{"id":43745,"date":"2014-11-27T04:51:00","date_gmt":"2014-11-27T04:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=43745 "},"modified":"2014-11-27T04:51:00","modified_gmt":"2014-11-27T04:51:00","slug":"43745-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=43745","title":{"rendered":"\u7ae0\u5c0f\u821f\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\u201d\u89c6\u89d2\u89c2\u5bdf\u201c\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u201d\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61"},"content":{"rendered":"<div><strong>&#8220;\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u57f9\u80b2\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a&#8221;\u5f81\u6587<\/strong><br \/><br \/><strong><br \/>&#8220;\u6211\u4eec\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6e90\u4e8e\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5e94\u5f53\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4f7f\u6c11\u610f\u6b63\u786e\u3002\u4e3a\u514d\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5145\u5206\u60c5\u62a5\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4fe1\u606f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5982\u540c\u592a\u9633\u5bf9\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec6\u83cc\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u50cf\u8def\u706f\u5bf9\u9632\u6b62\u5c0f\u5077\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002&#8221;<br \/>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u7236\u6258\u9a6c\u65af&#8226;\u6770\u6590\u900a<\/strong><br \/><br \/><br \/>1\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<br \/>2\u3001\u5173\u4e8e&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u9619\u5931\u4e0e\u89c2\u70b9\u53c2\u7167<br \/>3\u3001&#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0e\u5185\u6db5 <br \/>3.1 &#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\uff1a&#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u56e0\u7d20<br \/>3.1.1 \u5173\u4e8e&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;<br \/>3.1.2 \u57fa\u4e8e&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;<br \/>3.2 &#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u7684\u5185\u6db5<br \/>3.2.1&nbsp; \u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of citizens\uff09<br \/>3.2.2&nbsp; \u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of potential citizens\uff09<br \/>3.2.3&nbsp; \u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of lieges\uff09<br \/>3.2.4&nbsp; \u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\uff08Natural popular will\uff09 <br \/>3.2.5&nbsp; \u6df7\u5408\u6c11\u610f\uff08Farraginous popular will\uff09<br \/>\u7ed3\u8bed<br \/><br \/><strong>1\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<br \/><\/strong><br \/>\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u884c\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u62e5\u8005\u751a\u4f17\u81ea\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u9635\u8425\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u4e00\u5e72\u4eba\u7b49\u5927\u81f4\u6301\u80af\u5b9a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u80af\u5b9a\u53cd\u8150\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u4e4b\u4e00\u4fbf\u662f\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u6240\u83b7\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e14\u5217\u8bf8\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u7740\u58a8\u7ec6\u817b\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e3a\u7530\u592b\u91ce\u8001\u3001\u8695\u5987\u6751\u6c13\u591a\u6709\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8857\u5934\u805a\u8bae\u3001\u5e2d\u95f4\u95f2\u804a\u591a\u6301\u8d5e\u8a89\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5927\u9646\u6c11\u95f4\u5bf9\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u591a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u652f\u6301\u3002<br \/><br 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\/><br \/>\u4e2d\u5171\u4e0a\u4e0b\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u5df1\u4e4b\u6b32\uff0c\u5386\u6765\u6781\u5c3d\u5f3a\u5978\u6c11\u610f\u4e4b\u80fd\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e8e&#8220;\u6c11\u53ef\u4f7f\u7531\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f7f\u77e5\u4e4b&#8221;\uff0c\u626d\u66f2\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u8df5\u8e0f\u6c11\u610f\u4e4b\u8be1\u8c08\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\uff0c\u5e38\u6709\u521b\u65b0\u30022014\u5e7411\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e0e\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u4f1a\u6664\u65f6\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a&#8220;\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u7a76\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u672a\u5fc5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728&#8216;\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u7968&#8217;\u76f4\u9009\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u610f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u6bd4\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c11\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u67d0\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee3\u8868\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u534f\u5546\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u51e0\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e0b\u3002&#8221;\u5176\u5173\u4e8e&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u4e4b\u8bf4\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8086\u610f\u7f54\u987e\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e14\u660e\u663e\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6b6a\u66f2\u6c11\u610f\u5185\u6db5\u65e0\u4ee5\u590d\u52a0\uff0c\u5f3a\u5978\u6c11\u610f\u4e4b\u8bba\u518d\u521b\u65b0\u7bc7\uff0c\u539a\u989c\u626f\u8c0e\u3001\u4fe1\u53e3\u5f00\u6cb3\u4e4b\u6280\u6108\u53d1\u7089\u706b\u7eaf\u9752\u4e86\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u662f\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bf9&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7b3c\u7edf\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u4fe1\u624b\u53d6\u4e4b\uff0c\u987b\u7ec6\u5316\u800c\u89c2\uff0c\u5206\u7c7b\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u82b3\u82d1\u4e2d\u63a2\u5e7d\u7d22\u9690\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u56e0\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u6216\u8fdb\u5165\u8bef\u533a\uff0c\u81ea\u4e71\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u975e\u7b14\u58a8\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u884c\u6587\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u82e6\u5bfb\u76f8\u5173\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u61be\u65e0\u5927\u6536\u83b7\u3002<br \/><br \/><strong>2\u3001\u5173\u4e8e&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u9619\u5931\u4e0e\u89c2\u70b9\u53c2\u7167<\/strong><br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u64b0\u5199\u672c\u6587\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u767e\u5ea6\u548c\u65e0\u5c4f\u853d\u7684\u8c37\u6b4c\u641c\u7d22&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u91ca\u4e3a&#8220;\u4eba\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u610f\u613f\u3002&#8221;\u6b64\u8bf4\u7f54\u987e\u6c11\u610f\u8d56\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7b49\uff0c\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u6c11\u610f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u975e\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8bba\u4e4b&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u3002\u800c\u641c\u72d7\u767e\u79d1\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u91ca\u4e3a&#8220;\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u610f\u613f&#8221;\uff0c\u6b64\u8bf4\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u91ca\u610f\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u7248\u3002\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1\u5219\u65e0&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6761\uff1b\u4ee5\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u4e4b\u82f1\u6587\u8bd1\u79f0&#8220;popular will&#8221;&#8220;popular opinion&#8221;&#8220;will of the people&#8221;\u67e5\u8be2\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u89c1\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u5927\u9646\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u56fe\u4e66\u9986&#8220;\u77e5\u7f51&#8221;\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u672a\u68c0\u7d22\u5230\u5bf9&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5206\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u601d\u8def\u76f8\u8fd1\u4e4b\u7bc7\uff0c\u5982\uff0c\u94b1\u534e\u6240\u64b0\u300a\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u57f9\u80b2\u300b\uff08\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u77e5\u7f51\u3002\u4e0b\u5982\u65e0\u6ce8\u660e\uff0c\u7686\u540c\uff09\uff0c\u6613\u9876\u5f3a\u6240\u64b0\u300a\u7f51\u7edc\u6c11\u610f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u578b\u516c\u6c11\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5747\u63d0\u53ca&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6&#8221;\uff0c\u94b1\u534e\u300a\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u57f9\u80b2\u300b\u6587\u4e2d\u66f4\u6709&#8220;\u81e3\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6&#8221;\uff0c\u548c\u7b14\u8005\u7684&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5206\u7c7b\u601d\u8def\u6709\u76f8\u901a\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u60dc\u4e24\u6587\u6b62\u6b64\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u672a\u66fe\u5c31\u6c11\u610f\u4f5c\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u4e54\u82b3\u6240\u64b0\u7684\u7855\u8bba\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u6c11\u610f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6570\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u663e\u5df2\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u6027\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u60dc\u672a\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u66f4\u672a\u5bf9&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u738b\u6cd5\u7855\u6240\u64b0\u7684\u535a\u8bba\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u7f51\u7edc\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3001\u5e72\u6d77\u6625\u6240\u64b0\u7684\u7855\u8bba\u300a\u8bba\u4fe1\u8bbf\u5236\u5ea6\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u6211\u56fd\u6c11\u610f\u8868\u8fbe\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5b8c\u5584\u300b\u548c\u738b\u9701\u971e\u6240\u64b0\u300a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u7686\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u6b21\u3002&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5728\u738b\u9701\u971e\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u5904\u8bcd\u7ec4\u662f&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u8868\u8fbe&#8221;\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\u51e0\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u672a\u4f5c\u6df1\u5316\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u90dd\u5fd7\u666f\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u6c11\u6743\u3001\u6c11\u58f0&#8212;&#8212;\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u5e8f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u91ca\u4e49\u53ca\u8def\u5f84\u5b8c\u5584\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a&#8220;\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u97e9\u5ff5\u897f\uff08Bernard.C.Hennessy\uff09\u5728\u51761965\u5e74\u6240\u8457\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u6c11\u610f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u6c11\u610f\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002&#8221;\u6b64\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221; 