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Law\uff09\u6216\u5728\u5176\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u62d2\u7edd[\u63d0\u4f9b]\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\uff08Equal Protection of Laws\uff09&#8220;\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f53\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6761\u6b3e\u88ab\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a&#8221;\u5438\u6536&#8220;\u4e86\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e\u539f\u6765\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u5dde\u30021870\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c15\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7981\u6b62\u8054\u90a6\u6216\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u57fa\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u800c\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7981\u6b62\u6b67\u89c6\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff1a\u7b2c19\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u548c\u7b2c26\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5206\u522b\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u548c\u5e74\u9f84\uff0818\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff09\u800c\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u6c11\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font 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size=\"3\">\u4e8c\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u80cc\u666f&#8212;&#8212;\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u5efa\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u575a\u6301\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&#8220;\u6076&#8221;\uff08evil\uff09\u4f46\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&#8220;\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6076&#8221;\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u53d6\u6d88\u653f\u5e9c&#8212;&#8212;\u5426\u5219\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c31\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u4eba\u4eba\u81ea\u5371\u7684&#8220;\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001&#8221;\uff08state of nature\uff09\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u6cdb\u5730\u8c08\u8bba\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u9762\u524d\u663e\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08liberalism\uff09\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u7406\u6027\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u8868\u653f\u89c1\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6743\u529b\u5206\u914d\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font 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size=\"3\">\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u660e\u5e94\u8be5\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e1c\u90e813\u5dde\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c0f\u56fd\u5185\u91c7\u53d6\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b&#8212;&#8212;\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ee5\u591a\u6570\u9009\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\uff1f\u786e\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6770\u5f17\u900a\uff08Thomas Jefferson\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\uff08Anti-Federalists\uff09\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e3b\u5f20\u5efa\u7acb\u5c0f\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f53\u5236\u5c06\u6700\u80fd\u54cd\u5e94\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0b\u5c42\uff09\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5360\u4e86\u4e0a\u98ce\uff0c\u5c0f\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u5e76\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u91c7\u7eb3\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5021\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd&#8212;&#8212;\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5404\u5dde\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e3b\u6743\u4f46\u53c8\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u5236\u8861\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5206\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font 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size=\"3\">\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u6743\u529b&#8212;&#8212;\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743&#8212;&#8212;\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u56e0\u5176&#8220;\u8fdb\u653b\u6027&#8221;\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u523b\u4e0a\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u63d0\u4ea4\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u5dde\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65b9\u6848\uff08Virginia Plan\uff09\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u5c0f\u5dde\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u65b9\u6848\uff08New Jersey Plan\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65b9\u6848\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u8d77\u8349\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5360\u4e86\u4e0a\u98ce\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u5dde\u548c\u5c0f\u5dde\u5c31\u8054\u90a6\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u6301\u4e0d\u4e0b\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u5927\u5dde\u8981\u6c42\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u53e3\u7a00\u5c11\u7684\u5c0f\u5dde\u5219\u8981\u6c42\u5404\u5dde\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c&#8220;\u5927\u59a5\u534f&#8221;\uff08Great Compromise\uff09\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4e24\u9662\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u8bae\u5e2d\u5219\u5728\u5404\u5dde\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c5\u6761\u4f7f\u5f97\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4ee3\u8868\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6b63\u7684&#8220;\u6c38\u4e45\u6027&#8221;\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u63aa\u65bd\u4f7f\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u663e\u8457\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4ee3\u8868\u8054\u90a6\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5206\u652f\u4ea7\u751f\u5236\u8861\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8868\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6563\u5316\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5316\u89e3\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u7cfb\u5784\u65ad\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u9009\u533a\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u4efb\u671f2\u5e74\uff1b\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u4efb\u671f6\u5e74\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6bcf2\u5e74\u6539\u9009\u5176\u4e2d\u76841\/3.