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    3.4 \u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784
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    \u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u6253\u4e71\u76ee\u524d\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u5927\u5e45\u91cd\u5212\u7701\u754c\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u865a\u7f6e\u7701\u7ea7\u653f\u6743\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u665a\u6e05\u548c\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5e9f\u7701\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f29\u7701\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u6446\u8131\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5b9c\u91c7\u53d6\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e60\u60ef\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u201c\u524a\u85e9\u201d\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u5f15\u8fdb\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u6216\u8005\u5b9e\u884c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u7701\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9010\u7ea7\u5b9e\u884c\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002
    
    \u5728\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4e00\u4e0b\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff08federalism\uff09,\u5b83\u4e0e\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u201d\uff08federation\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u90a6\u8054\u201d\uff08confederation\uff09\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u76f4\u89c2\u4e0a\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u677e\u6563\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u788e\u88c2\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u63a5\u8fd1\u89e3\u4f53\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u677e\u6563\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u65e6\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
    
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    \u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u7e41\u8363\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c06\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08localism\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u574f\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u70c8\u3001\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u5fc5\u8981\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u8ffd\u6c42\u5bf9\u672c\u5730\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u7231\u60dc\u672c\u5730\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u8ba4\u540c\u517b\u80b2\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e61\u571f\u3001\u652f\u6301\u672c\u5730\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u518d\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u201c\u7f8e\u4e0d\u7f8e\u5bb6\u4e61\u6c34\u201d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5bb6\u4e61\u201d\u662f\u5929\u7136\u7684\u6751\u843d\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u4eec\u800c\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u884c\u7701\u4e4b\u7c7b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u3002\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5404\u7701\u653f\u6cbb\u519b\u4e8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u6240\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5272\u636e\u3001\u8fc7\u5f3a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u592a\u5f31\u5c0f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u6784\u96be\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5404\u8def\u4eba\u7269\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u6216\u8981\u6c42\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u6216\u4e3b\u5f20\u7f29\u7701\u3001\u5e9f\u7701\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u5927\u9646\uff09\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u6301\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u7701\u533a\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6050\u60e7\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u201c\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u201d\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7ade\u593a\u672c\u5730\u652f\u6301\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u62c5\u5fe7\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f9d\u636e\uff08\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u6587\u5f3a\u8c03\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u5e94\u8be5\u524d\u7f6e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u3002
    
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    \u5728\u6b64\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u65e2\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5206\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u5f15\u8fdb\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u9002\u5f53\u5206\u6563\u6743\u529b\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u76ee\u524d\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u8054\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3001\u4fdd\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7236\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u3001\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7b49\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u5baa\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u5dde\uff08\u90a6\uff09\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3001\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u56fd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u5916\u4ea4\u4f18\u52bf\u7b49\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u597d\u5904\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u5728\u5b9e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u540e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6700\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7e41\u8363\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\uff08\u6ce818\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed3\u5408\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e0e\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u65e2\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u53c8\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u5149\u8363\u548c\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u201d\uff08\u6ce819\uff09
    
    \u8003\u8651\u5230\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5728\u5f15\u8fdb\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5b89\u6392\u65f6\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8868\u8ff0\u8fd8\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u65f6\u4eba\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u60f3\u5230\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u6210\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u6cf0\u6f58\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\uff08\u6ce820\uff09\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u524d\u4e5f\u66fe\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u7fa1\u6155\u8005\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u9762\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u65f6\u8f6c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u592e\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u5747\u6743\u2014\u2014\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u867d\u7136\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e4b\u5b9e\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e4b\u540d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5386\u7ecf\u653f\u6cbb\u98ce\u96e8\u4e4b\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u4e66\u751f\u610f\u6c14\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e88\u4ee5\u7ee7\u627f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u66fe\u4ed8\u8bf8\u8fc7\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u501f\u9274\u4e0e\u6211\u56fd\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002
    