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\/>\u662f\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6df1\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5224\u5206\u7f3a\u5c11\u7ec6\u5316\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b64\u4e0d\u60df\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5e93\u4e4b\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u4ea6\u7cfb\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u9619\u5931\uff0c\u6216\u4ea6\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u8584\u5f31\u533a\uff0c\u9042\u751f\u4f5c\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u5ff5\u3002\u56fa\u7136\uff0c\u6587\u79d1\u7c7b\u6982\u5ff5\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u7406\u5de5\u7c7b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u7f3a\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5316\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u4e4b\u5efa\u6784\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u81f4\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u3002\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4ea6\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7cbe\u786e\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u7565\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u5c31\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a&#8220;\u6c11\u4e3b&#8221;&#8220;\u4e13\u5236\u6781\u6743&#8221;\u7b49\u7c7b\u5c5e\u4e00\u6837\uff0c&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5fc5\u4ea6\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u5206\u7c7b\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u662f\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5eb6\u7aed\u8584\u8bc6\uff0c\u529b\u6398\u9a7d\u949d\uff0c\u63d0\u70bc\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u754c\u5b9a\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\u4f5c\u8f85\u52a9\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u76d6\u975e\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u529b\u53ef\u7ade\u5176\u5168\u529f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u6240\u96be\u514d\uff0c\u6bb7\u76fc\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u5916\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u4e0d\u541d\u8d50\u6559\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5ba2\u89c2\u8fa9\u8bba\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\u7ec6\u81f4\u5316\u3001\u6761\u7406\u5316\u3001\u51c6\u786e\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u9002\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8865\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u5e93\u4e4b\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u5f25\u6c49\u8bed\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u9619\u5931\u3002<br \/><br \/><strong>3\u3001&#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u4e0e\u5185\u6db5 <\/strong><br \/><br \/>3.1 &#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\uff1a&#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u56e0\u7d20<br \/><br \/>3.1.1 \u5173\u4e8e&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;<br \/><br \/>\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u8bba\u53ca\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u3002\u5728\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587Right to Know\uff0c\u88ab\u91ca\u4e3a&#8220;\u77e5\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u77e5\u6089\u6743\u3001\u8d44\u8baf\u6743\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u6743\u6216\u4e86\u89e3\u6743&#8221;\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c&#8220;\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d80%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u638c\u63e1\u7684&#8221;\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u5728\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1\u4e2d\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c&#8220;\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u7ed3\u679c&#8221;\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u5b9e\u73b0\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u6746\uff0c\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u4e00\u56fd\u4e00\u5730\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u5065\u5168\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5236\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5065\u5168\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u4ea6\u5fc5\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b8c\u5584\u4e2d\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u6216\u8005\u5c1a\u4e3a\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u6216\u95ee\u9898\u591a\u591a\u3001\u4e9f\u5f85\u5b8c\u5584\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u95ee\u4e16\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4fbf\u5df2\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5baa\u653f\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8a00\u8bba\u4e2d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u7236\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u6307\u51fa\uff1a&#8220;\u4e0d\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u4fe1\u606f\u6216\u4e0d\u4e0e\u5176\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5219\u6240\u8c13\u6c11\u4f17\u4e4b\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u4e3a\u6ed1\u7a3d\u5267\u4e4b\u5e8f\u5e55\uff0c\u6216\u4e3a\u60b2\u5267\u4e4b\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002&#8221;\u7f8e\u8054\u793e\u7f16\u8f91\u80af\u7279&#8226;\u5e93\u4f2f\uff08Kent Cooper\uff09\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\uff08right to know\uff09&#8221;\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u548c\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5236\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5065\u5168\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u535a\u5f08\u4e4b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<br \/><br 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<br \/><br 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<br \/>&nbsp;<br \/>3.1.2 \u57fa\u4e8e&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;<br \/><br 