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style=\"font-size: 12pt\">90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u51e0\u4e4e\u666e\u904d\u5c06\u5e0c\u671b\u5bc4\u6258\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e3b\u52a8\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\u3001\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d88\u4ea1\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u6539\u9769\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5176\u76f2\u76ee\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u4ece\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u3001\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u88ab\u6e05\u6d17\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u6311\u6218\u8fc7\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f3a\u786c\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u3001\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u4efb\u4f55\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3001\u52a8\u6447\u4e00\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc3\u6001\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u63a8\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u9010\u6b65\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u53cd\u590d\u6279\u5224\u8fc7\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u4ece\u672c\u8282\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u505a\u70b9\u8865\u5145\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8ba8\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u7a0b\u5ea6\u624d\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u8457\u540d\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08Andrew J&#183; Nathan\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u4f53\uff08resilient authoritarianism\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u4ece80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u5021\u5bfc\u3001\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u4eba\u4e8b\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u30022002\u5e74\uff0c\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u4e0e\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u4e0e\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u63a5\uff0c\u662f\u6743\u529b\u7ee7\u627f\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002&#8220;\u7ee7\u627f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027&#8221;\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u4f53&#8220;\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u88c2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8870\u8d25\u6216&#8216;\u8f6c\u578b&#8217;&#8221;\uff08\u6ce810\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u5219\u4f7f&#8220;\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u4ee5\u7b56\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\u7684\u8bf1\u56e0\u548c\u673a\u4f1a\u51cf\u81f3\u6700\u5c0f&#8221;\uff08\u6ce811\uff09\u3002\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6d3e\u7cfb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e86\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u662f\u5176\u9996\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u6ce812\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span 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style=\"font-size: 12pt\">\u8fc7\u53bb\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u72ec\u88c1\u8005&#8220;\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb&#8221;\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u8fc7\u5206\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u88ab\u8d76\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u76ee\u7779\u81ea\u5df1\u6614\u65e5\u7684\u4e0b\u5c5e\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8c08\u5224\u8f6c\u578b\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898&#8212;&#8212;\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0e\u8c08\u5224\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">\uff08\u672a\u5b8c\u5f85\u7eed\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">\u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">1\u3001\u53c2\u89c1Andrew J&#183; Nathan \uff08\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff09\uff1aA Factionalism Model for CCP Politics\uff08The China Quarterly\uff0cNo&#183;53\uff0c 1973\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">2\u3001\u9093\u5c0f\u5e731978\u5e74\u66fe\u53d1\u8868\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\u300a\u6539\u9769\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u5bfc\u5236\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5206\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u524a\u5f31\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5f55\u97f3\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b\u7b2c271\u9875\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4e13\u6743\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u538c\u6076\u897f\u65b9\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\uff0c\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u7275\u5236\u89c6\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9009\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377178\u9875\u3001195\u9875\uff1b\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b275\u9875\uff09\uff1b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5373\u4ed6\u6240\u8511\u79f0\u7684&#8220;\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u81ea\u7531\u5316&#8221;\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u57281979\u5e74\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u675f\u7f1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7684&#8220;\u56db\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219&#8221;\uff1b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ee5\u4e13\u653f\u624b\u6bb5\u7ef4\u62a4\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u6e38\u884c\u3001\u8bf7\u613f\u3001&#8220;\u95f9\u4e8b&#8221;\u5fc5\u987b\u5feb\u5200\u65a9\u4e71\u9ebb\u3001\u5f3a\u786c\u5730\u538b\u5236\u3002&#8220;\u5728\u6211\u5370\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u9093\u662f\u8001\u4eba\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e13\u653f\u3001\u5bf9\u4e13\u653f\u5ff5\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5fd8\u6700\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00&#8221;\uff0c\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff08\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b276\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c&#8220;\u9093\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u6548\u7387\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769&#8221;\uff08\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b\u7b2c274\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">3\u3001\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u56de\u5fc6\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c&#8220;\u9093\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u6548\u7387\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769&#8221;\uff08\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b\u7b2c274\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">4\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b277\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">5\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u4e66184-18\u9875\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u4e0e\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3001\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u4e0b\u53f0\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u627c\u8981\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">6\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u4e66292-300\u9875\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9ea6\u514b\u6cd5\u5c14\uff08Roderic