    \u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5728\u5df4\u65af\u514b\u3001\u52a0\u6cf0\u7f57\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7b49\u533a\u57df\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u79bb\u5fc3\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u8868\u8ff0\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u7acb\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u8d1d•\u963f•\u5b89\u59c6\u535a\u5361\uff08B.R. Ambedkar\uff09\u5728\u5411\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u63d0\u51fa\u5baa\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u65f6\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u70b9\u51fa\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5404\u90a6\uff08states\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u534f\u8bae\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u90a6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u9000\u51fa\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u6574\u4f53\uff08\u6ce821\uff09\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u5404\u90a6\u90a6\u957f\uff08governor\uff09\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\uff08\u6ce822\uff09\uff0c\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u5404\u90a6\u884c\u653f\u6743\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a6\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0d\u635f\u5bb3\u5404\u90a6\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u5404\u90a6\u5b9e\u884c\u8d23\u4efb\u5185\u9601\u5236\uff1a\u90a6\u957f\u6839\u636e\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u4efb\u547d\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\uff08chief minister\uff09\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u90e8\u957f\u5bf9\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3001\u5b9e\u9645\u6267\u638c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002
    
    \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5baa\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u5ba3\u5e03\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u5212\u5206\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u533a\u57df\u81ea\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u56fd\u738b\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u5373\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7701\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\uff0c\u4e0e\u672c\u7701\u533a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u5171\u540c\u8d77\u8349\u81ea\u6cbb\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\uff0c\u5148\u63d0\u4ea4\u56fd\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u76f8\u5e94\u7701\u533a\u516c\u6c11\u8868\u51b3\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u3002
    
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    \u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53cd\u590d\u8868\u793a\u53ea\u5bfb\u6c42\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u81ea\u6cbb\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u70ed\u6bd4\u5a05\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u7586\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u4e3a\u5f15\u8fdb\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5b89\u6392\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u5931\u65f6\u673a\u5730\u4e0e\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u7b49\u5e7f\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u9886\u8896\u771f\u8bda\u5766\u7387\u5730\u6c9f\u901a\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u5c3d\u5feb\u5c31\u76f8\u5173\u533a\u57df\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u8c08\u5224\u8d8a\u65e9\uff0c\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\u8d8a\u65e9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u987a\u5229\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u957f\u671f\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u7a33\u5b9a\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u5229\u3002
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    \uff08\u672a\u5b8c\u5f85\u7eed\uff09
    
    \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a
    
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    2.\u53c2\u89c1\u4e8e\u9e23\u8d85\uff08\u9648\u5b50\u660e\uff09\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7701\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b1998\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0chttp:\/\/is.gd\/f53zh\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6e05\u672b\u81f3\u4eca\u56f4\u7ed5\u7701\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u68b3\u7406\u3002
    
    3.\u540c\u4e0a\u3002
    
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    5.\u636e\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u6c11\u653f\u90e8\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u6539\u9769\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bbe\u60f3\u662f\u201c\u2018\u7f29\u7701\u5e76\u53bf\uff0c\u7701\u53bf\u76f4\u8f96\uff0c\u521b\u65b0\u5e02\u5236\uff0c\u4e61\u9547\u81ea\u6cbb\u2019\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u8bbe\u76f4\u8f96\u5e02\u9010\u6b65\u5212\u5c0f\u7701\u4efd\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u53bf\u8131\u94a9\u3001\u6539\u9769\u5e02\u7ba1\u53bf\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u6b21\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\uff1a\u7701\u8fd8\u662f\u5e9c\u5dde\u300b\uff082005\uff09\uff08http:\/\/is.gd\/f5coE\uff09\u3002\u4ece2002\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7701\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5f3a\u53bf\u6269\u6743\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7701\u76f4\u7ba1\u53bf\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u5929\u52c7\u7b49\u300a\u653b\u575a\u2014\u2014\u5341\u4e03\u5927\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b183\u9875\u3002
    
    6.\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7701\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\uff1a\u7701\u8fd8\u662f\u5e9c\u5dde\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5dde\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5434\u56fd\u5149\u5546\u69b7\u300b\uff08http:\/\/is.gd\/f6u0b\uff09\u3002
    
