{"id":4277,"date":"2008-04-02T11:42:06","date_gmt":"2008-04-02T11:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=4277 "},"modified":"2008-04-02T11:42:06","modified_gmt":"2008-04-02T11:42:06","slug":"4277-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=4277","title":{"rendered":"\u5173\u4e8e\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4e00\u3002\u5f15\u8a00<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u4e0d\u50cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u90a3\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5730\u5ea6\u91cf\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\uff08Transparency International\uff09\u201d\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u7528\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u611f\uff08perceived corruption index\uff09\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6307\u6807\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\uff08\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u9690\u853d\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5207\u5b9e\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8150\u8d25\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u808c\u4f53\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9898\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u732e\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u5185\uff09\u81ea1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u8fc5\u901f\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u7ecf\u9887\u6709\u201c\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\u201d\u4e4b\u611f\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u52a8\u8bcd\u201ccorruptus\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u6bc1\u706d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7834\u574f\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u8bcd\u6839\uff0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e11\u964b\u5730\u6b7b\u53bb\u6216\u6bc1\u706d\uff08\u9875191\uff0cLiddell\uff0c1889\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4ece\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u501f\u6765\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bed\u8bcd\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6307\u79f0\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6709\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u65e0\u6cd5\u514d\u9664\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u800c\u524d\u8005\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u548c\u6b32\u671b\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u53bb\u5efa\u7acb\u7f57\u9a6c\u5f0f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u6a21\u6269\u5927\u65f6\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u53ef\u80fd\u5931\u53bb\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u5c11\u6570\u6210\u5458\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u516c\u804c\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8150\u8d25\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u751f\u6b7b\u5b58\u4ea1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u5f80\u5f80\u5bfc\u81f4\u6574\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3002\u524d\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u5b66\u79d1\u5176\u5b83\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6070\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u5982\u540c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bed\u8bcd\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u90a3\u6837\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5b83\u6cdb\u6307\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\uff08\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff09\u201d\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u8150\u8d25\u6309\u7167\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u884c\u653f\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u7b49\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u592a\u8fc7\u5bbd\u6cdb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u96c5\u5178\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u5224\u51b3\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u6b7b\u5211\u65f6\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u96c5\u5178\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u6307\u4e3a\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u771f\u7cbe\u795e\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ecd\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4f17\u591a\u6b67\u4e49\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u8150\u8d25\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4ee5\u516c\u6743\u725f\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5f53\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4ee5\u6743\u8c0b\u79c1\u884c\u4e3a\uff1f\uff082\uff09\u5982\u679c\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u6cdb\u6307\u4e00\u5207\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6ee5\u7528\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u76f8\u533a\u5206\uff1f\uff083\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u201d\uff1f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u6216\u591a\u6570\u6210\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8150\u8d25\uff1f\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u7b26\u5408\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u516c\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u7528\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u514d\u9664\u8150\u8d25\uff1f\uff084\uff09\u201c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u201d\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u529b\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u7684\u201c\u6ee5\u7528\u201d\uff1f\u66f4\u5e7f\u4e49\u5730\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u201c\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u529b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6587\u5316\u6743\u529b\u201d\u7684\u8150\u8d25\uff1f<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6307\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u6280\u672f\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u201c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\uff0d\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u5e73\u9762\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\uff08\u5373 