{"id":23666,"date":"2011-11-26T06:55:00","date_gmt":"2011-11-26T06:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=23666 "},"modified":"2011-11-26T06:55:00","modified_gmt":"2011-11-26T06:55:00","slug":"23666-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=23666","title":{"rendered":"\u738b\u5929\u6210\uff1a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\uff08\u4e4b\u5341\u516d\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

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4.3 \u771f\u76f8\u8bb2\u8ff0\u53ca\u5176\u5b83<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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“\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u5b98\u65b9\u80cc\u4e66\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8c03\u67e5\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c6\u786e\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u516c\u6b63\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5907\u53d7\u975e\u8bae\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002”\u67e5\u660e\u3001\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u516c\u5e03\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u7ed9\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u67d0\u79cd\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd“\u91ca\u653e\u6027”\u7597\u6548\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u6028\u6068\u548c\u590d\u4ec7\u7684\u60c5\u7eea<\/span>35<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002“\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u8bb0\u5f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u5386\u53f2\u88ab\u9057\u5f03\u6216\u91cd\u5199\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u5176\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u6559\u8bad\u4ece\u800c\u9632\u6b62\u5728\u672a\u6765\u91cd\u590d\u90a3\u4e9b\u66b4\u884c”<\/span>36<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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1982\u5e74\uff0c\u6731\u963f\u4f50\uff08Zuazuo\uff09\u5c31\u4efb\u73bb\u5229\u7ef4\u4e9a\u6c11\u9009\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7edf\u540e\u6240\u521b\u7acb\u7684“\u5931\u8e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u8c03\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a”\uff0c\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u8bb0\u5f55\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8c03\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u53c2\u4f17\u4e24\u9662\u5404\u4e00\u540d\u8bae\u5458\u3001\u4e00\u540d\u52b3\u8054\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u4e00\u540d\u519c\u8054\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u4e24\u540d\u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u5185\u76848\u540d\u59d4\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5b83\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u53d1\u751f\u57281967\u5e74\u81f31982\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4167\u8d77\u5931\u8e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8fd8\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u5931\u8e2a\u8005\u7684\u6b8b\u9ab8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6848\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u6027\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e24\u5e74\u591a\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u62a5\u544a\u5c31\u88ab\u89e3\u6563\u4e86<\/span>37<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u771f\u76f8\u8c03\u67e5\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\uff0c10\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u53731993\u5e74\uff0c\u524d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u6885\u624e\uff08Meza\uff09\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u5224\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u9009\u6c11\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5df2\u7ecf\u51cf\u9000\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u6d2a\u6069\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u540e\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u7f29\u5c0f\u4e86\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u8303\u56f4<\/span>49<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u4ece90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u5b9e\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u547c\u58f0\uff0c\u4f46“\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6cd5”\u76f4\u52301997\u5e746\u6708——\u8f6c\u578b8\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e——\u624d\u51fa\u53f0\u3002\u5ba1\u67e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u526f\u7701\u957f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u5370\u5237\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002\u62c5\u4efb\u6216\u8c0b\u6c42\u62c5\u4efb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u4efd\u4e66\u9762\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5426\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u673a\u5173\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u62a5\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u534f\u4f5c\u3002\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e66\u9762\u9648\u8ff0\u5c06\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u520a\u7269\u300a\u6ce2\u5170\u76d1\u7763\u300b\uff08Polish Monitor\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e27\u5931\u4efb\u804c\u8d44\u683c\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u662f\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u5c06\u5728\u672a\u676510\u5e74\u4e2d\u4e27\u5931“\u9053\u5fb7\u8d44\u683c”——\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u804c\u8d44\u683c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5b9e\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u7531\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u5229\u77e5\u9053\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff1b\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u4e0d\u5149\u5f69\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\u660e\u3001\u627f\u8ba4\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u3002“\u652f\u6301\u5b9e\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8868\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u66fe\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u95e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u534f\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u6781\u7aef\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u652f\u6301\u8005\u90fd\u613f\u610f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u8a89\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u673a\u4f1a”<\/span>50<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u3001\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u5c11\u91c7\u7528\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u53d7\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u62c5\u4efb\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3001\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e13\u95e8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u4fb5\u72af\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”\u8981\u6c42\u62c5\u4efb\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0e\u6210\u529f\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u5728\u5e7f\u5ea6\u548c\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5357\u975e\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bbe\u7acb\u8fc7\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u8bb2\u51fa\u771f\u76f8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8981\u6c42\u66fe\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u673a\u6784\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u516c\u5e03\u5176\u59d3\u540d\uff1b\u6ce2\u5170\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u6c42\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u53d1\u8868\u5176\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u505a\u865a\u5047\u9648\u8ff0\u3001\u9690\u7792\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5c06\u4e27\u5931\u4efb\u804c\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u771f\u60f3\u4ee5\u6b64\u505a\u4e3a\u8d66\u514d\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u516c\u5e03\u52a0\u5bb3\u4eba\u59d3\u540d\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5411\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5f00\u653e\u8b66\u5bdf\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6863\u6848\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u90a3\u540c\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bae\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u3001\u76f8\u5f53\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u8feb\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u8bb0\u5f55\u771f\u76f8\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u771f\u76f8\u8c03\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u9274\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5bf9\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5b9e\u884c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u3001\u6839\u636e\u96c6\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7ed9\u4e88\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7ed9\u4eba\u6743\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u8d54\u507f\u3001\u6062\u590d\u540d\u8a89\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u5f15\u7528\u5965\u591a\u7eb3\u3001\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5728\u300a\u4ece\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u5377\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ed3\u675f\u5173\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\uff1a“\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u53bb\u6700\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5982\u679c\u62d2\u7edd\u9762\u5bf9\u548c\u6d17\u5237\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6076\u6027\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e0e\u4ec7\u6028\uff0c\u5b83\u57cb\u846c\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u672a\u6765\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u4ef7\u503c\u3002”<\/span>51<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u6cbb\u7597\u7531\u6b64\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e13\u5236\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e13\u5236\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u7269\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4e25\u8083\u3001\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u53cd\u4eba\u6743\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u6240\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