\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4efb\u671f4\u5e74\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9009\u4e3e\u9662\uff08Electoral College\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\u5076\u5c14\u4f1a\u4f7f\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u504f\u79bb\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u591a\u6570\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u9009\u4e3e\u9662\u548c\u5168\u6c11\u76f4\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[15]\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u4efb\u671f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u9009\u6c11\u56e0\u7a81\u53d1\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7684\u86ca\u60d1\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u7406\u667a\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u90aa\u6076\u6d3e\u7cfb\u5728\u591a\u6570\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e3e\u63a7\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u673a\u6784\u5e76\u5408\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e13\u5236\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u4f53\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u4e89\u548c\u59a5\u534f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53cd\u6620\u5e76\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u6027\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u516d\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8003\u5bdf&#8220;\u5371\u9669\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5206\u652f&#8221;\uff08&#8220;\u5206\u7acb\u7684\u4e09\u6743\u4e2d\u6700\u5f31\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u8bed\uff09&#8212;&#8212;\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u7c7b\u673a\u6784&#8212;&#8212;\u603b\u7edf\u4e0e\u56fd\u4f1a&#8212;&#8212;\u5177\u6709\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5fe0\u8bda\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u88ab\u9884\u671f\u5b88\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6539\u53d8\u4e0d\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6700\u540e\u53ea\u5bf9\u9009\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e&#8212;&#8212;\u5982\u679c\u9009\u6c11\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u4e34\u4e0b\u53f0\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5fe0\u8bda\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f&#8220;\u8ba9\u4eba\u6c11\u6ee1\u610f&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u5b98\u88ab\u8feb\u8ba9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f&#8220;\u4eba\u6c11&#8221;\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0a\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u5c31\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5219\u662f\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u8d4b\u4e88\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5229\u5df1\u52a8\u7269\uff1a\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u5229\u76ca\u53bb\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6309\u7167\u516c\u6b63\u53bb\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5c31\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u628a\u8fd9\u9879\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u6258\u4ed8\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5c31\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u628a\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4ea4\u7ed9&#8220;\u541b\u5b50&#8221;\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u897f\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u7eaf\u7cb9\u8bc9\u8bf8\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4f53\u5236\u4e0a\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u516c\u6b63\u521b\u9020\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7ec8\u8eab\u5236\u548c&#8220;\u9ad8\u85aa\u517b\u5ec9&#8221;\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u628a\u6cd5\u5b98\u9694\u7edd\u4e8e\u5927\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u516c\u6b63\u65ad\u6848\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u521b\u4e3e\uff0c\u662f1803\u5e74\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67fb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\uff1b\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a&#8220;\u8f85\u52a9\u9632\u5fa1&#8221;\uff0c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u5236\u8861\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6700\u9ad9\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bae\u5458\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u72af\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u4f9d\u8d56\u53bb\u7ea0\u6b63\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd&#8220;\u4ee5\u795e\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u4eba&#8221;\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u524d\u540e\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u7acb\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684&#8220;\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848&#8221;\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u5c31\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5076\u7136\u4e86\u3002[16]<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u8be5\u6848\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8d77\u56e0\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e24\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d3e\u522b\uff1a\u4ee5\u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u548c\u4ee5\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u53cd\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e24\u515a\u5c31\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e0e\u8f83\u91cf\u3002\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5378\u804c\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\uff08John