{"id":34681,"date":"2013-07-04T23:12:00","date_gmt":"2013-07-04T23:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=34681 "},"modified":"2013-07-04T23:12:00","modified_gmt":"2013-07-04T23:12:00","slug":"34681-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=34681","title":{"rendered":"\u66f9\u957f\u9752:\u4e2d\u5171\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\u6740\u4eba\u8bb0\u5f55\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9976\u6055\uff01"},"content":{"rendered":"   7\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6210\u7acb\u5468\u5e74\u65e5\u3002\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d70\u5411\u5168\u9762\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4ecd\u5784\u65ad\u7740\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e2a\u515a\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f15\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bf4\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u4ea7\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u653f\u6743\u662f\u4e3b\u52a8\u653e\u5f03\u6743\u529b\u3001\u653e\u5f03\u4e13\u5236\u800c\u8d70\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff08\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5171\u4ea7\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u82cf\u8054\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u4eba\u6c11\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\uff1b\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bf4\u5171\u4ea7\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f02\u6570\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u613f\u671b\u548c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ee5\u5b83\u5efa\u515a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u653f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u6743\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4f7f\u516b\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5c31\u7edd\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u653f\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u63a5\u53d7\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u53f2\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5171\u4ea7\u8fd0\u52a8\u9020\u6210\u5927\u4f17\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e13\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u9605\u8bfb\u591a\u79cd\u4e66\u520a\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u9020\u6210\u5927\u4f17\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u968f\u624b\u8bb0\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u7efc\u8ff0\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff08\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u515a\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff09\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u4ecd\u5b58\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u6240\u601d\u8003\u548c\u9192\u609f\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u629b\u7816\u5f15\u7389\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u6709\u5fc3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u628a\u5404\u81ea\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u6740\u4eba\u6570\u5b57\u4e5f\u5199\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u96f6\u661f\u8d44\u6599\u805a\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u62fc\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u4e2d\u5171\u6740\u4eba\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u56fe\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4e5f\u50cf\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5199\u51fa\u90a3\u90e8\u63ed\u793a\u5171\u4ea7\u8fd0\u52a8\u6740\u4eba\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ed1\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u4e00\u90e8\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u9ed1\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e00\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u521d\u671f\uff081950\u52301955\u5e74\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e2d\u5171\u81ea1921\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5c31\u4f34\u968f\u8457\u5185\u90e8\u6e05\u6d17\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u6b8b\u6740\u300230\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u9547\u538b\u5185\u90e8\u6c5f\u897fAB\u56e2\uff08\u6740\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\uff09\uff0c40\u5e74\u4ee3\u5ef6\u5b89\u6574\u98ce\u65f6\u67aa\u6740\u4f5c\u5bb6\u738b\u5b9e\u5473\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e2d\u5171\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5730\u6740\u5bb3\u5e73\u6c11\u5219\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u83b7\u5f97\u6267\u653f\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u3002\u572850\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684“\u571f\u6539\u3001\u9547\u53cd”\u3001“\u4e09\u53cd\u4e94\u53cd”\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5927\u6279\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u6216\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08Andrew J. Nathan\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08Chinese Democracy\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶50\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u4e8c\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u6253\u6210“\u5730\u5bcc\u53cd\u574f”\u4efd\u5b50\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u524d\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e3b\u4efb\u7eaa\u601d\u9053\uff08Nicholas Kristof\uff09\u548c\u4f0d\u6d01\u82b3\uff08Sheryl WuDunn\uff09\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c9\u9192\u4e86\u300b\uff08China Wakes\uff09\u4e2d\u8bf4∶“\u636e\u4e2d\u5171\u524d\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u957f\u7f57\u745e\u537f\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u4ece1948\u5e74\u52301955\u5e74\uff0c\u6709400\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u524d\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u8bb0\u8005\u90b5\u5fb7\u5ec9\uff08Daniel Southerland\uff09\u5728\u8be5\u62a5\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u6027\u62a5\u5bfc“\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u6b7b\u4ea1”\uff08Mass Death in Mao’s China\uff0c1994\u5e747\u670817\u548c18\u65e5\u8fde\u8f7d\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶\u88ab\u6740“\u5730\u4e3b”\u4e3a100\u4e07\u81f3400\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\uff1b\u88ab\u6740“\u53cd\u9769\u547d”\u53ca\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u60c5\u8005\u4e3a100\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff1b\u8feb\u5bb3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u548c1953\u5e74\u7684“\u8083\u53cd”\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4f7f\u51e0\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8003\u7279\u65af\u548c\u514b\u96f7\u9ed8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ed1\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff08Stephane Courtois & Mark Kramer: The Black Book of