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size=3>[i] Fouad Ajami\uff0c \u201cDemise of the Dictators\uff0c\u201d Newsweek\uff0c February 14\uff0c 2011\uff0c pp. 20-27.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>[ii] Xenophon\uff0c The Education of Cyrus\uff0c 1.1.3.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>[iii] Andrei Tsygankov \u201cDanger Lurks in Turkmenistan\uff0c\u201d(http\uff1a\/\/www.atimes.com\/atimes\/Central_Asia\/IA20Ag01.html)<BR><\/FONT><\/P>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2400\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8272\u8bfa\u82ac\uff08Xenophon c. 430 \u2013 354 BC\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5c45\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u300b\u4e2d\u8bb2\u8ff0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19331"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19331\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19331"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19331"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}