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2\u3001\u5b63\u536b\u4e1c\u8bba\u8ff0\u6216\u6d89\u53ca\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5148\u884c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u8bb2\u6f14\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fc8\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b1998\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff09\u3001\u300a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff082002\u5e74\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u9996\u53d1\u4e2d\u8bc4\u7f51<\/FONT>www.china-review.com<\/FONT><\/A>\uff09\u3001\u300a\u6709\u6b65\u9aa4\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u2014\u2014\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u300b\uff08\u300a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u300b\u7b2c23\u671f\uff0c2008\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u90fd\u5e02\u62a5\u300b2008\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\uff09\u7b49\u3002 \u987e\u8083\u3001\u9ebb\u5b9d\u658c\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u987e\u8083\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u300b2000\u5e743\u6708\uff09\u3001\u9ebb\u5b9d\u658c\u300a\u8bba\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u524d\u63d0\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5409\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2001\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\uff09\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4e24\u8005\u5148\u540e\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4f5f\u5fb7\u5fd7\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u7bc7\u867d\u7136\u6709\u9057\u6f0f\u3001\u4f46\u6e05\u6670\u627c\u8981\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u4f5f\u5fb7\u5fd7\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u2014\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6587\u53f2\u54f2\u300b2005\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff09\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

3\u3001\u5b63\u536b\u4e1c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fc8\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b1998\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff09\u3002\u5b63\u536b\u4e1c\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f3a\u8c03\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5148\u884c\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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6\u3001\u987e\u8083\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u603b\u7b2c82\u671f,2000. 3\uff09 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

7\u3001\u6f58\u7ef4\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u4f53\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b1999\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u5728\u589e\u8865\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u540e\uff0c2001\u5e74\u53c8\u4ee5\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ff7\u4fe1\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u4f53\u6539\u9769\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u300b\u4e3a\u6807\u9898\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5929\u6daf\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

8\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

9\u3001\u4f8b\u5982\u4f5f\u5fb7\u5fd7\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d8\u91cf\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6cd5\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u201c\u9609\u5272\u201d\u4e86\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f52\u7ed3\u5230\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u91cd\u89c6\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u79f0\u9882\u4e0a\u3002<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.comment-cn.net\/politics\/democracy\/2007\/0107\/article_12906.html<\/FONT><\/A> <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

10\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Jørgen Møller: A Critical Note on \u2018The Rise of Illiberal Democracy\u201d( Australian Journal of Political Science, September 2008)\u3002\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\u662f\u83f2\u745e\u5fb7•\u624e\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Fareed Zakaria\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c1997\u5e74\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u5907\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u3002\uff08Fareed Zakaria \uff0c\u2018The Rise of Illiberal Democracy\u201d\uff0cForeign Affairs\uff0cVol.76, No.6, 1997\uff09\u3002\u83ab\u52d2\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u624e\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e0b\u964d\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

11\u3001<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.democracyweb.org\/rule\/singapore.php<\/FONT><\/A> <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

12\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Gordon P. Means, \u201cSoft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore\u201d, in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, Democracy in East Asia(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) \uff0c96-110\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

13\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9648\u5fe0\u6797\u6839\u636e1999\u5e74\u52302003\u5e74\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4eba\u5927\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u4e3a1\/400\uff080.25%\uff09\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u4e3a1\/200\uff080.5%\uff09\uff1b\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u4e3a1.5\/100\u3002\uff08\u9648\u5fe0\u6797\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u5316\u8282\u5b66\u672f\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e8c\uff1a\u201c\u6076\u6cd5\u975e\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c<\/FONT>http:\/\/law.xmu.edu.cn\/v.asp?t=xsbg&id=72<\/FONT><\/A>\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u9ad8\u4e00\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u804c\u5728\u60e9\u6cbb\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u5219\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u76846\u500d\u201d\uff08\u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\u300a\u6539\u976930\u5e74\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7578\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u679c\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u300b2008\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff09\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

14\u3001\u80e1\u4f1f\u300a\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff08\u300a\u590d\u65e6\u5b66\u62a5(\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248)\u300b 1999 \u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8427\u529f\u79e6\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c1998\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u80e1\u4f1f\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u8d39\u6b63\u6e05\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u4e0a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u201c\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u72481999\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u590d\u65e6\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

15\u3001\u8427\u529f\u79e6\u300a\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u201c\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u201d\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6d59\u6c5f\u5b66\u520a\u300b2004\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff09 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

16\u3001\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u300a\u5168\u9762\u5efa\u8bbe\u5c0f\u5eb7\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u8272\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e8b\u4e1a\u65b0\u5c40\u9762\u2014\u2014\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff082002\u5e7411\u67088\u65e5\uff0c<\/FONT>http:\/\/cpc.people.com.cn\/GB\/64162\/64168\/64569\/65444\/4429125.html<\/FONT><\/A>\uff09 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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21\u3001\u81ea\u6c11\u515a\u867d\u7136\u957f\u671f\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u4f46\u65e5\u672c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u3002\u4ece1952\u5e74\u81f31993\u5e74\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b49\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u603b\u6570\u90fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e8640%\u3002\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4e0d\u592a\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u5230\u591a\u6570\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u57281994\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u662f\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5c0f\u515a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u6c11\u515a\u4e0d\u65ad\u7206\u51fa\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u4e11\u95fb\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u65b0\u515a\u7b49\u653f\u515a\u30021993\u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u603b\u6570\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8d85\u8fc7\u81ea\u6c11\u515a\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Alan Ware\uff0cPolitical Parties and Party Systems(Oxford University Press,1996),pp.240-241, pp.396-397\u3002\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u65e5\u672c\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u4e24\u515a\u5236\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

22\u3001Cheng Li\uff0c\u201cIntra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously?\u201d\uff08<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/papers\/2009\/fall_china_democracy_li.aspx<\/FONT><\/A>\uff09.\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e03\u9c81\u91d1\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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