Communism\uff09∶“\u4ece1950\u52301957\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6e05\u7b97\u6597\u4e89\u9020\u6210100\u591a\u4e07\u4eba\u5f02\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e1996\u5e74\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7b49\u56db\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u5408\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\u300a\u4e89\u9e23\u300b\u6742\u5fd71996\u5e7410\u6708\u53f7\u520a\u53d1\u4e86\u6458\u8981\uff09∶\u4ece1949\u5e74\u521d\u52301952\u5e742\u6708\u5206\u4e24\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684“\u9547\u53cd”\u4e2d\uff0c\u9547\u538b\u4e86\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u4efd\u5b50157\u4e076\u53431\u767e\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d87\u4e073\u53436\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u8fd8\u8bf4∶\u57281953\u5e74\u7684“\u4e09\u53cd\u4e94\u53cd”\u4e2d\uff0c\u670932\u4e073\u53431\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c280\u4f59\u4eba\u81ea\u6740\u6216\u5931\u8e2a\uff1b\u57281955\u5e74“\u53cd\u80e1\u98ce\u8fd0\u52a8”\u4e2d\uff0c\u67095\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u7275\u8fde\uff0c5\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c60\u9980\u4eba\u81ea\u6740\u8eab\u4ea1\uff0c12\u4eba\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b\u5728\u968f\u5f8c\u7684“\u8083\u53cd”\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u67092\u4e071\u53433\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c4\u53433\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u81ea\u6740\u6216\u5931\u8e2a\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6570\u5b57\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff08\u5408\u8ba1\uff0990\u4e07\u96f62\u5343\u4eba\uff0c\u5230\u7f57\u745e\u537f\u4f30\u7b97\u7684400\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e8c\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0850\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u53f3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u5317\u4eac“\u671d\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e”1993\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd“\u5de6”\u7978\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶\u5728“\u53cd\u53f3”\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u670955\u4e072\u53439\u767e73\u4eba\u88ab\u6253\u6210“\u53f3\u6d3e”\u3002\u81f3\u8be5\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5168\u90e8\u53f3\u6d3e\u4ec5\u670996\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709“\u5e73\u53cd”\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u5f53\u5c40\u575a\u6301“\u53cd\u53f3”\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4ec5\u627f\u8ba4“\u6269\u5927\u5316”\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u4ee596\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u53cd\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u90a3\u7b49\u65bc“\u6269\u5927\u5316”\u4e865\u53437\u767e\u500d\uff01<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u4e0a\u8ff01996\u5e74\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7b49\u90e8\u95e8\u5408\u7f16\u7684\u62a5\u544a∶“\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u53cd\u53f3\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709201\u4e073\u53433\u767e\u9980\u4eba\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u53f3\u6d3e\u3001\u53f3\u503e\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u53f3\u6d3e\u8fb9\u9645\u4efd\u5b50\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u6234\u5e3d\u53f3\u6d3e\uff09\uff0c\u67097\u4e072\u53437\u767e\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u67092\u4e072\u53431\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u81ea\u6740\uff0c3\u53435\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u5931\u8e2a\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u4ece\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e2d\u5171\u62a5\u544a\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u53f3\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u591a\u8fbe200\u4e07\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4eba\u3002\u4ee5\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ec5\u6709500\u591a\u4e07\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6765\u7b97\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u670940%\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u81f4\u6b7b\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe0.5%\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e09\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\uff081959\u52301963\u5e74\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4ece1959\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u52301962\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u5b57\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u5f53\u5c40\u628a\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0b\u964d\u5f52\u65bc\u6240\u8c13“\u4e09\u5e74\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3”——\u7cae\u98df\u51cf\u4ea7\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9965\u8352\u9020\u6210\u3002\u4f46\u8fd1\u6765\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u8d44\u6599\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u573a“\u4eba\u7978”\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u9519\u8bef\u5bfc\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\u76f8\u5f53\u60ca\u4eba\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u897f\u65b9\u8f83\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u5c40\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8005\u73ed\u5c3c\u65af\u7279\u535a\u58eb\uff08Judith Bannister\uff0980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u300b\uff08China’s Changing Population\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa∶“\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u653f\u7b56\u5931\u8d25\u5f8c\u4e09\u5e74\u707e\u5bb3\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e863\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u539f\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u526f\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\u7d22\u5c14\u5179\u4f2f\u91cc\uff08Harrison E. Salisbury\uff091985\u5e74\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u957f\u5f81\u300b\uff08The Long March: The Untold Story\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e862\u53437\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f02\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u62c9\u6885\u5c14\uff08Rudolph. J. Rummel\uff09\u5728\u300a\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff081986\u5e747\u67087\u65e5\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u7684“\u6218\u4e89\u5e76\u975e\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6740\u624b”\uff08War Isn’t This Century’s Biggest Killer\uff09\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u67092\u53437\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1996\u5e74\uff0c\u524d\u82f1\u56fd\u300a\u536b\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u82f1\u6587\u300a\u5357\u534e\u65e9\u62a5\u300b\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e3b\u4efb\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\uff08Jasper Becker\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u997f\u9b3c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u9965\u8352\u300b\uff08Hungry Ghosts: China’s Secret