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    1\uff0e\u527d\u7a83\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u5371\u5bb3\uff1f
    1\uff0e1\uff0e\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u963b\u788d\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5f97\u5206\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u8868\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u522b\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u5206\u4eab\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u8be0\u91ca\u800c\u627f\u8ba4\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u540d\u58f0\u5f97\u5206\uff08reputational credit\uff09\u201d\uff0c \u8fd9\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u516c\u5e73\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\uff08give attribution to the source\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u53cd\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u53cd\u527d\u7a83\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u62b9\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u7ed9\u4f5c\u8005\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u6216\u8005\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\uff1b\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u4ece\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u5077\u8d70\u4e86\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u76d7\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002
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    2\uff0e\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u91ca\u4e49
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    \u793a\u4f8b1
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    \u793a\u4f8b2
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    \u91ca\u4e492\uff1a\u53eb\u9b42\u59cb\u4e8e\u6c5f\u5357\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6ee1\u6e05\u5f53\u5c40\u683c\u5916\u8b66\u89c9\u3002\u6c5f\u5357\u4e3a\u6f15\u8fd0\u4e4b\u67a2\u7ebd\uff0c\u7a0e\u8d4b\u94b1\u7cae\u4e4b\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\uff1b\u6c5f\u5357\u6c11\u4f17\u591a\u6b21\u53d1\u52a8\u6297\u6e05\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u6587\u4eba\u7684\u8bd7\u6587\u91cc\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u5bf9\u4e8e\u524d\u671d\u7684\u54c0\u633d\u548f\u53f9\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u6297\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5bc4\u6258\u3002\u5728\u6ee1\u6e05\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u79bb\u5fc3\u503e\u5411\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002\u5f18\u5386\u4e25\u5389\u9547\u538b\u53eb\u9b42\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u4ed6\u9632\u8303\u6c5f\u5357\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6218\u7565\u662f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u540c\u6ce813\uff09
    \u91ca\u4e492\u662f\u5408\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u6ce8\u89e3\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b83\u7ed3\u5408\u524d\u540e\u6587\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8be0\u91ca\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u91ca\u4e492\u51e0\u4e4e\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u539f\u6587\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7528\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u91ca\u4e492\u6ca1\u6709\u6807\u660e\u51fa\u5904\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6784\u6210\u527d\u7a83\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u6c5f\u5357\u5728\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53bb\u89e3\u91ca\u5f18\u5386\u4e3a\u4f55\u51fa\u624b\u201c\u4e25\u6253\u201d\u53eb\u9b42\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b54\u98de\u529b\u6559\u6388\u72ec\u5230\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u91ca\u4e492\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u539f\u521b\u6027\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u539f\u6587\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63d0\u70bc\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u51c6\u3001\u66f4\u4e3a\u76f4\u767d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8d21\u732e\u3002
    3\uff0e\u527d\u7a83\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u793a\u4f8b
    \u672c\u8282\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u527d\u7a83\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u524d\u4e09\u79cd\u7cfb\u53c2\u7167\u7f8e\u56fdPrinceton University \u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bda\u4fe1\u5b88\u5219 \uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u6765\u81ea\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66Andreas Teuber\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u3002 \u6211\u5728\u6b64\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8be0\u91ca\u6bcf\u4e00\u7c7b\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u3002
    3\uff0e1\uff0e\u201c\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u539f\u6587\u800c\u65e0\u5f15\u8bc1\u201d
    \u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u662f\u516c\u7136\u7684\u3001\u6beb\u65e0\u906e\u63a9\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u6781\u6613\u8d25\u9732\uff0c\u8d25\u9732\u4e4b\u540e\u51e0\u65e0\u62db\u67b6\u4e4b\u529f\uff1b\u9760\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u53bb\u6cbd\u540d\u9493\u8a89\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u4e8b\u4e0e\u613f\u8fdd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u6ce8\u5b9a\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bfb\u8005\u8bc6\u7834\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u8bfb\u8005\u8511\u89c6\u53ea\u662f\u65e9\u665a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u5728\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u5f53\u5185\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6781\u7aef\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u6709\u6043\u65e0\u6050\uff08\u65ad\u5b9a\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba1\u8f83\u6216\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ffd\u7a76\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u6025\u4e8e\u6c42\u6210\u800c\u4e0d\u987e\u540e\u679c\uff08\u62ff\u4e86\u9879\u76ee\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u4ea4\u201c\u6210\u679c\u201d\uff1b\u8981\u8bc4\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u201c\u53d1\u8868\u201d\u8bba\u6587\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u527d\u7a83\u666e\u904d\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u51b7\u6f20\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u4e5f\u4f1a\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u5730\u5174\u76db\u8d77\u6765\u3002