    7.\u5434\u56fd\u5149\u300a\u201c\u53bf\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5206\u6743\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u6539\u9769\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6784\u9020\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u201d\uff1a\u518d\u8bba\u201c\u53bf\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u300b\u3002
    
    8.\u5927\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u7701\u201d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5bdf\u770b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7763\u5bdf\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002
    
    9.\u6e05\u5ef7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u5398\u5b9a\u5b98\u5236\u5165\u624b\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5398\u5b9a\u5b98\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u5c31\u662f\u5e9f\u9664\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7763\u629a\u5236\uff0c\u524a\u51cf\u7763\u629a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5404\u7701\u65b0\u8bbe\u7763\u629a\u6743\u9650\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u53bf\u77e5\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u5f15\u8d77\u7763\u629a\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u62b5\u5236\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5251\u519c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u767e\u5e74\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b226\u9875\uff08\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\uff09\u3002
    
    10.\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5468\u5929\u52c7\u7b49\u5728\u300a\u653b\u575a\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5f80\u524d\u63a8\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7701\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a\u57df\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u603b\u91cf\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u89c4\u6a21\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u8fc7\u5f3a\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6743\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u8861\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u5929\u52c7\u7b49\u300a\u653b\u575a\u2014\u2014\u5341\u4e03\u5927\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300b28\u9875\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u4e66\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u5ef6\u8fdf\u523035\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u201c\u6e10\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u201d\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u7f29\u7701\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u572835\u5e74\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u3002
    
    11.\u201c\u90a6\u201d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u6307\u8bf8\u4faf\u7684\u5c01\u56fd\uff0c\u542b\u6709\u201c\u8f85\u4f50\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5dde\u201d\uff08State\uff09\u5728\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0a\u8981\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5dde\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5dde\u201d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u53e4\u4ee3\u8bf8\u4faf\u5c01\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u90a6\u201d\u662f\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u3002
    
    12.\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\uff1a\u7701\u8fd8\u662f\u5e9c\u5dde\u300b\u3002
    
    13.\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005K.C.\u60e0\u5c14\uff08Wheare\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u60e0\u5c14\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u6307\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5168\u56fd\u4e0e\u533a\u57df\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ba1\u8f96\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u534f\u540c\u884c\u52a8\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u89c1K.C. Wheare: \u201cFederal Government\u201d,p.10(Oxford University Press, 4th edition, 1963)\u3002
    
    14.\u56fd\u5185\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u6216\u66f2\u89e3\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e34\u65f6\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u3002
    
    15.\u5047\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u201c\u5bb6\u4e61\u81ea\u6cbb\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7701\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u5bb6\u4e61\u81ea\u6cbb\uff08home rule\uff09\u662f\u82f1\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3001\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5dde\uff08\u90a6\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5dde\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5212\u5206\u7531\u5baa\u6cd5\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u800c\u975e\u5bb6\u4e61\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5236\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u53bf\uff08county\uff09\u3001\u5e02(city)\u4ee5\u53ca\u53bf\u5e02\u4e0b\u7684\u9547\uff08town\u3001township\u3001charter town\uff09\u3001\u533a\uff08borough\uff09\u3001\u4e61\uff08village\uff09\u7b49\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u53bf\u3001\u5e02\u7b49\u7531\u5dde\u8bae\u4f1a\u521b\u8bbe\u6216\u64a4\u9500\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u7531\u5dde\u5baa\u6cd5\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u6709\u7684\u5dde\u7684\u53bf\u3001\u5e02\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5236\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u3001\u5dde\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u62b5\u89e6\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5dde\u7684\u53bf\u5e02\u53ea\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u5dde\u6cd5\u5f8b\u660e\u786e\u6388\u4e88\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u540e\u9762\u5c06\u8bba\u53ca\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5b9c\u4e8e\u91c7\u53d6\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u5dde\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5374\u5f88\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1ahome rule(http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_rule) \u3002
    