Famine\uff09\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u9996\u6b21\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u6b7b\u65bc\u9965\u997f\u4eba\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u91c7\u8bbf\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u66fe\u524d\u5f80\u4e2d\u56fd\u51e0\u4e2a\u7701\u4efd\u67e5\u770b\u4e86“\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7”\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u5171\u6709\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u5bdf\u8bbf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8be5\u4e66\u6570\u636e\u7fd4\u5b9e\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u9996\u6b21\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u6839\u636e\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u662f\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u65f6\u4e5d\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u5927\u70bc\u94a2\u94c1\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7167\u987e\u519c\u7530\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u8c0e\u62a5\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f53\u5c40\u76f8\u4fe1\u519c\u6751\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u53d1\u7cae\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ecd\u6309\u8c0e\u62a5\u4ea7\u91cf\u63a8\u7b97\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u5f81\u8d2d\u7cae\u98df\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u7cae\u8352\u65f6\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6f0f\u7f51\u53f3\u6d3e\u9020\u8c23\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u85cf\u7cae\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u5f81\u7cae\uff0c\u5e76\u9547\u538b\u8bf4\u997f\u7684\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6751\u6c11\u5916\u9003\u627e\u7cae\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8be5\u4e66\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e54\u6cbb\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u57c3\u7565\u7279\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u6c88\u5927\u536b\uff08David Shambaugh\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u600e\u6837\u5f53\u4e0a\u603b\u7406\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5728\u7701\u7ea7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u300b\uff08The Making of a Premier: Zhao Ziyang’s Provincial Career\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c1959\u5e74\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u59d4\u8d1f\u8d23\u519c\u6751\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u66fe\u4e3a\u6b64\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7cae\u8352\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u519c\u6c11\u628a\u7cae\u98df\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u53d1\u8d77“\u53cd\u85cf\u7cae\u8fd0\u52a8”\uff0c\u6d3e\u51fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u5230\u4e61\u4e0b\uff0c\u6309\u5bb6\u6309\u6237\u3001\u7ffb\u7bb1\u5012\u67dc\u3001\u6316\u5730\u627e\u85cf\u7cae\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4“\u5927\u6279\u5730\u65b9\u5e72\u90e8\u88ab\u6e05\u6d17\uff0c\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u548c\u88ab\u6279\u5224\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u6c88\u5927\u536b\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u4f20\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u542c\u5230\u6709\u997f\u6b7b\u4eba\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u7cae\u8352\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6f0f\u7f51\u53f3\u6d3e\u9020\u8c23\uff0c\u9636\u7ea7\u654c\u4eba\u7834\u574f\u30021959\u5e742\u6708\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u6536\u5230\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e1c\u9012\u4ea4\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u519c\u6c11\u85cf\u7cae\u5bfc\u81f4\u9965\u8352\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5f8c\uff0c“\u5341\u5206\u9ad8\u5174”\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8fd9\u573a\u4eba\u4e3a\u9965\u8352\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u7684\u4e66\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6cb3\u5357\u3001\u5b89\u5fbd\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u3001\u7518\u8083\u3001\u8d35\u5dde\u7b49\u4e94\u4e2a\u7701\u6700\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u4ec5\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u5c31\u6709780\u4e07\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\uff0c\u8be5\u7701\u5f88\u591a\u4e61\u9547\u7684\u997f\u6b7b\u7387\u8fbe20-30%\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u897f\u53bf\u9547\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3Xixian County\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u6709639\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\u7531\u65bc\u997f\u6b7b\u548c\u9003\u8d70\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7a7a\u6751\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe10\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u8be5\u7701\u4fe1\u9633\u5730\u533a1958\u5e74\u6709\u4eba\u53e3800\u4e07\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c400\u4e07\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fbe50%\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u997f\u6b7b\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8be5\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u60c5\u51b5\u662f∶“\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c1989\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5b89\u5fbd\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5b89\u5fbd\u67093\u53433\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6b7b\u65bc\u9965\u997f237\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u51e4\u9633\u53bf\uff0c\u67095\u53431\u767e\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\uff08\u8be5\u4e66\u8fd8\u5f15\u7528\u534e\u4eba\u5b66\u8005\u4e01\u6292\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u4eba\u7978\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u51e4\u9633\u997f\u6b7b9\u4e07\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5b64\u513f\u8fbe3304\u4e2a\uff08\u591a\u6570\u572810\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff09\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u8be5\u4e66\u8bf4“\u5728\u51e4\u9633\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5e72\u90e8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\u654c\u4eba\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u5bf9\u58f0\u79f0\u9965\u997f\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u85cf\u7cae\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u8feb\u5bb3\u5305\u62ec\u6d3b\u57cb\u3001\u7528\u7ef3\u5b50\u52d2\u6b7b\u3001\u5272\u9f3b\u5b50\u7b49\u5668\u5b98┅┅\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe2\u4e078\u5343\u96f626\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d441\u4eba\u88ab\u9177\u5211\u81f4\u6b7b\uff0c383\u4eba\u7ec8\u751f\u6b8b\u5e9f\uff0c\u88ab\u5173\u8fdb\u76d1\u72f1\u76842\u5343\u591a\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709382\u4eba\u6b7b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002\u636e\u51e4\u9633\u53bf\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u8d75\u4f20\u5c45\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3Zhao Chuanju\uff09\u7684\u526f\u5927\u961f\u957f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u6253\u6b7b\u4e8630\u4e2a\u519c\u6c11\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u5f8c\u6765\u6d41\u4f20\u5230\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u65b9“\u51e4\u9633\u62a5\u544a”\uff08\u9648\u632f\u4e9a\u65bc1961\u5e742\u6708\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u53bf\u5404\u4e61\u4e0a\u62a5\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u5199\u6210\uff0c\u8f7d\u9999\u6e2f\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u300b\u6742\u5fd71994\u5e743\u6708\u53f7\uff09∶\u8be5\u53bf\u997f\u6b7b6\u4e07\u96f62\u767e45\u4eba\uff08\u63a5\u8fd1\u8be5\u53bf\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\uff0c8404\u6237\u5168\u5bb6\u997f\u6b7b\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0603\u8d77\u5403\u4eba\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u53ea\u8981\u770b\u5230\u8c01\u5bb6\u7684\u70df\u56f1\u5192\u706b\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5728\u716e\u4eba\u8089\uff09\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u300a\u997f\u9b3c\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7518\u8083\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f∶“\u7518\u8083\u7701\u5f53\u65f6\u67091200\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u6700\u4f4e\u4f30\u8ba1\u670969\u4e076\u5343\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u636e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7701\u505a\u8fc7\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u539f\u4e2d\u5171\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u4f53\u6539\u6240\u6240\u957f\u9648\u4e00\u8c18\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u8be5\u7701\u997f\u6b7b\u4eba\u6570\u6709120\u4e07\u3002\u66fe\u966a\u540c\u6c6a\u950b\u5230\u7518\u8083\u89c6\u5bdf\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u5458\u94b1\u82f1\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3Qian