4.4  \u4e00\u70b9\u8865\u5145: \u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u672a\u6765<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u5373\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u672c\u4e66\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7b80\u7565\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u53ca\u5176\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u5411\u4f55\u5904\u53bb\uff1f <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u5c06\u9996\u5148\u63a2\u8ba8\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u524d\u9014\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u624d\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u672b\u65e5\u5462\uff1f\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u50cf\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u4f9d\u9760\u62bd\u8c61\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5e76\u4e0d\u96be\u627e\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u955c\u9274——\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u63d0\u5230\u72ec\u8054\u4f53\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5d29\u6e83\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6d17\u5fc3\u9769\u9762\u3001\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u751f\u4e4b\u9645\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u53d8\u7684\u65b0\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d—\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5de6\uff08center-left\uff09\u653f\u515a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5171\u4ea7\u515a1989\u5e7410\u6708\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a“\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a”\uff1b\u6ce2\u5170\u5171\u4ea7\u515a1990\u5e74\u6539\u540d\u4e3a“\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a”\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7“\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u540c\u76df”\u7ed3\u6210“\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de6\u7ffc\u540c\u76df”\uff1b\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u9f50\u5965\u585e\u65af\u5e93\u5012\u53f0\u540e\u6700\u521d\u53eb“\u56fd\u5bb6\u62ef\u6551\u9635\u7ebf”\uff0c1993\u5e74\u6613\u540d\u4e3a“\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a”\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u662f\u6377\u514b\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u62db\u724c\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u53eb“\u5171\u4ea7\u515a”\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f9d\u7136\u4e3b\u5f20\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u62b5\u5236“\u897f\u65b9\u5f71\u54cd”\uff0c\u62a8\u51fb“\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6c11\u4e3b”<\/span>52<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6709\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7ee7\u627f\u515a”\uff08communist successor parties\uff09\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u5728“\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49”\uff08post-communist\uff09\u65f6\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\r\n