Adams\uff09\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u4f46\u57281800\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5927\u83b7\u5168\u80dc\uff0c\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u672c\u4eba\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u3002\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u9009\u5206\u652f\u7686\u544a\u5931\u5229\u3002\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u540e\u5c81\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u5c3d\u529b\u5728\u6cd5\u9662\u5b89\u6392\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u3002\u6070\u9022\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e74\u9ad8\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u7ea6\u7ff0&#183;\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08John Marshall\uff09\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u56fd\u4f1a\u4ed3\u4fc3\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u6269\u5145\u4e86\u5730\u533a\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u62a2\u5728\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u4e0a\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u524d\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u63d0\u540d\u3002\u66fe\u6709\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4ed6\u79bb\u4efb\u7684\u5348\u591c\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u8fd8\u5fd9\u4e0d\u8fed\u5730\u7b7e\u7f72\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5306\u5fd9\u4e0a\u4efb\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u620f\u79f0\u4e3a&#8220;\u5348\u591c\u6cd5\u5b98&#8221;\uff08Midnight Judges\uff09\u3002\u672c\u6848\u7684\u539f\u544a\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u662f\u4e0d\u751a\u8d77\u773c\u3001\u4efb\u671f\u53ea\u6709\u4e94\u5e74\u7684&#8220;\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98&#8221;\uff08Justice of Peace\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u804c\u4f4d\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\uff0c\u5e76\u4ea4\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u76d6\u5370\u540e\u9001\u7ed9\u53d7\u4efb\u8005\u3002\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u56e0\u516c\u52a1\u7e41\u5fd9\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u628a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7b7e\u7f72\u76d6\u5370\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u4e66\u5bc4\u7ed9\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u3002\u65b0\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u672c\u6765\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5df2\u5341\u5206\u607c\u706b\uff0c\u5f53\u5373\u6307\u793a\u6263\u538b\u6240\u6709\u672a\u5bc4\u51fa\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u4e66\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u547d\u4ee4\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u9001\u4ea4\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u4e66\u3002\u6309\u71671789\u5e74\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u4e89\u8bae\u8d77\u8bc9\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u9879\u8c8c\u4e0d\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6280\u672f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u7adf\u4e3a\u521b\u7acb\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67fb\u539f\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6865\u6881\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5df2\u5c31\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u4f9d\u636e\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c3\u6761\uff0c\u5224\u51b3\u6388\u6743\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u7406\u6b64\u7c7b\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u300b\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u5f00\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67fb\u662f\u5baa\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u800c\u975e\u5176\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u9a6c\u4f2f\u91cc\u8bc9\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6848\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u8c01\u6765\u76d1\u7763\u76d1\u7763\u8005\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7a77\u8ffd\u4e0d\u820d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u56de\u907f\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8bf7\u795e\u6765\u7edf\u6cbb\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u52a0\u4ee5\u5236\u8861\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u5236\u8861\u5b98\u5458\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff1a\u51fa\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5c0f\u5dde\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f97\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u52a0\u4ee5\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u66f4\u7531\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd&#8220;\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5baa\u653f\u5ba1\u67e5\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\u5c24\u5176\u654f\u611f\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e4f\u8bed\u4e49\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u6743\u4e4b\u5fe7\u8651\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7167\u642c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u65e7\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6311\u6218\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u603b\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u4eba&#8212;&#8212;\u67d0\u4e9b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4eba&#8212;&#8212;\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u6743\u529b\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5faa\u73af\u800c\u975e\u5355\u5411\u7684\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u4e8e\u8b66\u793a\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u6743\u529b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[1]\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u6d32\u65e9\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u5baa\u7ae0\uff08Charter\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u540e\u5f62\u6210\u768413\u5dde\u5404\u81ea\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u6709\u4e86\u300a\u90a6\u8054\u6761\u6b3e\u300b\uff08Articles of Confederation\uff09\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u90a6\u8054\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u8d39\u57ce\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5404\u5dde\u4ee5\u540e\u90fd\u5c61\u6b21\u91cd\u65b0\u5236\u5baa\uff0c\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5176\u5e74\u4ee3\u8f83\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u66f4\u4e3a\u60a0\u4e45\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb&#183;\u4e0a\u518c\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c37\uff0d45\u9875\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0&#8220;\u300a\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b&#8221;\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[2] James Sterling Young\uff0c The Washington Community 1800-1828\uff0cNew York\uff1a Columbia University Press\uff081966\uff09\uff0cp.2.