    \u793a\u4f8b3
    2005\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u738b\u5929\u6210\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u672c\u5217\u5165\u201c\u6cd5\u5b66\u540d\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u7cfb\u5217\u4e1b\u4e66\u201d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c \u5171\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5904\u662f\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u4ed6\u57281999\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u3001\u201c\u518d\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5bf9\u539f\u6587\u548c\u527d\u7a83\u6587\u53e5\uff0c \u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7167\uff1a
    \u539f\u65873\uff1a \u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u4e0e\u5f70\u663e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u98ce\u8303\uff0c\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u5236\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5316\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e2a\u4eba\u91ce\u5fc3\u3001\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7eb7\u4e89\u800c\u826f\u597d\u8fd0\u8425\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002
    \u6bd4\u71673 \uff08\u659c\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u539f\u6587\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff09\uff1a\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6c11\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u4e0e\u5f70\u663e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u98ce\u8303\uff0c\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u5236\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5316\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e2a\u4eba\u91ce\u5fc3\u3001\u6d3e\u7cfb\u7eb7\u4e89\u800c\u826f\u597d\u8fd0\u8425\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002
    \u5728\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u5207\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u3001\u53e5\u5b50\u6216\u8005\u77ed\u8bed\u7eb3\u5165\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6ce8\u89e3\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u4f5c\u54c1\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5219\u3002
    \u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u5468\u3001\u6234\u9664\u4e86\u5c06\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7075\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u7f8e\u5fb7\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u5b57\u4e0d\u6f0f\u5730\u590d\u5236\u539f\u65873\u3002\u5728\u590d\u5236\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u590d\u5236\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5192\u5145\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u81f3\u5c11\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5929\u771f\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u5236\u6587\u5b57\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u6cd5\u5b66\u540d\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u77e5\u9053\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u738b\u5929\u6210\u65e9\u665a\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u8bb8\u591a\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u969c\u788d\u7684\u3002
    3\uff0e2\uff0e\u201c\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u6458\u53d6\u6bb5\u843d\u548c\u5355\u53e5\u6216\u77ed\u8bed\u800c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5904\u201d
    \u793a\u4f8b4
    \u539f\u65874 \uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u641e\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u4e0d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u65f6\u95f4\u5e72\u3002\u4e00\u4e89\u8bba\u5c31\u590d\u6742\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u4e89\u6389\u4e86\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u5e72\u4e0d\u6210\u3002\u4e0d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u8bd5\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u95ef\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u6539\u9769\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u5e94\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u201d
    \u91ca\u4e494 \uff1a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u505c\u6b62\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e89\u8bba\uff1a\u4ed6\u9f13\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u5f00\u5c55\u5404\u79cd\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u8bd5\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u95ef\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u540c\u6ce8 \uff09
    \u5c3d\u7ba1\u524d\u9879\u91ca\u4e49\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u527d\u7a83\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u8bd5\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u95ef\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u539f\u8bdd\u3002\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5e38\u5e38\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u4e24\u624b\u6293\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u90fd\u8981\u786c\u201d \uff09\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u201c\u6478\u7740\u77f3\u5934\u8fc7\u6cb3\u201d \uff09\u53bb\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6df1\u5965\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ed9\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u6df1\u523b\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5e26\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5370\u8bb0\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8fbe\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u7eb3\u5165\u5f15\u53f7\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u4f1a\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8be0\u91ca\u8005\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u5728\u89e3\u8bfb\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u524d\u9879\u91ca\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u5e94\u5f15\u7528\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u91ca\u4e49\u5728\u6b64\u4e43\u662f\u591a\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3e\u3002\u91ca\u4e49\u65e8\u5728\u6d53\u7f29\u3001\u63d0\u70bc\u3001\u5f3a\u8c03\u548c\u53d1\u6325\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u51c6\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u7279\u8272\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u53bb\u91cd\u8ff0\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u505a\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u539f\u6587\u66f4\u4e3a\u59a5\u5f53\u3002
    3\uff0e3\uff0e\u201c\u6539\u5199\u539f\u6587\u800c\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6587\u6bb5\u843d\u6216\u6587\u53e5\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u201d
    \u6b64\u7c7b\u527d\u7a83\u53ef\u5f52\u5165\u4e0d\u5f53\u91ca\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u5199\u800c\u7a83\u53d6\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u601d\u8def\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
    \u793a\u4f8b6
    \u539f\u65876 \uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u8036\u6797\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa: \u201c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5951\u7ea6\u7f14\u7ed3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u5951\u7ea6\u4ea4\u6613\u5916\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u4e49\u52a1\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4e49\u52a1\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5176\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u7cfb\u4e8e\u7f14\u7ea6\u65f6\u987b\u5584\u5c3d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5426\u5219, \u5951\u7ea6\u4ea4\u6613\u5c06\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5916, \u4e0d\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4, \u7f14\u7ea6\u4e00\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u514d\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u65b9\u758f\u5ffd\u6216\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u727a\u7272\u54c1!\u2026..\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b, \u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u8fc7\u5931\u81f4\u4f7f\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u8005, \u5bf9\u4fe1\u5176\u5951\u7ea6\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4eba, \u5e94\u8d54\u507f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u9879\u4fe1\u8d56\u800c\u751f\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u201d
    \u91ca\u4e496\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u7f14\u7ea6\u6d3d\u8c08\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u5c31\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5148\u5951\u7ea6\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u5728\u7f14\u7ea6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7aed\u5c3d\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\u5bfc\u81f4\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ed9\u5bf9\u65b9\u9020\u6210\u635f\u5bb3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b8c\u5168\u628a\u7f14\u7ea6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u758f\u5ffd\u6216\u6b20\u7f3a\u6ce8\u610f\u800c\u8499\u53d7\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6551\u6d4e\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\u5bfc\u81f4\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u6216\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u5951\u7ea6\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u5f97\u4e3b\u5f20\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fe1\u8d56\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u3002
    \u5728\u91ca\u4e496\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7ec4\u6765\u81ea\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u6587\u53e5\u548c\u6bb5\u843d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u90fd\u662f\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u7684\u6539\u5199\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u539f\u6587\u7684\u8bcd\u53e5\uff0c\u6545\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u53f7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7edd\u5bf9\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6ce8\u89e3\u544a\u8bc9\u8bfb\u8005\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u662f\u6539\u5199\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u3002\u91ca\u4e496\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u527d\u7a83\u4e86\u8036\u6797\uff0c\u5b83\u628a\u8036\u6797\u7684\u539f\u521b\u89c2\u70b9\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff1b\u91ca\u4e496\u4e5f\u527d\u7a83\u4e86\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u6765\u662f\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\u7684\u6539\u5199\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u62b9\u6740\u4e86\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002
