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\u82cf\u5f0f\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u770b\u4f3c\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u7279\u5b9a“\u4f18\u52bf”\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u5236\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u5185\u4f7f\u6267\u653f\u515a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5784\u65ad\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u6548\u51fb\u9000\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u51f8\u663e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5947\u8ff9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c“\u8bc1\u660e”\u6267\u653f\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7ee9\u6548\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u515a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5784\u65ad\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u96be\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u82cf\u5f0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e38\u6001\u7684\u6c11\u65cf─\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08nation state\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d8\u5f62\u7684\u515a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08party state\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79e9\u5e8f\u6027\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u515a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u5730\u652f\u914d\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u653f\u515a\u9886\u8896\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5929\u7eb5\u82f1\u660e\u6210\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4ed6\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5929\u7eb5\u4e4b\u624d\uff0c\u5219\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fbf\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u6101\u4e91\u60e8\u96fe\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u800c\u7531\u653f\u515a\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u515a\u9886\u8896\u652f\u6491\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5219\u66f4\u662f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u8106\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u72b6\u6001──\u4e00\u65e6\u653f\u515a\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u8896\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u822c\u610f\u5fd7\u503e\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u4ee4\u4e16\u4eba\u77a9\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u957f\u671f\u652f\u6491\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

\u5728\u82cf\u4e1c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6267\u653f\u515a\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6e05\u9192\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u542f\u52a8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u4ece1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u7b97\u8d77\uff0c\u52301990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5171\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e09\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\u4ece\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8087\u59cb\uff0c\u540e\u7531\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\uff08Nikita S. Khrushchev\uff09\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\u7531\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u89e6\u53ca\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\u5148\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u7531\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\uff08Mikhail S. Gorbachev\uff09\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u5f3a\u529b\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u6574\u4e2a\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u73b0\u6539\u9769\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u5c40\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5d29\u6e8311.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u542f\u52a8\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u7684\u8054\u76df\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u52a0\u4e4b\u6267\u653f\u7684\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u94c1\u6258\uff08Josip B. Tito\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u575a\u6301\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u800c\u4e0e\u82cf\u5171\u53d1\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u8054\u90a6\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u516c\u5f00\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u53cd\u601d\u82cf\u8054\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u4f53\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u5236\u7684\u6682\u65f6\u6027\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d88\u706d\u5f02\u5316\u7b49\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u547d\u9898\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5c06\u81ea\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u5236\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5de5\u5382\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u6539\u5e72\u90e8\u4efb\u547d\u5236\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u5b9a\u671f\u8f6e\u6362\u5236\u3002\u7ee7\u800c\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5bf9\u519c\u4e1a\u653f\u7b56\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u5408\u4f5c\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5f81\u6536\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u8fdb“\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3001\u5206\u6563\u5316\u3001\u975e\u5b98\u50da\u5316”\u7684\u6539\u9769──\u5f3a\u5316\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u548c\u53d6\u6d88\u5b98\u50da\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u7cbe\u7b80\u673a\u6784\u5e77\u4e0b\u653e\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u6267\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u627f\u8bfa\u975e\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u30021953\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u66f4\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6539\u9769\u7684\u300a\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e861946\u5e74\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u578b\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b12.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

\u6b63\u5f53\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e8e1953\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8c03\u6574\u671f\uff0c\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\u6267\u638c\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u671f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u8fdb\u5165\u8c03\u6574\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u52a1\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5e73\u53cd\u51a4\u5047\u9519\u6848\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7f13\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u3002\u52301956\u5e74\u82cf\u5171\u4e8c\u5341\u5927\uff0c\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\u505a\u4e86\u9898\u4e3a\u3008\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u679c\u3009\u7684\u515a\u5185\u79d8\u5bc6\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6e05\u7b97\uff0c\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u82cf\u5171\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5236\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u53c8\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u7cbe\u7b80\u4e86\u673a\u6784\u5e77\u6539\u5584\u5e72\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u8fd8\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u6559\u8bad\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u4ee5\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u79ef\u6781\u8c03\u6574\u519c\u4e1a\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13“\u5229\u522b\u5c14\u66fc\u5efa\u8bae”\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u5927\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06\u7269\u8d28\u523a\u6fc0\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u6b64\u524d\u5355\u7eaf\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u795e\u6fc0\u52b1\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u523613.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

