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1992\u5e74\uff0c\u674e\u767b\u8f89\u4ee5\u603b\u7edf\u8eab\u4efd\u5411“\u4e8c\u4e8c\u516b”\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6b7b\u96be\u8005\u5bb6\u5c5e\u516c\u5f00\u9053\u6b49\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5236\u4f5c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u5efa\u7891\u3001\u8d54\u507f\u3001\u516c\u5e03\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff08\u6ce821\uff09\u3002\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u5c31\u9650\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b89\u629a\u6027\u3001\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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1974\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u519b\u653f\u6743\u5728\u4e0e\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4e89\u593a\u585e\u6d66\u8def\u65af\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u6d41\u4ea1\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u524d\u9996\u76f8\u51ef\u62c9\u66fc\u91cc\u65af\uff08Karamanlis\uff09\u8d62\u5f97\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u9009\u540e\uff0c\u8fc5\u5373\u63a8\u52a8\u5bf9\u519b\u653f\u6743\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u30021975\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4f4d\u524d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u5e15\u5e15\u675c\u6ce2\u62c9\u65af(Papadopoulos)\u3001\u827e\u5965\u5c3c\u5fb7\u65af\uff08Ioannides\uff09 \u5728\u5185\u768418\u4f4d\u53c2\u4e0e1967\u5e744\u6708\u653f\u53d8\u7684\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u88ab\u4ee5\u53db\u4e71\u7f6a\u548c\u53db\u56fd\u7f6a\u5904\u4ee510\u5e74\u5230\u7ec8\u8eab\u76d1\u7981\u7684\u91cd\u5211——\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba1\u5224\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5ba1\u5224”\u3002\u5e15\u5e15\u675c\u6ce2\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u827e\u5965\u5c3c\u5fb7\u65af\u8fd8\u548c\u5176\u4ed631\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u67aa\u67401973\u5e7411\u6708\u96c5\u5178\u56fd\u7acb\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u6297\u8bae\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u88ab\u4ee5\u8c0b\u6740\u7f6a\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u5b9e\u65bd\u9177\u5211\u7684\u519b\u8b66\u7ed9\u4e88\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ece1975\u5e74\u590f\u52301976\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u5148\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86400\u591a\u6b21\u6b64\u7c7b\u5ba1\u5224\uff08\u6ce823\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u51ef\u62c9\u66fc\u91cc\u65af\u5728\u63a8\u884c\u5176\u53bb\u519b\u653f\u6743\u5316\uff08dejuntafication\uff09\u548c\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u65e2\u575a\u5b9a\u53c8\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u519b\u653f\u6743\u7684\u9aa8\u5e72\u4eba\u7269\u5b9e\u65bd\u6e05\u6d17\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u6fc0\u8d77\u519b\u961f\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u53cd\u53db\u3002\u66fe\u53c2\u4e0e1967\u5e74\u653f\u53d8\u5e76\u77ed\u6682\u62c5\u4efb\u519b\u653f\u6743\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5409\u6cfd\u514b\u65af\uff08Gizikis\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u7ed3\u675f\u519b\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u8d77\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1983\u5e74\uff0c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u52a0\u5c14\u94c1\u91cc\u519b\u653f\u6743\u5728\u9a6c\u5c9b\u4e4b\u6218\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u8d1d\u683c\u519c\uff08Bignone\uff09\u5c06\u519b\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u3001\u58f0\u8a89\u626b\u5730\u7684\u770b\u5b88\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u9879\u8d66\u514d\u519b\u961f\u8fc7\u53bb\u6240\u6709\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\u548c\u5632\u8bbd\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5728\u6700\u540e\u65f6\u523b\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u9881\u5e03\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u8d66\u514d\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5171\u540c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u963f\u65b9\u8f9b\uff08Alfonsin\uff09\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u540e\u5f88\u5feb\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u902e\u6355\u3001\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e869\u540d\u524d\u519b\u4e8b\u6267\u653f\u56e2\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u7f6a\u540d\u5305\u62ec\u8c0b\u6740\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u62d8\u7981\u3001\u9177\u5211\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u632a\u7528\u516c\u6b3e\u7b49\u30021986\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u5176\u4e2d5\u4eba\u7f6a\u540d\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u53e6\u67097\u540d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u53d7\u5230\u6307\u63a7\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d5\u4eba\u88ab\u5224\u51b3\u7f6a\u540d\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u6b63\u51c6\u5907\u8d77\u8bc9\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u519b\u65b9\u8981\u6c42\u505c\u6b62\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u538b\u529b\u3002\u963f\u65b9\u8f9b\u632b\u8d25\u4e86\u6570\u6b21\u653f\u53d8\u5e76\u5c06\u653f\u53d8\u8005\u7ef3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bfb\u6c42\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52aa\u529b\u30021989\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u6885\u5185\u59c6\uff08Menem\uff09\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5c31\u4efb\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u4fbf\u8d66\u514d\u4e86\u6b64\u524d\u88ab\u5224\u5211\u76845\u4f4d\u519b\u4e8b\u6267\u653f\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\u548c\u6709\u5f85\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u519b\u4eba\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u963f\u65b9\u8f9b\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u519b\u653f\u6743\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5c06\u9886\u5b9e\u884c\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u53db\u4e71\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u63f4\u5f15\u7528\u4e8e\u8bf4\u660e\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u8005\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u632b\u8d25\u53db\u4e71\u5e76\u5ba1\u5224\u5c06\u9886\u5374\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u8c08\u5224\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u534f\u8bae\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u3002\u6709\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u5f00\u542f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u662f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6297\u8bae\u6240\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u8c08\u5224\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u653f\u6743\u762b\u75ea\u3001\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u521a\u624d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u8f6c\u578b\u6709\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8d8a\u865a\u5f31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u5904\u4e8e\u8d8a\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u80fd\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u8d77\u8bc9\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8feb\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4f38\u5f20\u6b63\u4e49\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u65e2\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u660e\u667a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6781\u4e2a\u522b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u53ea\u5bf9\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5ba1\u5224\u3001\u60e9\u7f5a\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u548c\u8feb\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u5ba1\u5224\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8d66\u514d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7597\u6b64\u524d\u9ed1\u6697\u3001\u4e11\u964b\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u7ed9\u4e2a\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u521b\u4f24\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u65f6\u6240\u5e94\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u5171\u8bc6\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u3000\u3000<\/span>
\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u62c9\u7f8e\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”(lustration law)\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u4eba\u6743\u4fb5\u5bb3\u8005\u62c5\u4efb\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u804c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e00\u5b9a\u5ba1\u67e5\u6216\u9650\u5236\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u672a\u5b8c\u5f85\u7eed\uff09<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