\u88684   \u4e1c\u6b276\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7ee7\u627f\u515a\u5386\u6b21\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u5f97\u7968\u6392\u540d(1989—2011)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n
\u653b\u515a<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u6ce2\u5170\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de6\u7ffc\u8054\u76df (SLD)<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a (MSZP)<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u6377\u514b\u6ce2\u9ed1—\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u5171\u4ea7\u515a (KSCM)<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u65b9\u5411\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a (SMER)<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a (BSP)<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a (PSD)<\/strong><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
\u65f6\u5e8f<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
\u603b<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
\u603b<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
\u603b<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
\u8bae<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
\u603b<\/strong><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1989<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1990<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
*<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
4<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1-<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1991<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1992<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
*<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1993<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1-<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1994<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1995<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1996<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
*<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1997<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1998<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
1999<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
2000<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
*<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1-<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
2001<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
1<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
2002<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
1-<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
<\/div><\/td><\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
2003<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
<\/div><\/td>\r\n
\r\n
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 <\/td>\r\n\r\n
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2004<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2005<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2006<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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1+<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2007<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2008<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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1-<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2009<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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1<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2010<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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3<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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4<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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2011<\/span><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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\u5927\u9009\u6b21\u6570<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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7<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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5<\/strong><\/div><\/td>\r\n
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6<\/strong><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\r\n

\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\uff081\uff09 \u5f97\u7968\u6392\u540d\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u662f“\u6b27\u6d32\u9009\u4e3e\u6570\u636e\u5e93”\uff08European Election Data\uff09  \u4e2d\u76f8\u5173\u653f\u515a\u3001\u653f\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5f97\u7968\u6570\uff08http:\/\/www.nsd.uib.no\/european_election_database\/\uff09\u3002  <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff082\uff09 “\u5927\u9009”\u662f\u6307\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6377\u514b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6ce2\u51701989 \u5e74\u3001\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b1999\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a1992\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7eb3\u5165\u7edf\u8ba1\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5747\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u9886\u8896\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff083\uff09\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u8981\u6bd4\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u66f4\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u6392\u540d\u7ec6\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u53ea\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u5f97\u7968\u7b2c\u4e00\u5373\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7“*”\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff084\uff09 \u7b26\u53f7“-”\u8868\u793a\u867d\u7136\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6240\u5f97\u7968\u6700\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5e2d\u4f4d\u79bb\u534a\u6570\u76f8\u5dee\u8f83\u8fdc\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u5185\u9601\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u534a\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u3002\u7b26\u53f7“+”\u8868\u793a\u5f97\u7968\u6570\u6700\u591a\u3001\u4e5f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5185\u9601\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n

\u4ece\u4e0a\u8868\u770b\uff0c\u4ee51993\u5e74\u6ce2\u5170\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7ee7\u627f\u515a——\u6ce2\u5170\u5de6\u7ffc\u8054\u76df——\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u593a\u9b41\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u7ecf\u5386\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u56de\u6f6e\uff1a1994\u5e74\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u9996\u5c4a\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c1995\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u5de6\u7ffc\u8054\u76df\u8d62\u5f97\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u76f4\u52302004\u5e74\u624d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5931\u53bb\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\uff1b\u9664\u6377\u514b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7531\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6539\u7ec4\u800c\u6765\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u8f6e\u6d41\u6267\u653f\u7684\u683c\u5c40\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5d29\u6e83\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\uff08elite\uff09——\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u9ad8\u5c42\u4eba\u7269——\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u3002“\u4ee4\u591a\u6570\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4eec\u610f\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6362\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u76f8\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u663e\u8457\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002”<\/span>53<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