Ying\uff09\u81ea\u4f20\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u7518\u8083\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86130\u4e07\u4eba\u3002”\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u8d44\u6599\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u7518\u8083\u6709300\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8be5\u4e66\u63d0\u5230\u8d35\u5dde\u7701\u65f6\u8bf4∶“\u5f53\u65f6\u8be5\u7701\u67091600\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u7ea6\u6709100\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u65bc\u9965\u997f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u9075\u4e49\u5730\u533a\uff08\u4e2d\u5171\u957f\u5f81\u65f6\u5728\u6b64\u53ec\u5f00\u8457\u540d\u7684\u9075\u4e49\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\uff0c\u516b\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e78\u5b58\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u56db\u5ddd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u997f\u6b7b\u4eba\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u60ca\u4eba\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u5f15\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u5c40\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8005\u73ed\u5c3c\u65af\u7279\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4∶“1957\u5e74\u5e95\u56db\u5ddd\u6709\u4eba\u53e37\u53432\u767e16\u4e07\uff0c\u52301964\u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u52306\u53439\u767e\u96f61\u4e07\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a0.91%\u3002\u636e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8005\u5f6d\u5b50\u54f2\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3Peng Zizhe\uff09\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86900\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u5b9c\u5bbe\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5c31\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86100\u4e07\u3002”\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u4f30\u7b97\u6570\u5b57\u662f\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u997f\u6b7b\u4eba\u6570\u5728700\u5230900\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4ec5\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e94\u4e2a\u7701——\u6cb3\u5357\uff08\u997f\u6b7b780\u4e07\uff09\u3001\u5b89\u5fbd\uff08\u997f\u6b7b230\u4e07\uff09\u3001\u7518\u8083\uff08\u997f\u6b7b130\u4e07\uff09\u3001\u8d35\u5dde\uff08\u997f\u6b7b100\u4e07\uff09\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\uff08\u997f\u6b7b900\u4e07\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u5c31\u67092\u53431\u767e40\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9a6c\u82e5\u5fb7\uff08Roderick MacFarquhar\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bd1\u4e3a\u9ea6\u514b\u6cd5\u5938\u5c14\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u6587\u9769\u53f2\u4e4b\u4e09∶1961\u52301966\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u707e\u96be\u300b\uff08The Origins of the Cultural Revolution 3: the Coming of the Cataclysm 1961-1966\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“1958\u52301961\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5927\u707e\u96be┅┅\u8d85\u8fc73\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u997f\u6b7b\u3002”<\/span><\/div>
 <\/div>   \u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8003\u7279\u65af\u548c\u514b\u96f7\u9ed8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ed1\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“1958\u5e74\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u9965\u8352\u671f\uff0c\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\u9020\u6210\u4e862\u5343\u4e07\u52304\u53433\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u524d\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u526f\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\u7d22\u5c14\u5179\u4f2f\u91cc\u57281992\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u65b0\u7687\u5e1d\u4eec\u6bdb\u548c\u9093\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff08The New Emperors ∶China in the Era of Mao and Deng\uff09\u3002\u7d22\u5c14\u5179\u4f2f\u91cc\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u8bbf\u8fc7\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u3001\u6768\u5c1a\u6606\u3001\u8584\u4e00\u6ce2\u7b49\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u5f88\u591a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u5171\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u5728\u8c08\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u9965\u8352\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5171\u516c\u5b89\u90e8\u4e00\u4f4d\u8d44\u6df1\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u5168\u56fd\u9881\u53d1\u7684“\u9886\u7cae\u8bc1”\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u67093\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\uff08\u5f8c\u6765\u518d\u6ca1\u4f7f\u7528“\u9886\u7cae\u8bc1”\uff09\u3002\u636e\u524d\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u7684\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c“\u5f53\u65f6\u997f\u6b7b\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u57284\u53433\u767e\u4e07\u52304\u53436\u767e\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u91d1\u8f89\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5927\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u6708\u520a\uff081993\u5e744\u30015\u6708\u5408\u520a\u53f7\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u7684“\u4e09\u5e74\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3\u7684\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55”\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“1959\u52301961\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u57284\u5343\u96f640\u4e07\u81f34\u53433\u767e19\u4e07\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u91d1\u8f89\u63d0\u51fa\u76844\u53433\u767e19\u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u5b66\u8005\u4f30\u7b97\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u91d1\u8f89\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u5404\u5e74\u5ea6\u4eba\u53e3\u603b\u6570\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u8c03\u67e5\u63a8\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff08\u8be5\u6742\u5fd7\u56e0\u520a\u8f7d\u6b64\u6587\u968f\u5f8c\u906d\u5f53\u5c40\u67e5\u7981\uff09\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u56db\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u7b2c\u56db\u671f\uff081966\u81f31980\u5e74\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\u6240\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6709300\u4e07\u5e72\u90e8\u88ab\u5b9a\u9519\uff0c30\u4e07\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff08\u591a\u6570\u5b9a\u4e3a\u53cd\u9769\u547d\uff09\uff1b\u8be5\u4e66\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u5bf9\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bb0\u8005\u6240\u8bf4——“\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u7ea6\u4e00\u4ebf\u4eba\u53d7\u682a\u8fde\uff0c\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