Scitovsky graphic\uff09\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e0e\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5229\u76ca\u5728\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u4e92\u76f8\u6096\u53cd\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u7684\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u5e72\u8106\u628a\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e \u201c\u6548\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u4e0b\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u5bfc\u51fa\u7684\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5206\u6790\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u7c7b\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u89d2\u70b9\u89e3\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u201c\u6709\u201d\u6216\u201c\u65e0\u201d \u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u201c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u9605\u8bfb\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6587\u732e\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u91cc\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u578b\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u201c\u5e74\u529f\uff0d\u62a5\u916c\u201d\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u5408\u7406\u659c\u7387\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e8c\u3002\u6587\u732e\u7efc\u8ff0<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\uff08Bekcer\uff0c1968\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u72af\u7f6a\u4e0e\u201c\u6700\u4f18\u76d1\u7763\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7814\u7a76\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u7ed9\u51fa\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5747\u8861\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u6f5c\u5728\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u884c\u4e3a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u6210\u672c\uff0c\uff082\uff09\u72af\u7f6a\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u8d85\u989d\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\uff083\uff09\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u9884\u671f\u7684\u88ab\u6293\u83b7\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u53ca\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u800c\u8a00\u201c\u6700\u4f18\u7684\u201d\u60e9\u7f5a\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u662f\u5b89\u3002\u514b\u9c81\u683c\uff08Krueger\uff0c1974\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\u5979\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79df\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5979\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5173\u7a0e\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5979\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u628a\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5df4\u683c\u74e6\u8482\uff08Bhagwati\uff0c1982\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5bfb\u79df\uff08\u6240\u8c13\u201cDUP\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0cDirect Unproductive Profit-seeking activities\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5173\u4e8e\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u5bfb\u79df\u6d3b\u52a8\u52a0\u4ee5\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5bfb\u79df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ece\u4e8b\u201c\u9662\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\uff082\uff09\u5e02\u573a\u4efd\u989d\u5207\u5272\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff083\uff09\u4e13\u6709\u7ecf\u8425\u6743\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u5bfb\u79df\u53ef\u80fd\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u6536\u4e70\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e3a\u6536\u4e70\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u603b\u989d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfb\u79df\u6d3b\u52a8\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u628a\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u9886\u57df\uff08\u5962\u4f88\u6027\u6d88\u8d39\u53ca\u4f4e\u6548\u7387\u5b9e\u7269\u9988\u8d60\uff09\u3002\u8fdb\u5165 1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u4e8e\u524d\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5404\u56fd\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u8f6c\u578b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u2014\u2014\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5e76\u884c\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u4e8e\u4e9a\u6d32\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u6240\u63ed\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u4e8e\u521a\u521a\u8d70\u51fa 1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u2018\u503a\u52a1\u5371\u673a\u2019\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u65f6\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6e10\u6210\u201c\u663e\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6587\u732e\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5317\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u8d27\u5e01\u57fa\u91d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u3001\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u6ce8\u8150\u8d25\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u6027\u6587\u732e\uff08Lambsdorff\uff0c1999\uff1b Bardhan\uff0c1997\uff1bAdes and Di Tella\uff0c1996\uff1bRose-Ackerman\uff0c1996\uff1bKhan\uff0c1996\uff1bAndvig\uff0c1991\uff1b\u4ee5\u53caTansparency International Source book\uff0c2000\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Ades and Di Tella\uff0c1997\uff0c\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u514b\u9c81\u683c\u548c\u5df4\u683c\u74e6\u8482\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7acb\u573a\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ece\u201c\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u6539\u5584\u6548\u7387\u8bba\u201d\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5bfb\u79df\u201d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u5f00\u59cb\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u6536\u53d6\u8d3f\u8d42\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Tullock\uff0c1996\uff1b\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u4e2d\u6027\u201d\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u53c2\u89c1Johnson\uff0cKaufmann\uff0cand Schleifer\uff0c1997\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4eba\u60f3\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6Posner\uff081975\uff09\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u8150\u8d25\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u589e\u5f3a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6da6\u6ed1\u5242\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u5305\u62ecMurphy\uff0cSchleifer\uff0cand Vishny\uff0c1993\uff1bKurer\uff0c1993\uff1bKaufmann\uff0c1997\uff1bMauro\uff0c1995\uff0c1997.