\u6ce2\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u8d5b\u514b·\u74e6\u897f\u7559\u65af\u57fa\uff08Jacek Wasilewski\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u57281988\u5e74\u5927\u7ea6900\u4e2a\u9876\u5c16\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u62c5\u4efb\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u67091\/3\u52301993\u5e74\u4f9d\u7136\u62c5\u4efb\u7740\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u62c5\u4efb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9876\u5c16\u804c\u4f4d\u7684“\u65b0\u4eba”\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u670949%\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e1988\u5e74\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u9876\u5c16\u5c42\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u526f\u624b\uff08\u526f\u90e8\u957f\uff09\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u4f4d\u6240\u6784\u6210\u7684“\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c42”\uff08subelite\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f37.4%\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u662f26%\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u52301993\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7ea6900\u4e2a\u9876\u5c16\u804c\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u62c5\u4efb\u8005\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u670982%\u5c5e\u4e8e1988\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u4e9a\u7cbe\u5c42\uff0c\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u670970.4%\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u670959%\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u800c\u5728\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u74e6\u897f\u7559\u65af\u57fa\u8fdb\u800c\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c“\u8d62\u5bb6”\uff0c\u53731988\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u6216\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u52301993\u5e74\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6709\u9876\u5c16\u804c\u4f4d\u6216\u4ece\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c42\u5347\u8fc1\u5230\u9876\u5c16\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0e“\u8f93\u5bb6”\uff0c\u53731988\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u3001\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u52301993\u5e74\u4e0d\u5728\u9876\u5c16\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u662f86:10\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u662f23:10\uff0c\u5728\u5308\u7259\u5229\u662f22:10\u3002<\/span>54<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u662f\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u9677\u5165\u762b\u75ea\u3001\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u30011990\u5e74\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u4eba\u7269\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u57281992\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u591a\u65701990\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u8fdb\u5165\u8bae\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u548c\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u9769\u547d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u90fd\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u4ece1992\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u9ad8\u5c42\u804c\u52a1\u90fd\u843d\u4e8e\u539f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u4e9a\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c42\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5b98\u50da\u4e4b\u624b\u3002<\/span>55<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

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\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u74e6\u897f\u7559\u65af\u57fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u662f1988\u5e74\u81f31993\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c1990\u5e74\u81f31993\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u7b49\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u58f0\u540d\u72fc\u85c9\u7684\u524d\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4e\u8c37\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\uff0c1993\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ce2\u5170\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de6\u7ffc\u8054\u76df\u6210\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u515a\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7ee7\u627f\u515a\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u524d\u540e\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6bd4\u74e6\u897f\u7559\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u524d\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u6216\u83b7\u5f97\u663e\u8d6b\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u5462\uff1f1995\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u6ce2\u5170\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u524d\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u957f\u79d1\u74e6\u601d\u6d85\u65af\u57fa\uff08Kwasniewski\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u8fa9\u767d\uff1a“\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002”<\/span>56<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u521a\u624d\u63d0\u5230\u76842004\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u53f3\u653f\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u5df4\u585e\u65af\u5e93\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u8fdc\u6d0b\u77f3\u6cb9\u8fd0\u8f93\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u63d0\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u65f6\u8bf4\u5f53\u65f6\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u5546\u52a1\u751f\u6daf<\/span>57<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u4fe1\u5949\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0·\u9ed1\u683c\u5229\uff08John Higley\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u662f\u4e1c\u6b2770\u300180\u5e74\u4ee3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5fc3\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5feb\u901f\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u5df2\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u3002<\/span>58<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

“\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u7eaa\u8f83\u8f7b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u6c61\u70b9\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u7269\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u548c\u4e4b\u540e\u4fdd\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u6216\u8005\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u79c1\u4eba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u66fe\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u80fd\u51c6\u786e\u9884\u89c1\u5176\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c42\u5a34\u719f\u5730\u7ec3\u4e60\u7fbd\u7ffc\u800c\u505a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0a\u7684\u9884\u5907\u3002\u57281989-1990\u5e74\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u548c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eec\u90fd\u5feb\u901f\u884c\u52a8\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u7aed\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u7840\u6216\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u7840”\uff0c“\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8457\u540d\u7684‘\u5706\u684c\u8c08\u5224’\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u901a\u8fc7\u5e87\u62a4-\u8ffd\u968f\uff08patron-client\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u6240\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u7528\u53d8\u73b0\uff0c\u74dc\u5206\u4e86\u56fd\u6709\u5de5\u4e1a\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u90e8\u5206\uff08‘\u6743\u8d35\u96c6\u56e2\u79c1\u6709\u5316’\uff09\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u7ed3\u4f19\u4ee5‘\u9ed1\u5e2e’\u884c\u52a8\u65b9\u5f0f\u8d81\u56fd\u5bb6\u76d1\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u524a\u5f31\u4e4b\u9645\u725f\u5229\u3002”<\/span>59<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\r\n