\u968f\u7740\u82cf\u8054\u6e05\u7406\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6539\u9769\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u5404\u56fd\u4e5f\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u6d6a\u6f6e\u30021956\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u5728“\u6ce2\u5179\u5357\u4e8b\u4ef6”\uff08Poznan Uprising\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u8fdb\u5165\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002\u4e3b\u5f20\u6539\u9769\u7684\u54e5\u7a46\u5c14\u5361\uff08Wladyslaw Gomulka\uff09\u53d6\u5f97\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u8bbe\u7acb\u5de5\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u8bae\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u5308\u7259\u5229\u5728\u7d0d\u5409\uff08Imre Nagy\uff09\u64d4\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u63a8\u9032\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4f461956\u5e7410\u6708\u767c\u751f\u7684“\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4e8b\u4ef6”\uff08Hungarian Revolution\uff09\u4f7f\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u65b7\uff0c\u76f4\u523011\u6708\u5361\u9054\u723e\uff08Janos Kadar\uff09\u57f7\u638c\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63a8\u9032.\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6267\u653f\u515a\u7edd\u5bf9\u6267\u638c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u515a\u653f\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5065\u5168\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u3002\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u4e1c\u5fb7\u4e5f\u5728\u540c\u671f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6539\u976914.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

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1968\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6539\u9769\u7684\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\uff08Alexander Dubcek\uff09\u88ab\u63a8\u4e0a\u6377\u5171\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e66\u8bb0\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u6ce2\u6f9c\u58ee\u9614\u7684“\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625”\uff08Prague Spring\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u82cf\u4e1c\u6539\u9769\u5177\u6709\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6377\u5171\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u515a\u5185\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u63a8\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e77\u5728\u6377\u514b\u4e0e\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4fdd\u969c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u6269\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u5de5\u5382\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u5b9e\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5949\u884c\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u75be\u98ce\u66b4\u96e8\u5f0f\u7684“\u6539\u9769”\uff0c\u65e2\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u56fd\u5185\u4fdd\u5b88\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u6a2a\u52a0\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u5728\u4fdd\u5baa\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u51fa\u52a8\u519b\u961f\u5360\u9886\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff0c\u4e2d\u6b62\u4e86\u6377\u514b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u30021969\u5e74\uff0c\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\uff08Gustav Husak\uff09\u767b\u4e0a\u6377\u5171\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f4d\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6e05\u9ee8\uff0c\u5c07\u6539\u9769\u8005\u6089\u6578\u6e05\u9664\u51fa\u53bb17.\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a1970\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4fbf\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u5c0f\u4fee\u5c0f\u8865\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

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1\u30012\u30013\u53c2\u89c1\u9a6c\u8d5b\u5384\u65af\uff08Peter Mathias\uff09\u3001\u6ce2\u62c9\u5fb7\uff08Sidney Pollard\uff09\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c\u738b\u5b8f\u4f1f\u3001\u953a\u548c\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5251\u6865\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u516b\u5377\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\uff09\uff0c\u9875900\uff1b909-91\uff1b911-12.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

4\u65af\u5927\u6797\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c“\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u6765\u81ea\u7f8e\u63f4\u3002”\u5f15\u81ea\u6bd5\u82f1\u8d24\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u82cf\u8054──\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7956\u56fd\u5728\u8715\u53d8\u4e2d\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u65f6\u62a5\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u4f01\u4e1a\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c1991\uff09\uff0c\u987547.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

5\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u4e09\u56fd\u3001\u6377\u514b\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u4e1c\u5fb7\u7b49\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u5e77\u4e14\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u5212\u5206\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u987a\u52bf\u5c06\u5176\u5212\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u652f\u914d\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u5317\u97e9\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u67ef\u6d1b\u9f50\uff08Brian Crozier\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u6797\u6dfb\u8d35\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u5e1d\u56fd\u5174\u8870\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u518c\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u667a\u5e93\u80a1\u4efd\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c2003\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u9875142\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

6\u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u7949\u5143\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u5404\u56fd\u5171\u515a\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u532a\u4fc4\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c1978\uff09\uff0c\u987555\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1b\u5b54\u5bd2\u51b0\uff1a\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2010\uff09\uff0c\u9875317-19.\u540e\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u82cf\u8054\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u666e\u904d\u589e\u957f\u4e00\u5230\u4e09\u500d\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u6307\u8d23\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63a8\u884c\u519c\u4e1a\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u592a\u6162\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u6784\u6210\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e1c\u6b27\u82cf\u8054\u5316\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u4e24\u4e2a\u5256\u9762\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

7\u300126\u53c2\u89c1\u5b54\u5bd2\u51b0\uff1a\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9875315\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1b450\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

8\u963f\u9686\u68ee\uff08Ronald Aronson\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u7ae0\u4e50\u5929\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u52a0\u7f2a\u548c\u8428\u7279──\u4e00\u6bb5\u4f20\u5947\u53cb\u8c0a\u53ca\u5176\u5d29\u89e3\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u9875176.\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8428\u7279\u57281957\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u6781\u8868\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u70ed\u60c5\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u7c7b\u65ad\u8a00\u5e77\u65e0\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5bc4\u6258\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