\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5f20\u4e94\u5e38\uff081996\uff09\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u5747\u8861\u201d\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u8150\u8d25\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u673a\u5236\uff08\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\uff09\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed8\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5904\u65b9\u3002Braguinsky\uff0c1996\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u548c\u5784\u65ad\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u8150\u8d25\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u81ea\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\uff08Cadot\uff0c1987\uff1bTirole\uff0c1996\uff09\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5408\u7406\u754c\u5b9a\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u6291\u5236\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\uff08Przeworski\uff0cand Limongi\uff0c1993\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u5047\u8bbe\u4f53\u7cfb\u5f53\u4e2d\u5e94\u5f53\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u6837\u51e0\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u76d1\u7763\u673a\u5236\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u76d1\u7763\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6743\u529b\u88ab\u6ee5\u7528\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u201c\u79df\u201d\u542b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u76f8\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u5bfb\u79df\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u73b0\u884c\u5236\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fdd\u6301 \u201c\u5ec9\u653f\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6fc0\u52b1\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9891\u7387\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8150\u8d25\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9891\u7387\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\uff1b\uff085\uff09\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8c0b\u6c42\u773c\u524d\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6548\u7387\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u6bd4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e09\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u578b<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4ee5\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u4e3a\u201c\u4ee3\u7406\u65b9\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u516c\u4f17\u4e3a\u201c\u59d4\u6258\u65b9\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5047\u8bbeScitovsky\u56fe\u5f62\u53ef\u7528\u6765\u523b\u5212\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u59d4\u6258\uff0d\u4ee3\u7406\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u89c1\u56fe\u4e00\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u56fe\u4e00\uff1aScitovsky\u56fe\u5f62\uff08\u56fe\u5f62\u6b20\u5949\uff09<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u56fe\u4e00\u8868\u793a\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u5f53\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u5c0f\u4e8eD\u65f6\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u8d85\u8fc7D\u65f6\u662f\u6096\u53cd\u7684\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7ec4\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0cI\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5747\u8861\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5e73\u9762\u5750\u6807\u7cfb\u7684\u70b9\uff08C\uff0cB\uff09\u5904\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u8d85\u51fa\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e3a\u201cC\uff0d D\u201d\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u635f\u5931\u4e3a\u201cA\uff0dB\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u56fe\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u7cfb\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\uff0cL\uff0c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6096\u53cd\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5bfb\u79df\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fdb\u5165\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u635f\u5bb3\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6765\u8c0b\u6c42\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u628a\u516c\u4f17\u59d4\u6258\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7528\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u79c1\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u8f6c\u6362\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u7387\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5c31\u662f\u201cMRTS\u201d \u2014\u2014Marginal Rate of Technological Substitution\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8eScitovsky\u56fe\u5f62\u4e2d\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8f6c\u6362\u8fb9\u754c\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u659c\u7387\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u659c\u7387\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u90fd\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e8e\u5047\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u201d \u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5747\u8861\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5229\u76ca\u8f6c\u6362\u6bd4\u7387\u7684\u4f9b\u6c42\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6743\u8861\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u90fd\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u8303\u7574\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u6362\u6bd4\u7387\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bf9\u201c\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7ebf\u53ca\u4f9b\u7ed9\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u8bf1\u81f4\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u8fd0\u7528\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u8bf1\u81f4\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u201c\u5f39\u6027\u201d\u7684\u56db\u6761\u89c4\u5f8b\u4e0d\u96be\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5f39\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5bf9\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u6743\u529b\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52a1\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b97\u65cf\u88c1\u51b3\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5ead\u88c1\u51b3\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u9ed1\u5e2e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u8b66\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u793e\u56e2\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u8d3f\u8d42\u67d0\u6cd5\u5b98\u6240\u9700\u8bf7\u5ba2\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5fc3\u7406\u201d\u8d39\u7528\uff09\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u5e0c\u671b\u80dc\u8bc9\u7684\u6848\u5b50\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u7531\u8087\u4e8b\u65b9\u8d54\u507f\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u4fee\u7406\u8d391600\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u8d2d\u4e70\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u662f\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u624b\u6bb5\u8d8a\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5f39\u6027\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5bf9\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u83b7\u53d6\u79c1\u5229\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6295\u5165\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5bb6\u5916\u4f01\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u67d0\u9879\u76ee\u9700\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e09\u9879\u5ba1\u6279\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e09\u9879\u5ba1\u6279\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u5916\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u5ba1\u6279\u7684\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5c06\u6709\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5f39\u6027\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u8d39\u7528\u5728\u5176\u8c0b\u6c42\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u603b\u8d39\u7528\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5bf9\u5bfb\u79df\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5bf9\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5f39\u6027\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u5176\u4ed6\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ade\u4e89\u8d8a\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u5bf9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5bf9\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5f39\u6027\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f4e\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u201c\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u66f4\u4e3b\u8981\u5730\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u5217\u51fa\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u201c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u201d\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u65e2\u6709\u6743\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6c89\u964d\u6210\u672c\u201d\u9884\u671f\u53ef\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u201c\u5949\u516c\u5b88\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e26\u6765\u591a\u5c11\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5949\u516c\u5b88\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u5f97\u5230\u8865\u507f\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5949\u516c\u5b88\u6cd5\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u7387\u8d8a\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e3a\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u5c31\u8d8a\u5927\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u7840\u5f53\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8865\u5145\u548c\u7ed9\u4e88\u8865\u507f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e0d\u65ad\u8865\u5145\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u53ca\u5411\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u7d22\u53d6\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u916c\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5bf9\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u9884\u671f\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7d22\u53d6\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u9884\u671f\u4ee5\u65e2\u6709\u6743\u529b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u5927\u7684\u65b0\u6743\u529b\u3002\u9884\u671f\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5411\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u7d22\u53d6\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u5c31\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff1b\uff085\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u529b\u968f\u5e74\u9f84\u53ca\u8eab\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\u3001\u4f53\u5236\u6f14\u53d8\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\uff09\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u52a8\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u6743\u529b\u201c\u6298\u65e7\u7387\u201d\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u53ca\u901f\u7387\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7531\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0e\u4f9b\u7ed9\u72b6\u51b5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u4e3a\u5bfb\u79df\u8005\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5747\u8861\u4ef7\u683c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u914d\u7f6e\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u79c1\u5229\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u8f6c\u6362\u7387\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u8fb9\u9645\u8f6c\u6362\u7387\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\u66f2\u7ebf\u65cf\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u66f2\