u90b5\u5fb7\u5ec9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶\u4e2d\u5171\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u8bf4\u6587\u9769\u6b7b\u4e86100\u4e07\u4eba\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7d22\u5c14\u5179\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u7687\u5e1d\u4eec∶\u6bdb\u548c\u9093\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶1987\u5e7410\u6708\u4ed6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e2d\u5171\u9ad8\u5e72\u9648\u6c49\u751f\u65f6\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u9769\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u9648\u4f2f\u8fbe\u717d\u52a8\u8bb2\u8bdd\u5f8c\u76841967\u5e7412\u670826\u65e5\u90a3\u5929\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e1c\u90e8\uff0c\u5c31\u67098\u4e074\u5343\u4eba\u88ab\u6279\u6597\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d2\u53439\u767e53\u4eba\u88ab\u6253\u6b7b\u3002\u9648\u6c49\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u9769\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709400\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u4ec5\u5728\u5e7f\u897f\uff0c\u5c31\u67096\u4e077\u53435\u767e\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u6253\u6b7b\u3002\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5174\u53bf\uff0c1967\u5e748\u670826\u65e5\u53ca\u968f\u5f8c\u51e0\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u6709125\u4eba\u88ab\u62d6\u5230\u8857\u4e0a\u6279\u6597\uff0c22\u6237\u5168\u5bb6\u88ab\u6253\u6b7b\uff0c300\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7b49\u5408\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u5386\u53f2\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300b\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“1984\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u53c8\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e24\u5e74\u96f6\u4e03\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5168\u9762\u8c03\u67e5\u3001\u6838\u5b9e\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u6587\u9769\u6709\u5173\u6570\u5b57\u662f420\u4e07\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u5ba1\u67e5\uff1b172\u4e078\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1b13\u4e075\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\u88ab\u4ee5\u73b0\u884c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7f6a\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\uff1b\u6b66\u6597\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea123\u4e077\u5343\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c703\u4e07\u4f59\u4eba\u4f24\u6b8b\uff1b7\u4e071\u53432\u767e\u4f59\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u6574\u4e2a\u88ab\u6bc1\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u6309\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u65b9\u62a5\u544a\u7684\uff08\u5408\u8ba1\uff09210\u4e07\u4eba\u5230\u9648\u6c49\u751f\u4f30\u7b97\u7684400\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e94\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u7b2c\u4e94\u671f\uff081989\u5e74\u53ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
   “\u516d\u56db” \u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5e03\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7eaa\u601d\u9053\u548c\u4f0d\u6d01\u82b3\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c9\u9192\u4e86\u300b\u8c08\u5230“\u516d\u56db”\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5317\u4eac\u4e00\u4e9b\u533b\u751f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f30\u7b97\u9047\u96be\u8005\u5728400\u5230800\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u51e0\u5343\u4eba\u53d7\u4f24\u3002\u7eaa\u601d\u9053\u5bf9\u6b64\u611f\u53f9\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6309\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684400\u4eba\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u4e5f\u8d85\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u6740\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u5b66\u751f\u603b\u6570\u3002\u7eaa\u601d\u9053\u4e66\u4e2d\u5f15\u8ff0\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u7ea63\u5343\u4eba\u5728\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1996\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u300a\u73af\u7403\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08Globe and Mail\uff09\u8bb0\u8005\u9ec4\u660e\u73cd\uff08Jan Wong\uff09\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300a\u795e\u5dde\u6028\u300b\uff08Red China Blues\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u5728\u516d\u56db\u5f8c\u76846\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u8fdb\u5165\u5317\u4eac\u5de5\u4eba\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u533b\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u95f4\u91cc\u5806\u79ef\u81f3\u5c11100\u5177\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u51b0\u67dc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u80fd\u88c54\u5177\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u585e\u6ee1\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u4e0d\u591f\u7528\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1996\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5c31\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u5c60\u6740\u4e3e\u884c\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\u505a\u8bc1\u7684\u524d\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u5468\u520a\u9a7b\u5317\u4eac\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e3b\u4efb\u827e\u514b\u66fc\uff08David Aikman\uff09\u8bf4∶\u4e00\u4f4d\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u8bb0\u8005\u5728\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e09\u5929\u5185\uff0c\u66fe\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\u7ed9\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u51e0\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u8be2\u95ee\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e00\u5bb6\u533b\u9662\u8bf4\u6709323\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1996\u5e7412\u670812\u65e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u8bba\u575b\u62a5\u300b\uff08Tennessee Tribune\uff09\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u5f15\u8ff0\u56fd\u9645\u7ea2\u5341\u5b57\u4f1a\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u8bf4∶“\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u591c\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u67093\u53437\u767e\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1998\u5e746\u67084\u65e5\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5468\u62a5\u300a\u7edd\u5bc6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u300b\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u4e1c\u65b9\u95ee\u9898\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fbe\u4f5b\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u8c08“\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6”\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u8fbe\u4f5b\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u57281989\u5e74\u66fe\u4f5c\u4e3a\u987e\u95ee\u966a\u540c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u8bbf\u95ee\u5317\u4eac\u3002\u8be5\u6587\u8bf4\uff0c“\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u82cf\u8054\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u7ea63\u5343\u591a\u4eba\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1999\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u6559\u6388\u4e01\u5b50\u9716\u5df2\u7ecf\u5177\u4f53\u8c03\u67e5\u5230“\u516d\u56db\u53d7\u96be\u8005\u540d\u5355”\u6709155\u540d\uff0c\u8fd8\u670965\u540d\u4f24\u6b8b\u8005\u540d\u5355\uff08\u300a\u89c1\u8bc1\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u6b63\u4e49\u516d\u56db\u4f24\u6b8b\u8005\u548c\u6b7b\u96be\u8005\u5bb6\u5c5e\u8bc1\u8bcd\u300b\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6“\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743”1999\u5e746\u6708\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