    16.\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u5f15\u752818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Tocqueville\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6bb5\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u5f0a\u5bb3\u548c\u5206\u6743\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4ee5\u6700\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e3a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u9038\u7684\u6700\u597d\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6709\u5b89\u5b81\u800c\u65e0\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u6709\u767e\u4e1a\u800c\u65e0\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u6709\u7a33\u52b2\u800c\u65e0\u95ef\u52b2\uff0c\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u800c\u65e0\u516c\u5171\u7684\u54c1\u5fb7\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5728\u5929\u5929\u524d\u8fdb\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u51b3\u4e0d\u662f\u751a\u597d\u3002\u201d\u201c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u53ef\u4ee5\u2026\u2026\u8ba9\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5904\u4e8e\u88ab\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u60ef\u4e8e\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u79e9\u5e8f\u826f\u597d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5b81\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u660f\u660f\u6b32\u7761\u7684\u5faa\u89c4\u8e48\u77e9\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u957f\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u800c\u77ed\u4e8e\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u5f53\u5b83\u6fc0\u8d77\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u6216\u52a0\u901f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u524d\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f10\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u9879\u63aa\u65bd\u6709\u6c42\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u8fd9\u67b6\u5e9e\u5927\u673a\u5668\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5904\u4e8e\u65e0\u80fd\u4e3a\u529b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u201d\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8457\u3001\u8463\u679c\u826f\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e0a\u518c101\u9875\uff08\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1991\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u662f\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bc4\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ea7\u5206\u6743\u3001\u591a\u7ea7\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002
    
    17.\u53c2\u89c1\u738b\u5929\u6210\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff1a\u897f\u85cf\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6848\u300b\uff082008\u5e74\uff0chttp:\/\/is.gd\/fnd9c\uff09\u3002
    
    18.\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8457\u3001\u8463\u679c\u826f\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e0a\u518c192\u9875\u3002
    
    19.\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66181\u9875\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5c0f\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u56e2\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\u63a8\u7ffb\u66b4\u653f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u56fd\u529b\u592a\u5f31\u5c0f\u3002\u5927\u56fd\u6709\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u592a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5f62\u6210\u5de9\u56fa\u7684\u591a\u6570\uff1b\u653f\u5e9c\u5229\u7528\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002
    
    20.\u53c2\u89c1Alfred Stepan:\u201cFederalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model\u201d( Journal of Democracy Vol. 10, No. 4 , 1999) \uff1b\u201cArguing Comparative Politics\u201d, PP.315-323(Oxford University Press, 2001)\u3002\u65af\u6cf0\u6f58\u5c06\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u8d70\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\uff08coming together\uff09\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3001\u7ef4\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08holding together\uff09\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u548c\u62fc\u7ec4\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08putting together \uff09\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u5404\u5dde\uff08\u90a6\uff09\u81ea\u613f\u8054\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u88c2\u5371\u9669\u3001\u4ee5\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7ef4\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u62fc\u7ec4\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u770b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u3002
    
    21.\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e13\u95e8\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3001\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5b89\u59c6\u535a\u5361\u4ee3\u8868\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u2018\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u2019\uff08Union\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u523b\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u2026\u2026\u8d77\u8349\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u660e\u786e\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5404\u90a6\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u52a0\u5165\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u90a6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u9000\u51fa\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u5229\u2026\u2026\u867d\u7136\u4e3a\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90a6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u201d\uff08\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaAlfred Stepan:\u201cArguing Comparative Politics\u201d, p.321\uff09\u3002Union\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8981\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u3002Union\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u540c\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5b89\u59c6\u535a\u5361\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5370\u5ea6\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u3002\u201c\u76df\u201d\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u76df\u7ea6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5370\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5404\u90a6\u7f14\u7ed3\u76df\u7ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c06\u5176\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\uff08United States\uff09\u4e5f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u6839\u636e\u5b89\u59c6\u535a\u5361\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u662f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002
    
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