\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6539\u9020\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u3001\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u65b0\u5305\u88c5\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u7559\u5728\u6216\u91cd\u56de\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53e6\u7ec4\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u7531\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u6765\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u6cd5\u5c31\u52a0\u5165\u4e86“\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b”\uff0c\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u9009\u540e\u7531\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u63d0\u540d\u6210\u4e3a\u9996\u5c4a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5927\u90fd\u5728\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5360\u636e\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5219\u5728\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4ece\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u8fc5\u901f\u6d88\u5931\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u629b\u5934\u9732\u9762\u6700\u591a\u3001\u6700\u58f0\u540d\u72fc\u85c9\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u65e5\u592b\u79d1\u592b\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u603b\u7edf\u80e1\u8428\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e66\u8bb0\u4e9a\u514b\u65af\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e66\u8bb0\u62c9\u79d1\u65af\u57fa\uff0c\u4e1c\u5fb7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e66\u8bb0\u3001\u56fd\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6602\u7eb3\u514b<\/span>60<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf“\u6539\u671d\u6362\u4ee3”\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u9ad8\u5b98\u5374\u6447\u8eab\u4e00\u53d8\u4f9d\u7136“\u76d8\u8e1e”\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u3001\u4eab\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u514d\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3001\u5931\u671b\u3001\u6124\u4e16\u5ac9\u4fd7<\/span>61<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u6781\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e13\u5236\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u7684\u96f6\u5408\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u5de9\u56fa\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u624d\u5e72\u3001\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u4eab\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u627e\u5230\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u6297\u62d2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u6216\u8005\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6ce2\u5170\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u4eba\u7269\u30011989\u5e74\u5706\u684c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\uff08Michnik\uff09\uff0c2010\u5e747\u6708\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5ea7\u8c08\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u529d\u544a\u5c31\u662f\uff1a“\u5fc5\u987b\u521b\u9020\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u65e7\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6b67\u89c6\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u80a1\u52bf\u529b\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002”<\/span>62<\/span><\/font><\/sup><\/a> \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eb2\u5386\u8005\uff0c\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\u6240\u8c08\u7684\u5bf9\u5f85\u65e7\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