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[3]\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u9650\u6743\u529b&#8212;&#8212;\u5373&#8220;\u6388\u4e88\u800c\u975e\u9650\u5236&#8221;\u6743\u529b&#8212;&#8212;\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9650\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5f15\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f&#8220;\u591a\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3e&#8221;\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u6df7\u6dc6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5e03\u83b1\u65af\u7279\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b&#8212;&#8212;\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0e\u6750\u6599\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c110-111\u9875\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[4]\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u524d\u8a00\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u6c11\u4e3b&#8212;&#8212;\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u660e\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3b\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u516c\u6c11\u800c\u975e\u5404\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[5]\u503c\u5f97\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c&#8220;\u6cd5\u6cbb&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;\u81f3\u5c11\u5c31\u72ed\u9698\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3&#8212;&#8212;\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdd\u80cc\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e13\u5236\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f&#8220;\u6cd5\u6cbb&#8221;\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e13\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[6]\u67e5\u5c14\u65af&#183;\u6bd4\u5c14\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c2\u300b\uff0c\u4f55\u5e0c\u9f50\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861989\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c24\uff0d38\u300144\uff0d52\u9875\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[7]\u89c1Montesquieu\uff0c The Spirit of the Laws\uff0c A.M. Cohler\uff0c B.C. Miller &amp; H.S. Stone\uff08tr.&amp; ed.\uff09\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff081988\uff09\uff0cpp.124-126\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c1\u89e3\u540e\u4e3a\u5362\u68ad\u6240\u80af\u5b9a\u5e76\u501f\u7528\uff0c\u89c1Jean-Jacques Rousseau\uff0c On the Social Contract\uff0c Donald A. Cress trans.\uff0c Indianapolis\uff1a Hackett\uff081987\uff09\uff0cp.55.\u4ed6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u7a0e\u8d1f\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d22\u5bcc\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1a&#8220;\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u8ddd\u79bb\u8d8a\u8fdc\uff0c\u7a0e\u8d1f\u5c31\u8d8a\u6c89\u91cd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u62c5\u6700\u8f7b\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u6b21\u4e4b\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u6700\u91cd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ec5\u9002\u5408\u5bcc\u56fd\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u9002\u5408\u4e2d\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u5bcc\u5eb6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5219\u9002\u5408\u5c0f\u56fd\u548c\u7a77\u56fd\u3002&#8221;Ibid.\uff0cp.64.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[8]\u5e03\u574e\u5357\u548c\u5854\u6d1b\u514b\u66fe\u5728\u300a\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u5176\u6210\u672c\u76f8\u5e73\u8861\u3002James M.Buchanan and Gordon Tullock\uff0c The Calculus of Consent\uff1a Logical Foundation of Constitutional Democracy\uff0c Ann Arbor\uff1a University of Michigan Press\uff081962\uff09\uff0cpp. 135-140.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[9] Alexis de Tocqueville\uff0c The Old Regime and the French Revolution\uff0c Gilbert trans.\uff0c New York\uff1a Doubleday\uff081955\uff09\uff0cp.208.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[10] Herbert J. Storing\uff0c The Anti-Federalist\uff1a Writings by the Opponents of the Constitution\uff0c University of Chicago Press\uff081985\uff09\uff0c Sec. 2.8.13-14.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[11] Alexander Hamilton\uff0c James Madison and John Jay\uff0c The Federalist Papers\uff0c Clinton Rossiter\uff08ed.\uff09\uff0c NAL Penguin\uff081961\uff09\uff0cpp.77-84.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[12] Montesquieu\uff0c The Spirit of the Laws\uff0c A.M. Cohler\uff0c B.C. Miller &amp; H.S. Stone\uff08tr.&amp;ed.\uff09\uff0cCambridge University Press\uff081988\uff09\uff0cp.157.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[13]\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u9664\u4e86\u53d7\u5230\u4ee3\u8868\u5c0f\u519c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6770\u5f17\u900a\u7b49\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u6240\u5411\u5f80\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u8981\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[14] Hamilton et al.\uff0cThe Federalist Papers\uff0cpp.320-324.<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[15]\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2001\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b\u90e8\u5206\u8f6c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u6458\u300b2002\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c33\uff0d36\u9875\u3002<\/font><\/p>\r\n<p><font size=\"3\">[16] Marbury v. Madison\uff0c5 U.S. 137-180.<br \/><\/font><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e00\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8&#8220;\u6d3b\u7740&#8221;\uff1f \u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5baa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33082"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33082\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}