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<br \/><br \/>\u6c11\u4f17\u8981\u6709\u5bf9\u53cd\u8150\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\uff0c\u66f4\u987b\u6709\u5bf9\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u3002\u58f0\u5927\u4e8e\u52bf\u7684&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\u9f13\u566a\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u5927\u6709\u86c7\u5c3e\u4e4b\u52bf\u3002\u6c11\u4f17\u8eab\u8fb9\u7684\u6709\u660e\u663e\u8d2a\u8150\u5acc\u7591\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5012\u53f0\u591a\u5c11\uff1f\u5404\u5730\u4e00\u628a\u624b\u5012\u53f0\u591a\u5c11\uff1f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5927\u9646\u5b98\u573a\u8d2a\u8150\u4e4b\u5267\u4e4b\u5e7f\u7686\u521b\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u6751\u652f\u4e66\u4fbf\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u821e\u5356\u5730\u4e4b\u5f0a\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8d2a\u8150\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u3001\u6570\u5343\u4e07\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5b98\u573a\u8150\u8d25\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\u3002\u6c11\u95f4\u6cb8\u6cb8\u4f20\u626c\uff0c&#8220;\u5168\u56fd\u53bf\u7ea7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b98\u5458\u5168\u90e8\u67aa\u6bd9\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u51a4\u6789\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u9694\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u6f0f\u7f51\u7684&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;\u5927\u5b98\u4f5c\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b98\u6234\u9563\u94d0&#8221;\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u800c\u5982\u4eca\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u53cd\u8150\u9762\u4e0d\u5168\u4e0d\u5e7f\u3001\u5c11\u53ca\u57fa\u5c42\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u5927\u519b\u5e95\u6c14\u4e0d\u51cf\uff1b\u53cd\u8150\u5c11\u53ca\u4e00\u628a\u624b\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u8150\u8d25\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u4e00\u76f4\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u3002\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4e3a\u4f55\uff1f\u5982\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u4fdd\u515a\u4fdd\u6743\u4fdd\u5229\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c1a\u6709\u4f55\u7531\uff1f\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e60\u5171\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6216\u907f\u800c\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u6216\u987e\u5de6\u53f3\u800c\u8a00\u4ed6\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5927\u9646\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u77e5\u7a76\u7adf\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f55\u8db3\u4e3a\u636e\uff0c\u4f55\u8db3\u4e3a\u51ed\uff1f\uff01 &nbsp;<br \/><br \/>\u79cd\u79cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u5e76\u5fc5\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u9690\u79c1\u6743\u3001\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d8\u5bc6\u548c\u884c\u653f\u79d8\u5bc6\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u501f\u53e3\u8df5\u8e0f\u3001\u5265\u593a\u6c11\u4f17\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u5b98\u5458\u8d22\u4ea7\u516c\u5f00\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u4e3a\u5b98\u6807\u51c6\u90fd\u8fdf\u8fdf\u4e0d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0\u3001\u6700\u591a\u8868\u9762\u6577\u884d\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9891\u9891\u8be1\u79f0&#8220;\u56fd\u9645\u63a5\u8f68&#8221;\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5173\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u5219\u5fc5\u4ee5\u53cc\u8f68\u65b9\u5f0f\u6b3a\u4e16\u60d1\u4f17\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u6743\u653f\u6743\u6216\u5e26\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u6781\u6743\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u8d2f\u6f20\u89c6\u4eba\u6743\u3001\u8df5\u8e0f\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u7eb5\u7136\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6587\u5ba3\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u7f16\u5236\u4ec0\u9526\u8863\u88c5\uff0c\u4ea6\u96be\u969c\u5176\u4e11\u6076\u8eaf\u4f53\uff0c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u6f6e\u6d41\u5e2d\u5377\u800c\u53bb\u3002<br \/><br \/>\u672c\u6761\u7efc\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e&#8220;\u77e5\u60c5\u6743&#8221;\u89c6\u89d2\u5206\u6790&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b8c\u6574\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6c11\u610f\u503e\u5411\u3001\u6c11\u610f\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u3002\u4e3b\u636e\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a&#8220;\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f&#8221;\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06&#8220;\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u7c7b\uff1a&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;\u6df7\u5408\u6c11\u610f&#8221;\u3002\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5e94\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\u4e4b\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e94\u7c7b\u6c11\u610f\u8fdb\u884c\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5373\uff1a&#8220;Will of citizens&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;Will of potential citizens&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;Will of lieges&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;Natural popular will&#8221;\uff0c&#8220;Farraginous popular will&#8221;\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5018\u6709\u4e0d\u5230\u4f4d\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u656c\u8bf7\u8bf8\u5e08\u53cb\u4e0d\u541d\u6307\u70b9\u3002<br \/><br \/>3.2 &#8220;\u6c11\u610f\u5206\u7c7b&#8221;\u7684\u5185\u6db5<br \/><br \/>3.2.1&nbsp; \u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of citizens\uff09<br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of citizens\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7b49\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u6743\u5229\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7b49\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u5e7f\u4e3a\u5265\u593a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u5c11\u6c11\u610f\u6388\u6743\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u6743\u5229\u57fa\u672c\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4e00\u7eb8\u7a7a\u6587\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u6700\u591a\u662f\u5982\u5218\u8d24\u658c\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8a00\uff0c&#8220;\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u90a3\u6837&#8221;\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u8eab\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u81ea\u79f0\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e4b\u4e0b\u65e0\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u4f5c\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ec5\u6709\u6e34\u76fc\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fde\u6709\u9650\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u4e5f\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7ffb\u5899\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e89\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd8\u81ea\u79f0\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u53eb\u540d\u4e0d\u526f\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u53eb\u4e00\u53a2\u60c5\u613f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5fc3\u60f3\u4e8b\u4e0d\u6210\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u4e2d\u4e3a\u6781\u6743\u7684\u4f2a&#8220;\u516c\u6c11&#8221;\u6982\u5ff5\u514d\u8d39\u4f5c\u4e86\u5ac1\u8863\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u5b58\uff0c\u4f55\u6765\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff1f<br \/><br \/>3.2.2&nbsp; \u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of potential citizens\uff09 <br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of potential citizens\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u529b\u4e89\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7b49\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u6743\u5229\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\u3002\u5927\u9646\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u867d\u65e0\u516c\u6c11\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u6e34\u76fc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5411\u5f80\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6781\u6743\u672c\u8d28\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u72b6\u6709\u7740\u5341\u5206\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ffb\u5899\u3001\u5b89\u88c5\u536b\u661f\u5929\u7ebf\u6216\u6536\u542c\u6240\u8c13&#8220;\u654c\u53f0&#8221;\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e89\u56de\u4e86\u6b8b\u7f3a\u4e0d\u5168\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728\u7ef4\u6743\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u8df5\u884c\u8005\u867d\u9971\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u6253\u538b\u800c\u50b2\u7136\u4e0d\u5c48\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u72f1\u5916\u72f1\u5185\uff0c\u6216\u52aa\u529b\u63a5\u8fd1&#8220;\u65b0\u516c\u6c11&#8221;&#8220;\u771f\u516c\u6c11&#8221;\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6216&#8220;\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u90a3\u6837\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6218\u6597&#8221;\uff0c\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u51fa\u7c7b\u62d4\u8403\u8005\u3002<br \/><br \/>3.2.3&nbsp; \u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of lieges\uff09<br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff08Will of lieges\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u56e0\u7f54\u987e\u548c\u4e27\u5931\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7b49\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u6743\u5229\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\u3002\u636e\u767e\u5ea6\u767e\u79d1&#8220;\u516c\u6c11&#8221;\u8bcd\u6761\u6240\u91ca\uff0c&#8220;\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u81e3\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u7b49\u76f8\u5bf9&#8221;\u3002\u81e3\u6c11\u8005\uff0c\u65f6\u4e0b\u4ea6\u8c13\u4e4b&#8220;\u5c41\u6c11&#8221;&#8220;\u732a\u6c11&#8221;\u7b49\u3002&#8220;\u732a\u6c11&#8221;\u4e4b\u79f0\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6700\u65e9\u89c1\u4e8e\u56e0\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u8309\u8389\u82b1\u9769\u547d\u800c\u88ab\u717d\u98a0\u7684\u6881\u6d77\u6021\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6c47\u62a5\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u56fe\u7247\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5f88\u662f\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u8fde\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u90fd\u8981\u5265\u593a\u800c\u53bb\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u8499\u4eba\u773c\uff0c\u585e\u4eba\u8033\uff0c\u9609\u5272\u4e86\u4eba\u4e4b\u611f\u5b98\uff0c\u5f31\u5316\u4e86\u4eba\u4e4b\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u53ea\u8bb8\u6e29\u9971\uff0c\u53ea\u8bb8\u4ea4\u914d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u732a\u5708\u6807\u51c6\u5417\uff1f\u4f46&#8220;\u732a\u6c11&#8221;&#8220;\u5c41\u6c11&#8221;\u7b49\u79f0\u8c13\u672a\u514d\u6d41\u4e8e\u81ea\u5632\uff0c\u758f\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5632\uff0c\u6709\u706d\u6c11\u4f17\u5a01\u98ce\u3001\u957f\u6781\u6743\u5fd7\u6c14\u4e4b\u5acc\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5&#8220;\u81e3\u6c11&#8221;\u540d\u4e4b\u3002&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\u5728\u5927\u9646\u88ab\u6367\u4e0a\u5929\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff01\u5728\u653f\u52a1\u7f51\u7edc\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u72b9\u4e0d\u80fd\u904f\u8150\u8d25\u4e4b\u5206\u6beb\u7684\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5728\u5b98\u5458\u8d22\u4ea7\u5c1a\u6210\u8c1c\u56e2\u7684\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150\u521d\u8877\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u6210\u56e0\u3001\u53cd\u8150\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u53cd\u8150\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u53cd\u8150\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u60c5\u51b5\u51e0\u4e4e\u5747\u65e0\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\u6210\u4e3a\u9ad8\u9ad8\u5728\u4e0a\u7684\u5bab\u5ef7\u72ec\u89d2\u620f\uff0c\u652f\u6301&#8220;\u4e60\u6c0f\u53cd\u8150&#8221;\u7684\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u8033\uff01<br \/><br \/>3.2.4&nbsp; \u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\uff08Natural popular will\uff09 <br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\uff08Natural popular will\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u56e0\u81ea\u634d\u751f\u547d\u5065\u5eb7\u6743\u7b49\u672c\u80fd\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\u3002\u4eba\u6e34\u4e86\u8981\u559d\u6c34\uff0c\u997f\u4e86\u8981\u5403\u996d\uff0c\u4f24\u4e86\u75c5\u4e86\u8981\u6c42\u533b\u95ee\u836f\uff0c\u6b64\u7686\u4e3a\u672c\u80fd\u6027\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u4e4b\u800c\u751f\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eb5\u7136\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u4ea6\u6709\u88ab\u626d\u66f2\u4e4b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u81ea\u529b\u4fdd\u969c\u751f\u547d\u5065\u5eb7\u6743\u7b49\u672c\u80fd\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4ea6\u56e0\u88ab\u6d17\u8111\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5fcd\u53d7\uff0c\u5982\u5728\u6bdb\u5171\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u6c11\u4f17\uff08\u519c\u6c11\u4e3a\u591a\uff09\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u5265\u593a\u7cae\u98df\u6fd2\u4e34\u997f\u6b7b\u4ea6\u4e0d\u77e5\u53cd\u6297\uff1b\u518d\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u9093\u5171\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u8398\u8398\u5b66\u5b50\u5728\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u88ab\u6298\u78e8\u51fa\u6765\u5404\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5374\u4f9d\u65e7\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u6d17\u8111\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u5fcd\u53d7\uff0c\u7ec8\u6210\u6c89\u75b4\u75fc\u75be\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u662f\u523b\u9aa8\u94ed\u5fc3\u7684\uff01\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5c31\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u662f\u4e0d\u6613\u88ab\u957f\u671f\u8499\u853d\u3001\u957f\u671f\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7687\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6743\u7686\u4ea1\u4e8e\u56e0\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u800c\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u6297\u4e89\uff1b\u9093\u5171\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u534a\u540a\u5b50\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u754f\u4e8e\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6ee1\u8db3\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u573a\u6297\u4e89\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7f3a\u5c11\u6216\u4e0d\u5b58\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e13\u5236\u5faa\u73af\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<br \/><br \/>3.2.5&nbsp; \u6df7\u5408\u6c11\u610f\uff08Farraginous popular will\uff09<br \/><br \/>\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\uff08Natural popular will\uff09\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\uff1a\u5728\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u6216\u517c\u6709\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u79cd\u6216\u4e24\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u610f\u613f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u67d0\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c11\u4f17\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u5065\u5eb7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3001\u77e5\u60c5\u6743\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5728\u5185\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u751f\u51fa\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u593a\u56de\uff08\u6781\u6743\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u593a\u56de\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff09\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u6c11\u610f\u4fbf\u517c\u6709\u672c\u80fd\u6c11\u610f\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u4e4b\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u4f17\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u5e9c\u95e8\u53e3\u4e0b\u8dea\u6216\u4e0b\u8dea\u5f0f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u7ef4\u6743\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e26\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u6c11\u610f\u591a\u534a\u4f1a\u88ab\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u8d1f\u9762\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u6781\u6743\u611a\u6c11\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u611a\u6c11\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6bd2\u5bb3\u4e0b\uff0c\u6df7\u5408\u6c11\u610f\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u76f8\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u5b9a\u7136\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u77db\u76fe\u6027\u610f\u613f\u96c6\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8f6c\u578b\u65f6\u671f\u9887\u4e3a\u540a\u8be1\u3001\u5f88\u662f\u4e56\u8c2c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<br \/><br \/><strong>\u7ed3\u8bed\uff1a <\/strong><br \/><br 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