{"id":34292,"date":"2013-06-09T05:55:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-09T05:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=34292 "},"modified":"2013-06-09T05:55:00","modified_gmt":"2013-06-09T05:55:00","slug":"34292-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=34292","title":{"rendered":"\u5b59\u4e43\u4fee\uff1a\u201c\u6050\u6016\u5236\u5ea6\u8840\u8165\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u201c\u6781\u7aef\u4e13\u5236\u6781\u5176\u9ed1\u6697\u201d\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u2014\u2014\u6797\u662d\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6781\u6743\u66b4\u653f\u4e4b\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e0e\u6279\u5224"},"content":{"rendered":"<strong>\u4e00<\/strong><br \/><div><br 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\/><br \/><strong>\u4e09<\/strong><br \/><br \/>\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49(Totalitarianism)\uff0c\u6216\u66f0\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb(Totalitarian rule)\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236(Totalitarian system)\u3001\u6781\u6743\u653f\u5e9c(Totalitarian government)\u3001\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6(Totalitarian state)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f<br \/>\u6cbb\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6982\u62ec\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u51cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u51cc\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7262\u56fa\u638c\u63e1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u3001\u6df1\u5165\u6e17\u900f\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u9886\u57df\u3001\u4e25\u5bc6\u63a7\u5236\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8a00\u884c\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u4ece\u5b57\u6e90\u770b\uff0cTotalitarianism\u6765\u81eaTotality\uff0c\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u5168\u90e8\uff08\u6743\u529b\u6216\u5a01\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u6743\u529b\u6216\u5a01\u6743\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u529b(Power)\u548c\u5a01\u6743(Authority)\u4e24\u8f9e\u8868\u8ff0\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u70b9\u3002&#8220;\u5a01\u6743&#8221;\u4e00\u8f9e\u4ea6\u5e38\u8bd1\u4e3a&#8220;\u6743\u5a01&#8221;\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u6211\u7528&#8220;\u5a01\u6743&#8221;\u4e00\u8f9e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u6b64\u8f9e\u80fd\u6070\u5207\u8868\u8fbe\u6781\u6743\u7684\u5185\u6838\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b66\u672f\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684&#8220;\u5b66\u672f\u6743\u5a01&#8221;\u4e4b\u7c7b\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49(Totalitarianism)\u3001\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49(Authoritarianism)\u3001\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f7b\u5e95\u3001\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002Totalitarianism\u8bd1\u4e3a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7cbe\u70bc\u3001\u51c6\u786e\u3001\u76f4\u63ed\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u6bd4\u82f1\u6587\u8f9e\u66f4\u663e\u8c41\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u70b9\u775b\u4e4b\u5999\u3001\u66f4\u5bcc\u5185\u8d28\u8868\u8fbe\u529b\u3002&#8220;\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u8f9e\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u8981\u70b9\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\uff08\u62e5\u6709\uff09\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6781\u7aef\uff08\u8fd0\u7528\uff09\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c&#8220;\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u6587\u8f9e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u4f53\u5236\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u5168\u90e8\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u70b9\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u8fbe\u5230\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6781\u6743\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7684&#8220;\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49&#8221;\u4e00\u8bcd\u8981\u6bd4&#8220;\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49&#8221;\u4e00\u8bcd\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u3002<br \/><br \/><strong>\u56db<\/strong><br \/><br \/>\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d3b\u8dc3\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3002\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49(Fascism)\u5185\u5bb9\u535a\u6742\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u6d01\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba3\u626c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u515a\u56e2\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u81f3\u4e0a\u3001\u8d2c\u6291\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u548c\u72c2\u70ed\u601d\u60f3\u503e\u5411\u3002\u6279\u5224\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u6295\u8eab\u53cd\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4e54\u4e07\u5c3c\u963f\u66fc\u591a\u62c9(Giovanni Amendola, 1882-1926)\u5728\u8bba\u8ff0\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u5728\u560e\u7eb3\u906d\u5230\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u52bf\u529b\u8c0b\u6740\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6G.\u91d1\u8482\u5229(Giovanni Gentile)\u63a5\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587totalitario\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u672a\u6765\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u7528\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c(Benito Mussolini)\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u662f\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u90fd\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c&#8220;\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u7ba1\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002&#8221;\uff08Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. \u53c2\u89c1Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, New York: Vintage Books, 1995 )<br \/><br \/>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u548c\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u540d\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5178\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u6700\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u6587Totalitarianism\u4e00\u8bcd\u3001\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u6027\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u521b\u7acb&#8220;\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5b66&#8221;(Sovietology)\u3001&#8220;\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\u7814\u7a76&#8221;(Kremlinology)\u3001\u5f00\u62d3\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5965\u5730\u5229\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u5929\u624d\u7684\u9884\u8a00\u5bb6\u5f17\u5170\u8328\u6ce2\u514b\u7459(Franz Borkenau, 1900-1957 )\u53ca\u5176\u300a\u5e15\u5217\u6258\u4f20\u300b(Pareto, New York: Wiley, 1936)\u3001\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u300b(The Communist International, 1938)\u3001\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u300b(The Totalitarian Enemy, London: Faber and Faber, 1940)\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b(Socialism, National or International, London: G. Routledge, 1942)\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u5bcc\u6709\u521b\u89c1\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u54c8\u8036\u514b(Friedrich Hayek, 1899-1992)\u53ca\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u901a\u5f80\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u300b(The Road to Serfdom, 1944)\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14(Karl Popper, 1902-1994)\u53ca\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u654c\u4eba\u300b(The Open Society and It&#8217;s Enemies, 1945)\u3001\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u8d2b\u56f0\u300b(The Poverty of Historicism, 1961)\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6c49\u5a1c.\u963f\u4f26\u7279(Hannah Arendt, 1906-1975)\u53ca\u5176\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b(The Origin of Totalitarianism, 1958)\uff0c\u6b64\u7740\u6700\u521d\u4ee5\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u8d1f\u7d2f\u300b(The Burden of Our Times)\u4e3a\u9898\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e94\u4e00\u5e74\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u300a\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u88ab\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u89c6\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002<br \/><br \/><strong>\u4e94<\/strong><br \/><br 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\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br 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\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<br \/>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u60e8\u75db\u60b2\u5267\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5947\u803b\u5927\u8fb1\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u56fd\u6c11\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u9996\u5148\u7528\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u4e00\u515a\u653f\u6743\u3001\u7814\u5236\u6218\u4e89\u6b66\u5668\u3001\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u5984\u56fe\u5f81\u670d\u4e16\u754c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5b83\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u82e6\u96be\u3001\u803b\u8fb1\u548c\u707e\u96be\u3002<br \/><br 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