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\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u5669\u68a6\u3002\u5230\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u7533\u8bf7\u7b7e\u8bc1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u8868\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7ec4\u7ec7——\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u88ab\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002\u8ffd\u6839\u6eaf\u6e90\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4ece\u82cf\u8054\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd60\u4f59\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u9875\u7ec8\u5c06\u7ffb\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u60ac\u5ff5\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u9020\u7684\u3002\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u65e2\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b83\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u660e\u667a\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u50cf\u524d\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u90a3\u6837\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5149\u8c31\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e74\u7eaa\u4ecd\u7136\u8f83\u8f7b\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5f00\u660e\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5f00\u7aef——\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u6b64\u6709\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u5e76\u4e0d\u592a\u77ed\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u8fbe\u5176\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206——\u603b\u7ed3\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\uff08\u672c\u4e66\u5185\u5bb9\u8fde\u8f7d\u5230\u6b64\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5168\u4e66\u5373\u5c06\u7531\u9999\u6e2f\u6668\u949f\u4e66\u5c40\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u656c\u8bf7\u8bfb\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\uff09 <\/span><\/p>\r\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>33. 1993\u5e74\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8054\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86“\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u975e\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b”\uff08Law on the Illegality of the Communist Regime\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e1948\u5e742\u6708\u81f31989\u5e74\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u8ffd\u6eaf\u65f6\u6548\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>34. Aryeh Neier, What Should Be Done About the Guilty? THE NEW YORK REV. OF BOOKS , 1Feb.1990, at 32 \u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaPriscilla B. Hayner\uff1a“Fifteen Truth Commissions–1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Nov., 1994)\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>35. David Mendeloff\uff1aTrauma and Vengeance: Assessing the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Post-Conflict Justice\uff0cHuman Rights Quarterly 31 (2009) 592–623.<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>36. Priscilla B. Hayner\uff1a“Fifteen Truth Commissions–1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study”.<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>37. \u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>38. \u540c\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>39. \u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>40\uff0eNeil J. Kritz (ed.) , Transitional Justice:How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes, Vol. 2, p.461.<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>41\uff0e\u89c1John Dugard, Retrospective Justice: International Law and the South African Model. A. James Adams(ed.), Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies,pp281-287\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>42\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aThe History of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)\uff08http:\/\/tj.facinghistory.org\/reading\/history-south-african-trc\uff09\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>43\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1John Dugard, Retrospective Justice: International Law and the South African Model. A. James Adams(ed.), Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies,pp281-287\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>44\uff0eStephen Thuku Mbaaro\uff1a“A Comparative Study of Truth and Justice Commissions Within the Commonwealth: Lessons that Can Inform the Kenyan Process”\uff0c<\/span>http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1786471<\/span><\/font><\/a>\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>45\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>David Mendeloff\uff1a<\/em>Trauma and Vengeance: Assessing the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Post-Conflict Justice\u3002 ^<\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>46\uff0eTricia D. Olsen\uff0cLeigh A. Payne and Andrew G. Reiter:“The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy”, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 32, Number 4, November 2010,pp. 980-1007\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u4ed6\u4eec\u521a\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e13\u8457<\/span>Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy<\/span><\/font><\/a>\uff08United States Institute of Peace Press \uff0cJune , 2010\uff09\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>47\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1Lavinia Stan\uff1a“Truth Commissions in Post-Communism: The Overlooked Solution?”\uff0cThe Open Political Science Journal,2009, <\/span>2, <\/em>1-13\u3002Lavinia Stan\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u50cf\u62c9\u7f8e\u90a3\u6837\u6d41\u884c\u771f\u76f8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u8f83\u62c9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f7b\u7f13\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u62c9\u7f8e\u53d1\u751f\u90a3\u6837\u591a\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u5931\u8e2a\u3002\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u4ece\u5916\u6240\u5f3a\u52a0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u672c\u571f\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u7f13\u548c\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u672c\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u7684\u6028\u6068\u3002\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”\u548c\u5141\u8bb8\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u67e5\u9605\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u771f\u76f8\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u548c\u89e3\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u529e\u6cd5\u3002 ^<\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>48\uff0eNeil J. Kritz (ed.) , Transitional Justice:How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes, Vol. 2, p.534.<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>49. \u53c2\u89c1Csilla Kiss:“The Misuses of Manipulation: The Failure of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Hungary”\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>50\uff0eRoman David\uff1a“In Exchange for Truth: The Polish Lustrations and the South African Amnesty Process”\uff08Politikon, April 2006, 33(1)\uff09. <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>51. O’Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, p.30.<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>52. \u89c1Erhan Buyukakinci: “The Neo-communist Parties and Power in Central and Eastern Europe: Change in Political Discourses and Foreign Policy Positions”\uff08East European Quarterly, XXXIX, No. 3\uff0cSeptember 2005\uff09\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>53. John Higley, Judith Kullberg & Jan Pakulski\uff1a“The Persistence of Postcommunist Elites ”\uff08Journal of Democracy 7.2\uff0c1996\uff09. <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>54. \u4e0a\u6587\u5bf9\u4e9a\u8d5b\u514b·\u74e6\u897f\u7559\u65af\u57fa\uff08Jacek Wasilewski\uff09\u7edf\u8ba1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5bf9\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u524d\u540e\u7cbe\u82f1\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e8eJohn Higley\u3001Judith Kullberg\u548cJan Pakulski\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>55\uff0e\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>56\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>57\uff0eWikipedia\uff1aTraian B\u0103sescu\uff08<\/span>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traian_B%C4%83sescu<\/span><\/font><\/a>\uff09. <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>58\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>59\uff0e\u540c\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>60\uff0e\u53c2\u89c1\u4e0a\u6587\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>61\uff0e\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u6709\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u5236\u5b9a“\u6d01\u51c0\u6cd5”\uff0c\u8ba9\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u534f\u52a9\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u95e8\u5b9e\u65bd\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5374\u4f9d\u7136\u62c5\u4efb\u91cd\u8981\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\u660e\u3001\u627f\u8ba4\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0e\u8f6c\u578b\u524d\u540e\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>\r\n

<\/a>62\uff0e\u8bb8\u5fd7\u6c38\u300a\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\u3001\u8bb8\u5fd7\u6c38\u3001\u79e6\u6656\u3001\u5d14\u536b\u5e73\u7b49\u5ea7\u8c08\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff08<\/span>http:\/\/mengmeng1.whostas.com\/guanzhuxingdong\/xingdong\/2010-07-08\/172.html<\/span><\/font><\/a>\uff09\u3002 <\/span>^<\/span><\/font><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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