   “\u516d\u56db”\u5c60\u6740\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u7acb\u5373\u7684\u5904\u51b3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bcf\u5e74\u50cf\u4ee5\u5f80\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u90fd\u5904\u51b3\u5927\u6279\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u5904\u51b3\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5e74\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u5168\u7403\u5176\u5b83\u56fd\u5bb6\u5904\u51b3\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u603b\u548c\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u516d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u5c60\u6740<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u5185\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u548c\u65b0\u7586\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u6c11\u65cf\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\uff0c\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\u66f4\u88ab\u5f53\u5c40\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u5219\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u4e13\u9879\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u519b\u4e8b\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u526f\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u519b\u59d4\u6cd5\u5236\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u56fe\u95e8\uff08\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\uff0c\u66fe\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ba1\u7406\u6797\u5f6a\u3001\u6c5f\u9752\u7b49\u5927\u6848\uff09\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u5b66\u8005\u795d\u4e1c\u529b\u5408\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5eb7\u751f\u548c“\u5185\u4eba\u515a”\u51a4\u6848\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5f15\u75281980\u5e7411\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u7279\u522b\u68c0\u5bdf\u5385\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u5185\u8499\u53e4\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u56e0\u5185\u4eba\u515a\u7b49\u51a4\u6848\uff0c\u670934\u4e076\u5343\u591a\u4eba\u906d\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c1\u4e076\u53432\u767e22\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002”\u8be5\u4e66\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c“1969\u5e74\u5185\u8499\u53e4\u56fe\u514b\u516c\u793e\u67092961\u4eba\uff0c\u88ab\u6253\u6210\u5185\u4eba\u515a\u7684\u5c31\u6709926\u4eba\uff0c\u5360\u61c2\u4e8b\u4eba\u768471%\uff0c\u88ab\u6d3b\u6d3b\u6253\u6b7b\u7684\u6709409\u4eba\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u4f24\u6b8b270\u4eba\u3002”\uff08\u8be5\u4e661995\u5e74\u5e95\u7531\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u6821\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u968f\u5f8c\u88ab\u5f53\u5c40\u67e5\u7981\uff09\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u65c5\u5c45\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u8499\u53e4\u5b66\u8005\u6e05\u683c\u5c14\u56fe\uff08Tsengelt Gonchigsuren\uff091999\u5e74\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u957f\u8fbe20\u9875\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u5bf9\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u300b\uff08Chinese Genocide Against Mongols\uff09\u5f15\u8ff0\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7“\u4e9a\u6d32\u89c2\u5bdf”\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u6587\u9769\u4e2d\uff0c\u5185\u8499\u53e4\u67095\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6bd4\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\u9ad8\u51fa\u4e09\u500d\u591a\u3002\u636e\u6e05\u683c\u5c14\u56fe\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u670915\u4e07\u591a\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u4e03\uff0c\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u7684\u5c60\u6740<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1959\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u4e2d\u5171\u5f3a\u884c\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9020\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5168\u897f\u85cf\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u8d77\u4e49\u906d\u4e25\u9177\u9547\u538b\u3002\u636e\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u65b0\u95fb\u5468\u520a\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u827e\u592b\u5510\uff08John F. Avedon\uff091984\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u96ea\u57df\u5883\u5916\u6d41\u4ea1\u8bb0\u300b\uff08In Exile from the Land of Snows\uff09\u5f15\u7528\u85cf\u4eba\u6e38\u51fb\u961f\u5728\u4f0f\u51fb\u4e2d\u7f34\u83b7\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u897f\u85cf\u519b\u533a\u653f\u6cbb\u90e8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u72b6\u51b5\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u6750\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“1959\u5e743\u6708\u523010\u6708\u95f4\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u897f\u85cf\u53db\u4e71\u4efd\u5b508\u4e077\u5343\u4eba\u3002”\uff08\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1988\u5e743\u6708\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u8be5\u4e66\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u5f8c\u88ab\u5f53\u5c40\u67e5\u7981\u3001\u6536\u7f34\u3002\uff09<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u300a\u997f\u9b3c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5df2\u6545\u7b2c\u5341\u4e16\u73ed\u7985\u5587\u561b\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c1959\u5e74\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u8d77\u4e49\u88ab\u9547\u538b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5168\u897f\u85cf15%\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6751\u5b50\u67098\u767e\u5230\u4e00\u5343\u4eba\u88ab\u6293\u8d70\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u6b7b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u85cf\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u5f8c\u6765\u5212\u5206\u7684“\u897f\u85cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a”\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u539f\u6709\u7684\u897f\u85cf\u4e09\u533a——\u5eb7\u533a\u3001\u536b\u85cf\u3001\u5b89\u591a\uff09\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea6340\u4e07\u3002\u73ed\u7985\u5587\u561b\u6240\u8bf4\u768415%\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u670951\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d25\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1959\u5e74\u85cf\u4eba\u8d77\u4e49\u88ab\u9547\u538b\u540e\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u5c31\u662f60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u85cf\u4eba\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u300a\u997f\u9b3c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u6709\u4e13\u7ae0\u8c08\u85cf\u4eba\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57∶“\u7518\u8083\u7701\u7518\u5357\u53bf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bfa\u5e99\uff0c400\u540d\u85cf\u4eba\u50e7\u4fa3\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u4ec5100\u4eba\u5e78\u5b58\uff0c\u5176\u4e8e\u90fd\u997f\u6b7b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\uff1b\u5728\u5173\u62bc\u85cf\u4eba\u7684\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u9ad8\u8fbe40-90%\u3002”“\u5728\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