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5207\u7ebf\u659c\u7387\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u8f6c\u6362\u7387\u201d\u7684\u70b9\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u7531\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\u66f2\u7ebf\u53ca\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4ee5\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u8f6c\u6362\u7387\u201d\u4e3a\u659c\u7387\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u7ebf\u7684\u5207\u70b9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u89c1\u56fe\u4e8c\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u56fe\u4e8c\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5747\u8861\u914d\u7f6e<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u56fe\u4e8c\u663e\u793a\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u7531\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u8bc6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u65e0\u5dee\u5f02\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u66f2\u7ebf\u65cfI`\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u7684\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u5c31\u8d8a\u4fdd\u62a4\u516c\u4f17\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u7531\u6743\u529b\u76d1\u7763\u673a\u5236\u7684\u6548\u7387\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u659c\u7387\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u66f2\u7ebf\uff0cL`\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u8c0b\u6c42\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u79c1\u5229\u7684\u6743\u529b\u670d\u52a1\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8fb9\u9645\u8f6c\u6362\u7387\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u662f\u76f4\u7ebf\uff0cM`\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u7ebfM\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5747\u8861\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c11\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6M\uff0cL\uff0cI\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u5728\u70b9\uff08C\uff0cB\uff09\u8fbe\u5230\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a\uff084\uff09\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u652f\u4ed8\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u91cf\u201cA\uff0dB\u201d\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u7ed9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u5176\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u5bfb\u79df\u884c\u4e3a\u51cf\u5c11\uff08\u4e14\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\uff09\u201cC\uff0dD\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8d38\u6613\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u8bbe\u7acb\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u9000\u4f11\u53ca\u517b\u8001\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u628a\u5956\u52b1\u201cA\uff0dB\u201d\u5b58\u5165\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u5ef6\u8fdf\u652f\u4ed8\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e9b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u201c\u5ec9\u653f\u201d\u76d1\u5bdf\u7684\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u201cA\uff0dB\u201d\u7528\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u201c\u5e74\u529f\uff0d\u85aa\u91d1\u201d\u589e\u957f\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\uff1b\uff085\uff09\u5982\u679c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u76f4\u7ebfM\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e0e\u59d4\u6258\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff08\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\uff09\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u53cc\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5e03\u574e\u5357\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u5f20\u4e94\u5e38\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u5f15\u5165\u7ade\u4e89\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f13\u89e3\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u56db\u3002\u7ed3\u8bed\u53ca\u90e8\u5206\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u8bae<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u5199\u4e86\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\u7684\u533b\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center\uff0c2000\uff09\u3002\u9996\u5148\u5e94\u5f53\u628a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u4e0e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u514d\u9664\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u75c7\u72b6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u9760\u4e86\u8150\u8d25\u6da6\u6ed1\u5242\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5bfb\u79df\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u884c\u653f\u8150\u8d25\u201d\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u6d89\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6d89\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u76d1\u7763\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u8150\u8d25\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0b\u5217\u65b9\u5f0f\u964d\u4f4e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fd0\u884c\u6548\u7387\uff1a\uff08A\uff09\u5927\u5927\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u4ece\u800c\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u5916\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u8d44\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\uff08B\uff09\u628a\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u6e90\u4ece\u751f\u4ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u201c\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5bfb\u79df\u201d\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u9762\u53bb\uff1b\uff08C\uff09\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u516c\u4fe1\u529b\u201d\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u201c\u516c\u4e49\u6027\u201d\u4ece\u800c\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u79c1\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d44\u4ea7\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6027\uff1b\uff08D\uff09\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u81f4\u5bcc\u201d\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u521b\u65b0\u6d3b\u52a8\u5f15\u5bfc\u5411\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