994)\u7b49\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

28\u3001Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: \u201c Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\u201d(The Johns Hopkins University Press,1996),p108.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

29\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp133\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

30\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cpp.124-125\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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