u5b89\u591a\uff08\u9752\u6d77\u5e73\u5b89\u9547\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u5c1150%\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u5728\u6709100\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u56db\u5ddd\u7701\u5eb7\u5b9a\u85cf\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u5dde\uff0c40\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u9965\u997f\u3002\u5728\u56db\u5ddd\u7684\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u6bcf5\u4e2a\u85cf\u4eba\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\u3002\u5728\u62c9\u8428\u90ca\u5916\u7684\u624e\u5947\uff08Drapchi\uff09\u76d1\u72f1\uff0c1960\u5e7411\u6708\u52301961\u5e746\u6708\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c1\u4e077\u5343\u540d\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u7684\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u67091\u4e074\u5343\u4eba\u88ab\u997f\u6b7b\u6216\u8feb\u5bb3\u81f4\u6b7b\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u4e0a\u8ff0\u827e\u592b\u5510\u7684\u300a\u96ea\u57df\u5883\u5916\u6d41\u4ea1\u8bb0\u300b\u8bf4∶“\u636e\u4ece\u7518\u8083\u7701\u4f1a\u5170\u5dde\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u52b3\u6539\u8425\u4e2d\u5e78\u5b58\u7684\u4eba\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u5173\u62bc\u76847\u4e07\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u5e78\u5b58\u3002\u7518\u8083\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6240\u76d1\u72f1\u9152\u9547\uff08\u8bd1\u97f3Jiuzhen\uff09\u5173\u62bc\u7684706\u540d\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u534a\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u9752\u6d77\u7701\u4f1a\u897f\u5b81\u5317\u90e810\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u8f66\u8def\u7684Vebou\u52b3\u6539\u8425\uff0c\u5173\u62bc\u76843\u4e07\u591a\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d1\u4e074\u5343\u4eba\u997f\u6b7b\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u300a\u997f\u9b3c\u300b\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5171\u6c11\u65cf\u4e8b\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u8d44\u6599∶\u5b98\u65b9\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4ece1953\u5e74\u52301964\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u53e3\u4ece278\u4e07\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u5230250\u4e07\uff0c\u4e0b\u964d\u7387\u8fbe10%\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4ee5\u540c\u671f\u5185\u8499\u4eba\u53e3\u4ece140\u4e07\u589e\u52a0\u5230197\u4e07\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e5f\u6709\u9965\u8352\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff09\u7684\u589e\u957f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u63a8\u7b97\u8bf4\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u53e3\u57281959\u5e74\u9ad8\u5cf0\u671f\u5e94\u4e3a340\u4e07\u3002\u4f461964\u5e74\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u53e3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u6709\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4e0b\u964d\u5230250\u4e07\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2d\u95f4\u670990\u4e07\u4eba“\u5931\u8e2a”\u3002\u53bb\u63891959\u5e74\u968f\u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b\u9003\u4ea1\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u76848\u4e07\u85cf\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u4e5f\u670980\u4e07\u4eba“\u6d88\u5931”\u30021961\u5e74\u73ed\u7985\u5587\u561b\u5199\u7ed9\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u4e07\u8a00\u4e66\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u53e3\u65f6\u8bf4\u5f53\u65f6\u6709“300\u4e07”\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6309300\u4e07\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u4e5f\u670950\u4e07\u4eba“\u5931\u8e2a”\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u6bcf6\u4e2a\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u67091\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9547\u538b\u6216\u9965\u997f\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u8fbe\u8d56\u5587\u561b1991\u5e7410\u67089\u65e5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u6f14\u8bb2\u65f6\u8bf4∶“\u81ea1950\u81f31980\u5e74\uff0c\u85cf\u4eba\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u548c\u67aa\u6740\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8fbe120\u4e07\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u897f\u85cf\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d34\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\uff0c86\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u67aa\u6740\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u516b\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u7586\u7ef4\u65cf\u4eba\u7684\u5c60\u6740<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1961\u5e74\uff0c\u65b0\u7586\u4f0a\u7281\u5730\u533a\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5168\u6c11\u66b4\u52a8\u3002\u539f\u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50\u5e02\u6587\u8054\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001“\u4e1c\u571f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e2d\u5fc3”\u6267\u884c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u963f\u4e0d\u529b\u514b\u6728\uff08Abdulhekim\uff091999\u5e745\u6708\u5e95\u5728\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u5e02\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u603b\u90e8\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u90a3\u573a\u66b4\u52a8\u8d77\u56e0\u662f\u9965\u997f\uff0c“\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u767d\u57ce\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u67096\u4e07\u4eba\u88ab\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u722c\u7740\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6b7b\u7684\u3002”\u5f53\u51e0\u5343\u540d\u9965\u997f\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4f0a\u5b81\u5e02\u7684\u4f0a\u7281\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u95e8\u5916\u547c\u558a“\u8981\u7cae\u98df”\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u65b0\u7586\u519b\u533a\u53f8\u4ee4\u738b\u9707\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5f00\u67aa\u3002\u81f3\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u6709\u89c1\u8bc1\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u51e0\u767e\u5177\u5c38\u4f53\u3002\u968f\u5f8c\u7ea6\u670915\u523020\u4e07\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u9003\u79bb\u65b0\u7586\u3001\u6d8c\u8fdb\u82cf\u8054\u5883\u5185\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