1.Jamal Benomar:“Justice after Transitions”in Neil J. Kritz(ed.),Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes”,p33.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

2.\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp.32-33\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

3.\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cP.33\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

4\uff0eJuan E. Mendez, “In Defense of Transitional Justice” in James Adams(ed.), Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies(University of Notre Dame Press,1997),p7.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

5\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp.15\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

6\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1Samuel Hungtington\uff0cThe Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century\uff0cp213\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

7\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp.214\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

8\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

9\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

10\uff0eJamal Benomar: “Justice after Transitions”\uff0cp.33.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

11\uff0eJamal Benomar: “Justice after Transitions”\uff0cp.34; Samuel Hungtington\uff0cThe Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century\uff0cp213.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

12\uff0eSamuel Hungtington\uff0cThe Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century\uff0cp.213.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

13\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c215\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

14\uff0e\u6839\u636e\u7279\u857e\u897f\u5a05?\u5965\u5c14\u68ee\uff08Tricia D. Olsen\uff09\u3001\u96f7\u592b?\u4f69\u7eb3\uff08Leigh A. Payne\uff09\u3001\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81?\u83b1\u7279\uff08Andrew G. Reiter\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece1970\u5e74\u81f32004\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u670949\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ba1\u5224\u8fc7\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c30\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u8fc7\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c46\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u9881\u5e03\u8fc7\u8d66\u514d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002Tricia D. Olsen\uff0cLeigh A. Payne and Andrew G. Reiter: “The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy”, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 32, Number 4, November 2010,pp. 980-1007\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

15\uff0e\u63d0\u51fa\u8f6c\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u5177\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u540e\u6765\u53d7\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u4e1c\u6b27\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0?\u83ab\u5170\uff08John P Moran\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u524d\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u9ed1\u5c14\u683c?\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\uff08Helga A. Welsh\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8f6c\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u52bf\u3001\u683c\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u83ab\u5170\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4ee5\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5\u5373\u5bf9\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u5b9e\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u6765\u8d28\u7591\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u66f2\u89e3\u4e86\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u3002\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u4ece\u8f6c\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u884c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u770b\u662f\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u83ab\u5170\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1John P Moran\uff1a“The Communist Torturers of Eastern\uff1aProsecute and Punish or Forgive and Forget?”\uff08Communist and Post-Communist Studies 1994 \uff0c27(l) 95-109\uff09\uff1bHelga A. Welsh\uff1a“ Dealing with the Communist past: Central and East European Experiences after 1990”\uff08Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3 \uff0c1996, pp. 413-428\uff09\uff1bRichard Lewis Siegel \uff1a“Transitional Justice: A Decade of Debate and Experience”\uff08Human Rights Quarterly 20.2 (1998) 431-454\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