u9ed1\u5e2e\u6d3b\u52a8\u65b9\u9762\uff08Cartier-Bresson\uff0c2000\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u6291\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u82e5\u5e72\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u57f9\u80b2\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u5c42\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u80fd\u591f\u6c9f\u901a\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5728\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6276\u690d\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u8206\u8bba\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u8206\u8bba\u76d1\u7763\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5bf9\u6ee5\u7528\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u52a0\u4ee5\u5236\u88c1\u3002\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5207\u5b9e\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u63aa\u65bd\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u8bbe\uff0c\u6291\u5236\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6700\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e0d\u662f\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5207\u5207\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u6291\u5236\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5176\u6b21\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u82e5\u5e72\u7528\u4e8e\u6291\u5236\u884c\u653f\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u63aa\u65bd\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6e20\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53cc\u65b9\u5171\u540c\u514b\u670d\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u65e2\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u8005\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u5217\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u963b\u788d\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u7504\u522b\u5404\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ca\u53d1\u751f\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9014\u5f84\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7531\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u5404\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u201d\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u514d\u8d39\u516c\u5f00\u7ed9\u4e00\u5207\u516c\u6c11\u53ca\u613f\u610f\u67e5\u8be2\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u5ba1\u67e5\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u6743\u9650\u53ca\u5b98\u5458\u6309\u7167\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\u201d\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u9650\u65f6\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u540e\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u6743\u8861\u4e0e\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u91cd\u65b0\u89c4\u8303\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u4e0e\u6743\u9650\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u201c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u201d\uff09\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e0a\u8282\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a\uff085\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u516c\u5171\u57fa\u91d1\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u76ee\u7684\uff1a\u96c7\u4f63\u4e13\u4e1a\u79c1\u4eba\u8c03\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u4e3e\u62a5\u6848\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53cd\u8d2a\u6c61\u673a\u6784\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u53d1\u884c\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u9762\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u514d\u8d39\u520a\u7269\u62ab\u9732\u57fa\u91d1\u4f7f\u7528\u72b6\u51b5\u53ca\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u8d5e\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e3e\u62a5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u65e8\u5728\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u3001\u70ed\u7ebf\u7535\u8bdd\u3001\u7fa4\u4f17\u96c6\u4f1a\u7b49\u6e20\u9053\uff1b\uff086\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u653f\u5e9c\u57fa\u91d1\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u201c\u5e74\u529f\uff0d\u62a5\u916c\u201d\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u659c\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4f5c\u62a5\u916c\u53ca\u201c\u5ec9\u653f\u5956\u52b1\u201d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u9000\u4f11\u4ee5\u540e\u518d\u652f\u4ed8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6fc0\u52b1\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7f13\u89e3\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u77ed\u671f\u5316\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u201c\u659c\u7387\u201d\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff1a\u5c31\u4e2d\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u72b6\u51b5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5ef6\u8fdf\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u5927\u81f4\u5e94\u5f53\u8db3\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u9000\u4f11\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u5e74\u6536\u516520\u4e07\u5143\u4eba\u6c11\u5e01\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u968f\u7269\u4ef7\u6307\u6570\u8c03\u6574\uff09\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u804c\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5e74\u6536\u5165\uff08\u7ecf\u4e1a\u7ee9\u8003\u6838\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u5230\u8fbe3\u4e07\u30015\u4e07\u300110\u4e07\u300115\u4e07\u5404\u804c\u52a1\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Alberto Ades\uff0cand Rafael Di Tella\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cCauses and Consequences of Corruption\uff1a A Review of Empirical Contributions\uff0c\u201dIDS Bulletin\uff1a Liberalization and the New Corruption 27\uff0c2 \uff08April\uff09\uff1a 6-11.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Alberto Ades\uff0cand Rafael Di Tella\uff0c1997\uff0c\u201cNational Champions and Corruption\uff1a Some Unpleasant Interventionist Arithmetic\uff0c\u201dThe Economic Journal 107 \uff08July\uff09\uff1a 1023-1042.