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Commission on Democracy\uff09\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c2\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u5728\u4e0e\u5168\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3001\u78cb\u5546\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1987\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u84dd\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u9650\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b49\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u89c4\u5212\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u52a0\u7eb3\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u300a\u84dd\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u5e95\u3001\u6b21\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u5730\u65b9\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f00\u653e\u515a\u7981\uff0c\u4f46\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\uff08\u6ce88\uff09\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u3001\u6c11\u95f4\u56e2\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u201c\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u3002\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e8e1992\u5e744\u6708\u5728\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u4e2d\u4ee592%\u7684\u5f97\u7968\u7387\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u540c\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u515a\u7981\u89e3\u9664\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u4f5c\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u6770\u91cc&#8226;\u7f57\u6797\u65af\uff08Jerry Rawlings\uff09\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u56fd\u9632\u8bae\u4e8b\u4f1a\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u2014\u2014\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u201d\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u5206\u522b\u4e8e1992\u5e7411\u6708\u300112\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u9009\u79bb\u515a\u7981\u89e3\u9664\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u592a\u77ed\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57284\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5145\u5206\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u57282000\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u52a0\u7eb3\u5728\u8f6c\u578b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ec7\u6068\u3001\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66fe\u62c5\u5fc3\u8f6c\u578b\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u5171\u4eab\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5e94\u786e\u4fdd\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5f53\u987a\u5229\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u3001\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\u548c\u6539\u9769\u8ba1\u5212\uff08\u6ce89\uff09\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u52a0\u7eb3\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u6d32\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u76cf\u660e\u706f\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u52a0\u7eb3\u662f\u5728\u5404\u5927\u884c\u653f\u533a\u9009\u4e3e\u90fd\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u624d\u4e3e\u884c\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u7684\u3002\u5c06\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u653e\u5728\u6700\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u6709\u5206\u88c2\u4e4b\u8651\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u52a0\u7eb3\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u7cbe\u5fc3\u7b79\u5212\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8868\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u987a\u5229\u3001\u5e73\u7a33\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u73a9\u5473\u3001\u501f\u9274\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u6700\u540e\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u7533\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u65b9\u6848\u4e3a\u6700\u4f73\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u65b9\u6848\u5c5e\u6b21\u4f18\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e3e\u884c\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u4e0d\u80dc\u60f6\u6050\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u52a8\u8361\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5409\u745f\u76ae&#8226;\u5e15\u739b\uff08Giusseppe Di Palma\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u5357\u97e9\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u4e3e\u884c\u5927\u9009\u53ef\u4ee5\u904f\u5236\u6df7\u4e71\uff08\u6ce810\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u52a1\u5fc5\u8981\u505a\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u53ea\u505c\u7559\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u653e\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u7701\u7ea7\u9009\u4e3e\u5374\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u6743\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6563\u5931\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u91cd\u6f14\u66fe\u5728\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u7acb\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u5462\uff1f\u63a5\u4e0b\u53bb\u5c06\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u987a\u5e8f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.3 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vote of no 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Linz and A. Stepan\uff1a\u201cPolitical Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia\u201d\uff0cendnote 16. \u57281990\u5e741\u6708\u5927\u9009\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u627e\u5230\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6377\u514b\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u201d\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u66fe\u9886\u5bfc\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u5171\u540c\u6307\u5bfc\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u9769\u547d\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u61c2\u5f97\u653f\u515a\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b81\u613f\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u515a\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.\u6e05\u672b\u5173\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b35-42\u9875\uff1b\u9a6c\u5c0f\u6cc9\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u6e05\u672b\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5baa\u653f\u6539\u9769\u300b45-51\u9875\uff08\u6cb3\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u5dde\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\uff08http:\/\/is.gd\/eM18B\uff09\uff1b\u5434\u56fd\u5149\u300a\u6784\u9020\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u201d\uff1a\u518d\u8bba\u201c\u53bf\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u300b\uff08http:\/\/www.xschina.org\/show.php?id=9157\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3.\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u3001\u63d0\u5347\u56fd\u6c11\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u8d77\u521d\u66fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u5148\u4e3e\u529e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u5165\u624b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u9884\u5907\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8bad\u7ec3\u56fd\u6c11\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c3d\u65e9\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f00\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u653f\u515a\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u300a\u8bba\u653f\u5e9c\u963b\u6320\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e4b\u975e\u300b\uff08\u300a\u56fd\u98ce\u62a5\u300b\u7b2c1\u5e74\u7b2c17\u671f\uff09\uff1b\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b39\u9875\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4.\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u8f6c\u578b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6Giuseppe Di Palma\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u65e9\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u7cbe\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u8d62\u5f97\u5e2d\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u89c1Giuseppe Di Palma:To Craft Democracies\uff0e pp.83\uff0d84. (University of California Press, 1990)\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;5.\u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5e38\u5e8f\u6027\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7a81\u53d1\u6027\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.