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size=\"3\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bd5\u7adf\u6df1\u611f\u5bf9\u5916\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5916\u60c5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5357\u4e0b\u65f6\u5c31\u5e26\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728&#8220;\u7406\u85e9\u9662&#8221;\u4efb\u4e8b\u3001\u66fe\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u968f\u884c\u3002\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5c06\u51e0\u540d\u4f1a\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u3001\u6fb3\u95e8\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u751f\u62db\u5165\u5df1\u5e55\uff0c\u5728\u884c\u8f95\u7ffb\u8bd1\u897f\u65b9\u4e66\u62a5\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3&#8220;\u5937\u60c5&#8221;\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u6b63\u5e38\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5374\u9971\u53d7\u975e\u8bae\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u5982\u6d0b\u884c\u4e70\u529e\u3001\u5f15\u6c34\u3001\u901a\u4e8b\u7b49\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e0d\u803b\u7684\u5351\u5fae\u884c\u5f53\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u6781\u4f4e\uff1b\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5b66\u8fc7&#8220;\u5937\u6587&#8221;\u5c31\u662f\u66fe\u7ecf&#8220;\u4e8b\u5937&#8221;\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u51e0\u88ab\u76ee\u4e3a&#8220;\u6c49\u5978&#8221;\u3002\u5802\u5802\u94a6\u5dee\u7adf\u5c06\u8fd9\u7b49\u4eba\u62db\u81f3\u5e55\u4e2d\uff0c\u786e\u96be\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u654c\u60c5\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u8fd8\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e&#8220;\u5937\u4eba&#8221;\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c1839\u5e746\u670817\u65e5\u5728\u864e\u95e8\u63a5\u89c1\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5351\u6cbb\u6587\uff08Brice\uff0cCalvin Stuart\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u5730\u56fe\u3001\u5730\u7406\u4e66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u6587\u4e66\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u63d0\u5230\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\uff08Morrison\uff0cRobert\uff09\u6240\u7f16\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u66f4\u662f\u7a81\u7834&#8220;\u5937\u590f\u4e4b\u9632&#8221;\u7684\u60ca\u4e16\u9a87\u4fd7\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u4e0e&#8220;\u5937&#8221;\u63a5\u89e6\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u8d8a\u611f\u5bf9\u5176\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u4ece\u62db\u4eba\u7ffb\u8bd1\u300a\u6fb3\u95e8\u65b0\u95fb\u7eb8\u300b\u3001\u300a\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u65b0\u95fb\u7eb8\u300b\u4ee5\u63a2\u6089\u5937\u60c5\u3001\u7740\u91cd\u4e86\u89e3\u9e26\u7247\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u9500\u552e\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7981\u70df\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u8d77\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u5236\u9020\u7b49\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6d53\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u9690\u7ea6\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u8fd9\u6bd4\u9e26\u7247\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c061836\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u66fe\u4efb\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u957f\u4f4f\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684&#8220;\u5927\u73ed&#8221;\u5fb7\u5e87\u65f6\uff08Davis\uff0cSir John Francis\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u300b\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u534e\u4e8b\u5937\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3&#8220;\u5937\u60c5&#8221;\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u732e\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u4f7f\u4eba\u66f4\u4e3a\u8be7\u5f02\u800c\u4e14\u4eca\u5929\u66f4\u5e94\u8be5\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90&#8220;\u5c45\u7136&#8221;\u5f00\u59cb\u6ce8\u610f\u5230&#8220;\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5&#8221;\uff0c\u57281839\u5e747\u6708\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5bf9\u745e\u58eb\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ed1\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Vattel\uff0cEmericide\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5404\u56fd\u5f8b\u4f8b\u300b\uff08Law of Nations\uff09\u7684\u9009\u8bd1\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4ecd\u4e0d\u66fe\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u653e\u5f03\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f&#8220;\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4e2d&#8221;&#8220;\u5929\u671d\u4e0a\u56fd&#8221;\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u5937\u6597\u4e89\u7b56\u7565&#8220;\u4ee5\u5176\u4eba\u4e4b\u9053\u8fd8\u6cbb\u5176\u4eba\u4e4b\u8eab&#8221;\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3001\u5229\u7528&#8220;\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5&#8221;\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ce8\u610f\u5230&#8220;\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u5219&#8221;\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u59d4\u5b9e\u91cd\u5927\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">1839\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u53c8\u5f00\u59cb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6155\u745e\uff08Hugh Murray\uff091836\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u7406\u5927\u5168\u300b\uff08The Ency-clopaedia of 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