16.Samuel Hungtington,The Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century, p213.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

17.\u5df4\u897f\u57281988\u5e74——\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u76f4\u9009\u524d\u5915——\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d66\u514d\u518d\u6b21\u505a\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e1964\u5e74\u81f31985\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u519b\u4e8b\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u6587\u804c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u4e0d\u4e88\u8ffd\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

18.\u53c2\u89c1Samuel Hungtington\uff0cThe Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century\uff0cp216\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

19\uff0e\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e66217\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

20\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

21\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u82b3\u660e\u300a\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u53f0\u6e7e\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff08<\/span>http:\/\/www.taiwantrc.org\/images\/images_read_article\/read_article24_1.pdf<\/span><\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

22\uff0e2011\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u7a81\u53d1\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5c06\u9886\u62d2\u7edd\u6267\u884c\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u672c?\u963f\u91cc\u4ed3\u7687\u51fa\u9003\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d2a\u8150\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u6709\u6570\u5341\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5c06\u6765\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f15\u6e21\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u5728\u7206\u53d1\u8857\u5934\u6297\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u5949\u547d\u8fdb\u9a7b\u5f00\u7f57\uff0c\u4f46\u8fc5\u5373\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f00\u67aa\u3002\u7a46\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0b\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u5185\u52a1\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8b66\u5bdf\u5f00\u67aa\u6253\u6b7b\u6570\u767e\u540d\u793a\u5a01\u8005\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u88ab\u4ee5\u8c0b\u6740\u7f6a\u540d\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002\u7a46\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u7236\u5b50\u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u975e\u6cd5\u805a\u96c6\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6709\u6548\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

23\uff0eNeil J. Kritz (ed.) , Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes, Vol. 2, p.242(United States Institute of Peace Press,1995).<\/span><\/p>\r\n

24\uff0e\u524d\u603b\u7406\u963f\u5854\u7eb3\u7d22\u592b\uff08Atanasov\uff09\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u90e8\u957f\u5965\u592b\u6070\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Ovcharov\uff09\u4ee5\u76d7\u7528\u516c\u6b3e\u7f6a\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u5224\u590410\u5e74\u548c9\u5e74\u76d1\u7981\uff1b\u963f\u5854\u7eb3\u7d22\u592b\u7531\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u539f\u56e01994\u5e74\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u5965\u592b\u6070\u6d1b\u592b\u4e5f\u53ea\u670d\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u5211\u671f\u3002\u524d\u526f\u603b\u7406\u65af\u6258\u5947\u79d1\u592b\uff08Stoichkov\uff09\u3001\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u8f9b\u8fbe\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Shindarov\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u9690\u7792\u5207\u5c14\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5229\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u5f71\u54cd\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u5224\u59043\u5e74\u548c2\u5e74\u76d1\u7981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

25\uff0eO’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies,p.37-47.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

26\uff0eAlfred Stepan: “Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory”in Government and Opposition , Volume 32, 1997.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

27\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\uff0cpp.154-155\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

28\uff0e\u89c1\uff1aWikipedia :Tadeusz Mazowiecki\uff08<\/span>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki#Cabinet_of_Tadeusz_Mazowiecki<\/span><\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

29\uff0e1970\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u653f\u5e9c\u8840\u8165\u9547\u538b\u4e86\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u683c\u4f46\u65af\u514b\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5de5\u6f6e\uff0c40\u591a\u540d\u6297\u8bae\u8005\u5931\u53bb\u751f\u547d\uff0c1000\u591a\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u96c5\u9c81\u6cfd\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u662f\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

30\uff0eTina Rosenberg\uff1a“Wojciech Jaruzelski” \uff08<\/span>http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/reference\/timestopics\/people\/j\/wojciech_jaruzelski\/index.html<\/span><\/a>\uff09.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

31\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1Neil J. Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes, Vol. 2, pp.648-653; Csilla Kiss :”The Misuses of Manipulation: The Failure of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Hungary” ( Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 6 ,Sep., 2006, pp. 925-940)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

32\uff0e1993\u5e74\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86“\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u975e\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b”\uff08Law on the Illegality of the Communist Regime\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e1948\u5e742\u6708\u81f31989\u5e74\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u8ffd\u6eaf\u65f6\u6548\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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