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1809&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1909&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1891<br \/>5.\u4e39\u9ea6&nbsp;&nbsp; 1778&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1849&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1849&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1901&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1907<br \/>6.\u7f8e\u56fd&nbsp;&nbsp; 1795&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1795&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1795&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1776&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1912<br \/>7.\u6cd5\u56fd&nbsp;&nbsp; 1815&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1815&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1815&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1884&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1930<br \/><br \/>\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e03\u56fd\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u539f\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4ea7\u751f\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u51b5\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u3002\u4ea7\u751f\u987a\u5e8f\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff1a<br \/><br \/>1\u3001\u745e\u5178\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u524d\u4e4b\u524d18\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u745e\u5178\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4ece\u897f\u6b27\u8bf4\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u843d\u540e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b83\u63a5\u8fd1\u540e\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002<br \/><br \/>2\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fc7\u4e8619\u5e74\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u624d\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u4ece\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u672c\u6765\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7acb\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u7acb\u56fd19\u5e74\u540e\u624d\u6709\u7684\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\u53731795\u5e74\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u82f1\u56fd\u8bf4\u5b83\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u660e\u663e\u662f\u7acb\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\u4e00\u65f6\u987e\u53ca\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u7acb\u56fd\u4e4b\u521d\u5c31\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u539f\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u4e03\u56fd\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u6709\u7740\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5185\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u751f\u957f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u672c\u6587\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\u8fc7\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u624d\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u50cf\u79cd\u5b50\u53d1\u82bd\u5206\u5934\u957f\u51fa\u4e3b\u5e72\u679d\u53f6\u548c\u4e3b\u6839\u6839\u987b\u4e00\u6837\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u5c06\u4ee5\u4e0a\u539f\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u4e03\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7efc\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u9075\u5faa\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff1a1\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743&#8212;&#8212;2\u3001\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743&#8212;&#8212;3\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743&#8212;&#8212;4\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743&#8212;&#8212;5\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u6210\u957f\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u7136\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3001\u6309\u7167\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5728\u89c4\u5f8b\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u751f\u6001\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u53d1\u80b2\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u90fd\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u74dc\u719f\u8482\u843d\u6c34\u5230\u6e20\u6210\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u7ee7\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5728\u539f\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u88ab\u8feb\u8d70\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6761\u9053\u8def\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6781\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5931\u53bb\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b83\u53c8\u8981\u9ad8\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u539f\u53d1\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u7684\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86&#8220;\u4e24\u624b\u6293\u3001\u4e24\u624b\u90fd\u8981\u786c&#8221;\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u7b56&#8212;&#8212;\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u63a8\u884c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u50cf\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e00\u6837\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u82db\u7684\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u56fd\u6c11\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f13\u548c\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u4f7f\u5de5\u4e1a\u65e0\u4ea7\u8005\u7518\u613f\u505a\u96c7\u4f63\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u806a\u660e\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5c31\u62ff\u51fa\u4e86&#8220;\u4e09\u90e8\u5927\u6cd5&#8221;\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u4ffe\u65af\u9ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5374\u7531\u6b64\u7ed9\u5546\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6210\u957f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u63d0\u4e0a\u8bae\u4e8b\u65e5\u7a0b\u7684\u5d2d\u65b0\u5c40\u9762\u3002<br \/>\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u5fb7\u56fd\u5965\u5730\u5229\u65e5\u672c\u4e09\u56fd\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a<br \/><br \/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743 \u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743 \u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u6743 \u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743&nbsp; \u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229<br \/><br \/>1\u5fb7\u56fd&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1815&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1949&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1949&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1949&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1883<br \/>2\u5965\u5730\u5229&nbsp;&nbsp; 1867&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1945&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1945&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1955&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1887<br \/>3\u65e5\u672c&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1879&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1947&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1947&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1950&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1911<br \/><br \/>\u663e\u7136\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u4e03\u56fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u662f\u548c\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u4e03\u56fd\u4e00\u6837\u6700\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u5374\u662f\u6700\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u5219\u90fd\u7d27\u8ddf\u5728\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u540e\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u6210\u4e86\u6218\u8d25\u56fd\uff08\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u89e3\u653e\u56fd\uff09\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6218\u8d25\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u7f8e\u82f1\u6cd5\u7684\u5360\u9886\u4e0b\u88ab\u8feb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u57281949\u5e74\u540c\u65f6\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4f53\u7cfb\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e3a\uff1a1\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229&#8212;&#8212;2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229&#8212;&#8212;3\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u3002<br \/><br 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