9\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u594e\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e1c\u5927\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c1999\uff09\uff0c\u987553-56.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

10\u300112\u300113\u300114\u300115\u300117\u300118\u300119\u300121\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5fe0\u6770\u3001\u5f90\u8000\u65b0\u3001\u9b4f\u529b\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9769\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6625\u79cb\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\uff09\uff0c\u987590-99\uff1b149\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1b191-229\uff1b252\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1b341-45\uff1b451-55\uff1b456\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff1b689-90\uff1b686.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

11\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82cf\u4e1c\u4e09\u8f6e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5fe0\u6770\u3001\u5f90\u8000\u65b0\u3001\u9b4f\u529b\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9769\u53f2\u300b\u53ca\u5b54\u5bd2\u51b0\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u53f2\u300b\u4e24\u4e66\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

16\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13“\u963f\u514b\u8d5b\u65b9\u6cd5”\u3001“\u72c4\u7eb3\u83ab\u7ecf\u9a8c”\u3001“\u590d\u5408\u52b3\u52a8\u62a5\u916c\u5236\u8bd5\u9a8c”\u3001“\u8c22\u57fa\u8bfa\u65b9\u6cd5”\u7b49\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u5f15\u8fdb\u4e86\u6b64\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6240\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5fe0\u6770\u3001\u5f90\u8000\u65b0\u3001\u9b4f\u529b\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9769\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9875393-94.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

20 1954\u81f31980\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4ea7\u503c\u5e74\u5747\u589e\u957f\u73876.5%\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ece1953\u81f31980\u5e74\u7684\u5e74\u5747\u589e\u957f\u7387\u4e3a9.1%.\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e8e\u540c\u671f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u82f1\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\u57283\u81f36%\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\u5219\u4e3a1.9\u81f33.9%\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e\u674e\u5fe0\u6770\u3001\u5f90\u8000\u65b0\u3001\u9b4f\u529b\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9769\u53f2\u300b\u3001\u5b54\u5bd2\u51b0\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bd5\u82f1\u8d24\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u82cf\u8054\u300b\u4e09\u4e66\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

22\u53c2\u89c1\u76ae\u970d\u4e9a\uff08R. G. Pikhoeiia\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u5f90\u9526\u680b\u7b49\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u6743\u53f2\uff081945-1991\uff09\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2006\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff0c\u9875568\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5fe0\u5b9e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u82cf\u5171\u9ad8\u5c42\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5224\u65ad\u548c\u76f8\u5f02\u5bf9\u7b56\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u75c5\u5165\u818f\u8093\uff0c\u75c5\u65e0\u53ef\u533b\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

23\u300124\u76ae\u970d\u4e9a\uff1a\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u6743\u53f2\uff081945-1991\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u9875631\uff1b718-57.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

25\u79d1\u723e\u5948\uff08Janos Kornai\uff09\u8457\uff0c\u5f35\u5b89\u8b6f\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236──\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007\uff09\uff0c\u9875184-85.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

27\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08Karl Marx\uff09\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff08Friedrich Engels\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5217\u5b81\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8457\u4f5c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5c40\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1997\uff09\uff0c\u987530.\u4ece\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6028\u6068\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6028\u6068\u627f\u5f53\u5168\u90e8\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6028\u6068\u8005\u603b\u662f\u5177\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7406\u7531\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6028\u6068\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5360\u636e\u5316\u89e3\u6028\u6068\u7684\u793e\u4f1a─\u653f\u6cbb\u4f18\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ecd\u7136\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a─\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u6cd5\u5316\u89e3\u6028\u6068\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6028\u6068\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n

28\u300130\u300131\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u987538\uff1b46\uff1b62-63.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

29\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5c31\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u4fc3\u4f7f\u9636\u7ea7\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5e77\u4e14\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5265\u524a\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c“\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u6d88\u706d\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u3002”\u53c2\u89c1\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u987541.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

32\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5217\u5b81\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8457\u4f5c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5c40\u7f16\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u5377\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\uff09\uff0c\u987550.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

33\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5217\u5b81\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8457\u4f5c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5c40\u7f16\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e00\u5377\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1990\uff09\uff0c\u987533.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

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35\u53c2\u89c1\u970d\u5c14\u83ab\u65af\uff08Leslie Holmes\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u5b8b\u9547\u7167\u3001\u5f20\u4fdd\u6c11\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u515a\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u672b\u8def──\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u5371\u673a\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u56fd\u7acb\u7f16\u8bd1\u9986\uff0c1995\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u9875271.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

36\u5947\u6d1b\u7279\uff08Daniel Chirot\uff09\u7740\uff0c\u8521\u4f38\u7ae0\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5de8\u6d41\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c1991\uff09\uff0c\u9875473\u3001476.<\/font><\/p>\r\n

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