MacFacuhar\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u8be5\u4e66\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5199\u7684\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8c08\u5230\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5386\u7a0b\u65f6\uff0c\u611f\u6168\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a&#8220;\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u7231\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u591a\u5e74\u8d4b\u95f2\u5168\u529b\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u5f97\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65e5\u7406\u4e07\u673a\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f11\u95f2\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\u5b89\u5168\u611f\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5f53\u671d\u5f53\u653f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u6765\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u7ec8\u4e8e\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u80fd\u5728\u904d\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u515a\u5185\u53cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u5462\uff1f&#8221;\uff08\u89c1\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u300a\u6539\u9769\u5386\u7a0b\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248309\u9875\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">7\u3001\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u66fe\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c&#8220;\u5236\u5ea6&#8221;\u4e0e&#8220;\u4f53\u5236&#8221;\u662f\u6709\u533a\u5206\u7684\u3002&#8220;\u4f53\u5236&#8221;\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e00\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u5b98\u65b9\u8c08\u8bba&#8220;\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769&#8221;\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c31\u5174\u594b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u6539\u9769\u7684\u3002\u5b98\u65b9\u4e5f\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u5e38\u523b\u610f\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u9769\u76f8\u53f7\u53ec\u662f70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u83b7\u5f97\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7a7a\u6d1e\u5730\u8c08\u4e00\u8c08&#8220;\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769&#8221;\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u7edd\u671b\uff0c\u6709\u76ca\u65e0\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">8\u3001\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fc7\u53bb10\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u62a5\u520a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8d22\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u90fd\u5e02\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u51b0\u70b9\u5468\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u53ca\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u8054\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u65e0\u53ef\u633d\u56de\u5730\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u8005\u66f4\u52a0\u96be\u4ee5\u8d2f\u5f7b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u523b\u610f\u5949\u884c\u5bbd\u677e\u3001\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5927\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u6574\u6cbb\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ecf\u5e38\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97&#8220;\u56de\u62a5&#8221;\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u98ce\u884c\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b\u65e9\u5c31\u9eef\u7136\u5931\u8272\u4e86\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6765\u4e34\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e13\u5236\u8005\u7ba1\u5236\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6700\u521d\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u63aa\u540e\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u6280\u672f\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u4f60\u6253\u5f00\u7f51\u9875\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u89c1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8b66\u5bdf\u5728\u5de1\u903b\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">9\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u5434\u56fd\u5149\uff1a\u300a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u63a5\u7eed\u300b\uff08\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\u7f51\u7edc\u72480\u4e8c\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u53f7\u603b\u7b2c3\u671f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">10\u3001\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08Andrew J&#183; Nathan\uff09\u8457\u3001\u4f55\u5927\u660e\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u7b2c43\u9875\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\u5de8\u6d41\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">11\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\u7b2c53\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">12\u3001\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u4e6643-59\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">13\u3001Barbara Geddes\uff1a&#8220;What do we know about democratization after 20 years&#8221;\uff08Annual Review of Political Science 2\uff1a 115-44&#183;\uff0c1999\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636eGeddes\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c1946\u5e74\u81f31998\u5e74\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u519b\u4eba\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5ef6\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u662f9\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u653f\u6743\u662f15\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u653f\u6743\u662f23\u5e74\u3002\u57281998\u5e74\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\uff0c\u519b\u4eba\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5ef6\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u662f7\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u653f\u6743\u662f19\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u653f\u6743\u662f35\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">14\u3001\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u5f00\u59cb\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u53db\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\u89c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">15\u3001\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaJene Sharp\uff1aThe Politics of Nonviolent Action \uff081973\uff09\uff0cp&#183;753. 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style=\"font-size: 12pt\">18\u3001\u674e\u9e4f\u300a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b&#8212;&#8212;\u674e\u9e4f\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">19\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u8457\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u4e01\u5b66\u826f\uff08X&#183; L&#183; Ding\uff09\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d&#8220;\u4e24\u6816\u52a8\u7269&#8221;\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aX&#183; L&#183; Ding\uff1a&#8220;Institutional Amphibiousness and the Transition from Communism\uff1a The Case of China\uff08British Journal of Political Science\uff0cVol&#183; 24\uff0c No&#183; 3\uff0cJul&#183;\uff0c 1994\uff0c pp&#183; 293-318\uff09\uff1bAlfred Stepan\uff1a&#8221;Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory&#8220;\uff08 Government and Opposition\uff0c 32\uff1a 657&#8211;678\uff0c1997\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">20\u3001\u53c2\u89c1John Higley\uff0c Judith Kullberg &amp; Jan Pakulski\uff1a&#8220;The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites&#8221;\uff08Journal of Democracy 7&#183;2 \uff081996\uff09 133-147\uff09\u3002<\/span><br \/><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u52a8\u529b\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u8c08\u5224\u8f6c\u578b\uff08B\uff09 2\u3001\u94c1\u677f\u7684\u5206\u88c2 \u4e0a\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89 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