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Jens Christopher Andvig\uff0c 1991\uff0c\u201cThe Economics of Corruption\uff1a A Survey\uff0c\u201dStudi economici\uff1a46 \uff084-3\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center\uff0c2000\uff0c\u201cAn Annotated Bibliography\u201d\uff0cAnnotated Bibliography of the Anti-Corruption Knowledge Center of the World Bank.htm.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Pranab Bardhan\uff0c1997\uff0c\u201cCorruption and Development\uff1a A Review of Issues\uff0c\u201d Journal of Economic Literature 35 \uff08Sept\uff09\uff1a 1320-1346.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Jagdish N. Bhagwati\uff0c1982\uff0c\u201cDirectly Unproductive\uff0c Profit-seeking \uff08DUP\uff09 Activities\uff0c\u201dJournal of Political Economy 90 \uff085\uff09\uff1a 988-1002.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Gary Becker\uff0c \u201cCrime and Punishment\uff1a An Economic Approach\uff0c\u201d The Journal of Political Economy 76\uff0c 2 \uff08March-April\uff09\uff1a 169-217.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Serguey Braguinsky1996\uff0c\u201cCorruption and Schumpeterian Growth in Different Economic Environments\uff0c\u201dContemporary Economic Policy 14 \uff08July\uff09\uff1a 14-25.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Olivier Cadot\uff0c1987\uff0c\u201cCorruption as a Gamble\uff0c\u201dJournal of Public Economics 33\uff0c 2 \uff08July\uff09\uff1a 223-244.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Jean Cartier-Bresson\uff0c2000\uff0c\u201cEconomics of Corruption\u201d\uff0cOECD Observer Economics of corruption.htm.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Steven N.S. Cheung\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cA Simplistic General Equilibrium Theory of Corruption\uff0c\u201dContemporary Economic Policy 14 \uff08July\uff09\uff1a 1-5.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Simon Johnson\uff0cDaniel Kaufmann\uff0cand Andrei Schleifer\uff0c1997\uff0c\u201cThe Unofficial Economy in Transition\uff0c\u201d Paper prepared for presentation for the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity\uff0c Washington\uff0c September 4-5\uff0c 1997.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Daniel Kaufmann\uff0c1997\uff0c\u201cCorruption\uff1a the Facts\uff0c\u201dForeign Policy 107 \uff08Summer\uff09\uff1a 114-131.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Mushtaq Khan\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cA Typology of Corrupt Practices in Developing Countries\uff0c\u201dIDS Bulletin\uff1a Liberalization and the New Corruption 27\uff0c 2 \uff08April\uff09\uff1a 12-21.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Anne O. Krueger\uff0c 1974\uff0c\u201cThe Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society\uff0c\u201dThe American Economic Review 64\uff0c 3 \uff08June\uff09\uff1a 291-303.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Oskar Kurer\uff0c1993\uff0c\u201cClientelism\uff0c Corruption\uff0c and the Allocation of Resources\uff0c\u201dPublic Choice 77\uff0c \uff082\uff09\uff1a 259-273.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Johann Graf Lambsdorff\uff0c1999\uff0c\u201cCorruption in Empirical Research – A Review\u201d\uff0c<\/FONT>jlambsd@uni-goettingen.de<\/FONT><\/A>.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

H.G. Liddell\uff0c ed.\uff0c\u300aAn Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon\u300b\uff0c7th ed.\uff0c Oxford University Press\uff0c 1889.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Paolo Mauro\uff0c1995\uff0c\u201cCorruption and Growth\uff0c\u201dThe Quarterly Journal of Economics 106\uff0c 2 \uff08August\uff09\uff1a 681-711.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Paolo Mauro\uff0c1997\uff0c\u201cThe Effects of Corruption on Growth\uff0c Investment\uff0c and Government Expenditure\uff1a A Cross-Country Analysis\uff0c\u201dIn\u300aCorruption and the Global Economy\u300b\uff0c83-107\uff0cEdited by Kimberly Ann Elliot\uff0cWashington\uff1a The Institute for International Economics.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Kevin M. Murphy\uff0cAndrei Schleifer\uff0cand Robert Vishny\uff0c1993\uff0c\u201cWhy is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth\uff0c\u201dThe American Economic Review 83\uff0c 2 \uff08May\uff09\uff1a 409-414.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Susan Rose-Ackerman\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cWhen is Corruption Harmful\uff1f\u201d Background paper for the World Bank\u2018s 1997 World Development Report\uff0cThe State in a Changing World\uff0cWashington\uff1a The World Bank \uff08August\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Richard A. Posner\uff0c1975\uff0c\u201cThe Social Costs of Monopoly and Regulation\uff0c\u201dJournal of Political Economy 83 \uff084\uff09\uff1a 807-827.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi\uff0c1993\uff0c\u201cPolitical Regimes and Economic Growth\uff0c\u201dJournal of Economic Perspectives 7\uff0c 3 \uff08Summer\uff09\uff1a 51-69.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Jean Tirole\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cA Theory of Collective Reputations \uff08With Applications to the Persistence of Corruption and to Firm Quality\uff09\uff0c\u201dThe Review of Economic Studies \uff0863\uff09\uff1a 1-22.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Transparency International\uff0c2000\uff0c\u201cAnalytical Framework\uff0c Part A\uff0c Chapter 2\uff1a Where does Corruption Flourish\u201d\uff0cTI Source Book Where does Corruption Flourish.htm.<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

Gordon Tullock\uff0c1996\uff0c\u201cCorruption Theory and Practice\uff0c\u201dContemporary Economic Policy 14 \uff08July\uff09\uff1a 6-13.<\/FONT><\/P>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u4e00\u3002\u5f15\u8a00 \u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u663e\u8457\u7279\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u4e0d\u50cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u90a3\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8bc1\u5730\u5ea6\u91cf\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5b9e\u8bc1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4277"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4277\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4277"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}