\u6e05\u671d\u672b\u5e74\u76843\u6b21\u8981\u6c42\u901f\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u8bf7\u613f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u7a0b\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e29\u548c\u3002\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u975e\u5e38\u7f13\u6162\uff0c1985\u30011986\u5e74\u66fe\u7206\u53d1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u76f4\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7.\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u5728\u540e\u671f\u4e5f\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u8f6c\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc9\u8bf8\u519b\u961f\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5f3a\u5316\u63a7\u5236\uff1b\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u53d1\u52a8\u201c819\u201d\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5c0f\u6770\u514b&#8226;F&#8226;\u9a6c\u7279\u6d1b\u514b\u8457\u3001\u5434\u4e43\u534e\u7b49\u8bd1\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u4eb2\u5386\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c490-522\u9875\u3001676-706\u9875\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;8.\u53c2\u89c1Antoinette Handley\uff1a\u201c Ghana\u2019s transition to democracy in the 1990s\u201d\uff08Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting\uff09\uff1bUS Department of State\uff1a\u201cA Brief History of Ghana\u201d (http:\/\/is.gd\/eQs4Y)\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;9.\u53c2\u89c1\u201cGhana\uff1athe Transition from Military Rule to Democratic Government\u201d(CIA World Factbook, http:\/\/is.gd\/eQsZp) \u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;10.\u53c2\u89c1Giuseppe Di Palma:To Craft Democracies\uff0epp.81-86\uff1bYossi Shain and Juan J. Linz\uff1aBetween States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions\uff0epp\uff0e76\uff0d83\uff0e\uff08Cambridge University Press, 1995\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;11.\u53c2\u89c1 Benjamin Reilly\uff1a\u201cSemi-presidentialism and democratic development in East Asia \u201d\uff08 APEC Economies NEWSLETTER\uff0c Vol. 12 No. 10 November 2008\uff09\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u534a\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u6709\u5f85\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u884c\u653f\u9662\u957f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u591a\u6570\u515a\u9886\u8896\u51fa\u4efb\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u9662\u957f\u66f4\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e55\u50da\u957f\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;12.\u53c2\u89c1Arendt Lijphart\\&#8217;s\uff1a Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries\u3002Table 7.1 at pp.132-133.\uff08Yale University Press, 1999)\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf936\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff091945-1996\u5e74\u7684\u5185\u9601\u5bff\u547d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u300210\u591a\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5982\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u8be5\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u635f\u5bb3\u6211\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u65b0\u897f\u5170\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u5165\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u95e8\u69db\u6bd4\u5fb7\u56fd\u7565\u4f4e\u7684\u632a\u5a01\u548c\u745e\u5178\uff0c\u5185\u9601\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u662f4.22\u30014.77\u5e74\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5185\u9601\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5bff\u547d\u5206\u522b\u662f8.49\u30018.42\u30017.26\u5e74\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;13.\u53c2\u89c1Arturo Valenzu: \u201cLatin American Presidencies Interrupted\u201d, Larry Diamond , in Marc F. Plattner and Diego Abente Brun: Latin America\\&#8217;s Struggle for Democracy, pp.3-17 \uff08The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;14.J. Linz and A. Stepan\uff1a\u201cProblems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\u201d\uff0cp169.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;15.\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u4e16\u6770\u3001\u94b1\u7aef\u5347\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b360-367\u9875\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;16.\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u201d\u4e0e\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u7ed9\u5b83\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u4f1a\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u515a\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ea\u505c\u7559\u5728\u7eb8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u53d8\u6210\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u662f\u8352\u5510\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u5929\u6210\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\uff08http:\/\/www.gongfa.com\/republicwangtc.htm\uff0c1999\u5e74\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;17.Yossi Shain \u548cJuan J. Linz\u9887\u4e3a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u5148\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5cBetween States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions\uff0cpp.84-86\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;18.\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp85\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;19.\u6982\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u56db\u79cd\uff1a1\u3001\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5baa\uff1b2\u3001\u7acb\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5baa\uff1b3\u3001\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5baa\uff1b4\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u5baa\u5236\u5baa\uff0c\u5373\u7ecf\u8fc7\u82e5\u5e72\u6b21\u4fee\u5baa\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u70b9\u7b80\u5355\u5316\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u63d0\u5230\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u8bae\u4f1a\u89c4\u6a21\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u53d6\u81ea\u62112000\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u4e09\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u7684\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff08http:\/\/is.gd\/f1v5c\uff09\u3002\u987a\u4fbf\u8bf4\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u9662\u534a\u5236\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u6211\u5df2\u58f0\u660e\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u91cd\u7533\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u4eff\u7167\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u53c2\u4f17\u4e24\u9662\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4ee5\u7701\u7ea7\u533a\u57df\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6700\u597d\u5b9e\u884c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\uff0c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5e94\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f3a\u52bf\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;21.\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7b49\u8457\u3001\u7a0b\u84ec\u5982\u8bd1\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b283\u9875\uff08\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1982\u5e74\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;22. \u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c298-299\u9875\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;23.\u6587\u68ee\u7279&#8226;\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u8457\u3001\u6bdb\u5bff\u9f99\u8bd1\u300a\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c91\u9875\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\uff09\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;24.\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u5927\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u884c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4eba\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u4eec\u5728\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8282\u5236\u548c\u59a5\u534f\u3002<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u53cc\u5468\u520a\u300b\u9996\u53d1\uff0c\u8f6c\u8f7d\u8bf7\u6ce8\u660e\u51fa\u5904<\/FONT>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 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