   1997\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4f0a\u5b81\u53d1\u751f\u66b4\u52a8\u3002\u636e“\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u8d66”\u7ec4\u7ec71999\u5e744\u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u7684“\u65b0\u7586\u4eba\u6743\u62a5\u544a”\u5f53\u65f6\u67093\u52305\u5343\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u767e\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u653e\u4e86\u6c34\u7684\u7ed3\u51b0\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f8c\u6765\u9003\u5230\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u4f0a\u5b81\u5e02\u533b\u9662\u5973\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u63a5\u53d7\u6211\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c“\u5176\u4e2d\u67094\u4eba\u51bb\u6b7b\uff0c200\u591a\u4eba\u51bb\u4f24\u3002”\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\uff0c“\u4ece1997\u5e741\u6708\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u6709210\u4eba\u88ab\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d190\u4eba\u88ab\u67aa\u51b3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\u548c\u67aa\u51b3\u7684\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u7ef4\u543e\u5c14\u4eba\u3002”\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u8fd8\u5217\u51fa\u65b0\u7586\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\u5173\u62bc\u7684200\u591a\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\uff08\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d44\u6599\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5355\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u65c5\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u7684\u7ef4\u65cf\u5b66\u8005\u5b89\u74e6\u5c14\u65bc1999\u5e74\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u53ec\u5f00\u7684“\u4e00\u56fd\u4e24\u5236\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a”\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u8a00∶“\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u5904\u51b3\u4ee5\u53ca\u8feb\u5bb3\u6b7b\u4e8e\u72f1\u4e2d\u7684\u7ef4\u65cf\u4eba\u7b49\u6709700\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u5173\u62bc\u3001\u6536\u5ba1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u8fbe56\u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u4e5d\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u8fbe8\u5343\u4e07<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u81ea\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u6216\u7531\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\u81f4\u6b7b\uff1f\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u62c9\u6885\u5c141991\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8840\u8165\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1a1900\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6d69\u52ab\u548c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u300b\uff08China’s Bloody Century\uff1aGenocide and Mass Murder Since 1900\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63a8\u7b97\uff1a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u67094500\u4e07\u4eba\u56e0\u5f02\u5e38\u539f\u56e0\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d2700\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc“\u9965\u8352”\uff0c1800\u4e07\u4eba\u6b7b\u65bc\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f\u3002<\/span><\/div>
 <\/div>   \u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u5317\u4eac“\u671d\u534e\u51fa\u7248\u793e”\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd“\u5de6”\u7978\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u81ea1949\u5e74\u81f31992\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u5386\u6b21\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u539f\u56e0\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u7ea65\u5343\u4e07\u3002”\uff08\u8be5\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u548c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u732e\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7b49\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u5f8c\u5373\u906d\u5f53\u5c40\u67e5\u7981\uff09\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u636e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u5b66“\u745e\u739b\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u6240”\uff08Remarque Institute\uff09\u4e3b\u4efb\u6731\u8fea\u7279\uff08Tony Judt\uff091997\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5\u5728\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0“\u901a\u5411\u5730\u72f1\u7684\u6f2b\u957f\u4e4b\u8def”\uff08The Longest Road to Hell\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u67096\u53435\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u5f02\u5e38\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u8003\u7279\u65af\u548c\u514b\u96f7\u9ed8\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9ed1\u76ae\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57∶“\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e27\u751f\u7684\u603b\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u57284450\u4e07\u52307200\u4e07\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u636e\u524d\u8ff0\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u8bb0\u8005\u90b5\u5fb7\u5ec9\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u9053“\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u6b7b\u4ea1”\uff08\u636e\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\uff09∶“\u81ea1949\u5e74\u4e2d\u5171\u5efa\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u548c\u67aa\u6740\u800c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u67098\u5343\u4e07\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u3002”<\/span>
   <\/span>
   \u5386\u53f2\u5c06\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u5171<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u65af\u5927\u6797\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u60b2\u5267\uff0c\u6b7b\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u662f\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u66f4\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u548c\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u90a3\u79cd\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\u548c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u547d\u8054\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u30028\u5343\u4e07\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u591a\u9ebd\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff01\u5b83\u76f8\u5f53\u65bc\u8fd14\u4e2a\u53f0\u6e7e\uff0c11\u4e2a\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff1b\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e27\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u76842\u500d\u534a\u8fd8\u591a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u51b5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u4f1a\u592a\u60ac\u6b8a\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u9664\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c38\u8fdc\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u7ec8\u751f\u6b8b\u5e9f\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u5931\u5e38\uff0c\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u8352\u5e9f\u4e86\u9752\u6625\u3001\u5e74\u534e\u3002\u800c\u90a3\u79cd\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u6d17\u8111\u548c\u975e\u4eba\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u66f4\u4f7f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u5728\u90a3\u5757\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u6d3b\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u611f\u67d3\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u517d\u6027\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6467\u6b8b\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u6570\u5b57\u7edf\u8ba1\u548c\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f6a\u6076\u7d2f\u7d2f\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff08\u4e14\u81f3\u4eca\u6beb\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u6094\u610f\u3001\u66f4\u7edd\u4e0d\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u8ba4\u7f6a\u3001\u9053\u6b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c60\u6740\uff01\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u671f\u671b\u5b83\u8fd8\u80fd\u6539\u9769\u4ece\u5584\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u5728\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7f8e\u68a6\u3002<\/span>
   <\/span>
    \u5bf9\u516b\u5343\u4e07\u6b7b\u8005\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u6c38\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff1b\u5bf9\u65bc\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9976\u6055\uff01<\/span>
 <\/div>
 <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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