    \u5728\u91ca\u4e496\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u7528\u201c\u8036\u6797\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u2026\u2026\u201d\u4ee3\u66ff\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u2026\u2026.\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ece\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u524d\u8ff0\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u6ce8\u89e3\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u8036\u6797\u7684\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u4f5c\u7684\u51fa\u5904\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u70ae\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u811a\u6ce8\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u6784\u6210\u527d\u7a83\uff1f\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u91ca\u4e496\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u4e24\u9879\u6b3a\u8bc8\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u9605\u8bfb\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u4f5c\uff0c\u5374\u8bef\u5bfc\u8bfb\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8036\u6797\u539f\u4f5c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u672c\u4e8e\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u7684\u8bd1\u6587\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\u8bd1\u6587\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u91ca\u4e496\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u8005\u9690\u7792\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u6b3a\u8bc8\u594f\u6548\u3002
    3\uff0e4\uff0e\u201c\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u9690\u53bb\u51fa\u5904\u3002\u201d
    \u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u6216\u7ed3\u6676\uff0c\u628a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8bf4\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u636e\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u529f\u4e3a\u5df1\u6709\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u77e5\u6653\u5e76\u5438\u7eb3\u4e86\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u53e3\u5934\u8868\u8ff0\u3001\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u201c\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u9690\u53bb\u51fa\u5904\u201d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u6216\u8005\u539f\u8bdd\u527d\u7a83\u3002
    \u793a\u4f8b7\uff1a 2004\u5e74\uff0cW\u5973\u58eb\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6587\u5b57\uff1a
    \u201c\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u5c45\u7136\u8981\u7ba1\u5236\u516c\u6c11\u53d6\u540d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e8b\u60c5\u8d77\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u7535\u8111\u5b57\u5e93\u91cc\u90fd\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u751f\u50fb\u5b57\uff0c\u7ed9\u8bb8\u591a\u90e8\u95e8\u9020\u6210\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5021\u8a00\u5236\u5b9a\u2018\u4eba\u540d\u89c4\u8303\u7528\u5b57\u8868\u2019\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4eba\u5b9e\u4e0d\u80fd\u82df\u540c\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u53d6\u540d\u7528\u5b57\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u6765\u81ea\u6bd4\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u66f4\u4e3a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u538b\u5012\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624d\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u53bb\u6539\u53d8\u6765\u81ea\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u5982\u540c\u996e\u98df\u670d\u9970\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7275\u52a8\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u65e0\u5f3a\u884c\u89c4\u5236\u4e4b\u5fc5\u8981\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u673a\u5173\u7684\u7535\u8111\u5b57\u5e93\u91cc\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4eba\u540d\u6c49\u5b57\uff0c\u5e94\u8ba9\u673a\u5173\u53bb\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5b57\u5e93\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9650\u5236\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u53d6\u540d\u7528\u5b57\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7ba1\u5236\u53d6\u540d\u7528\u5b57\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u53d6\u540d\u7528\u751f\u50fb\u5b57\u9020\u6210\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u77e5\u96be\u800c\u9000\u3002\u201d
    \u4e0a\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u6240\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u51af\u8c61\u5148\u751f\u65e9\u5148\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u53d6\u540d\u7528\u751f\u50fb\u5b57\u8be5\u4e0d\u8be5\u7ba1\u201d\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0a\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u77ed\u8bed\u4e0e\u51af\u6587\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6bb5\u843d\u548c\u6587\u53e5\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u4e0e\u51af\u6587\u6709\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u672c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff1aW\u80af\u5b9a\u9605\u8bfb\u8fc7\u51af\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u5fc3\u601d\u53bb\u6539\u5199\u51af\u6587\u3001\u63d0\u70bc\u51af\u6587\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u51af\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5192\u5145\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679cW\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u6ce8\u6807\u660e\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u91ca\u4e49\u2014\u2014W\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u9690\u53bb\u6765\u6e90\u3002
    3. 4\uff0e\u5982\u4f55\u8fdc\u79bb\u527d\u7a83\uff1f
    3\uff0e4\uff0e1\uff0e\u201c\u5f52\u529f\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8ba4\u5e10\u201d\u3002
    \u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u5355\u800c\u4e0d\u5931\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u6982\u62ec\u4e00\u6761\u907f\u514d\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u51c6\u5219\uff1a\u4f46\u6709\u5f97\u76ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u6bcb\u5fd8\u201c\u5f52\u529f\u6765\u6e90\u201d\uff08to give credit to the source\uff09\u2014\u2014\u9664\u975e\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u56fe\u8868\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f52\u529f\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u201c\u5f52\u529f\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u7528\u3001\u91ca\u4e49\u548c\u627f\u8ba4\u53bb\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u548c\u201c\u996e\u6c34\u601d\u6e90\u201d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u9053\u7406\u3002
    \u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u527d\u7a83\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u573a\u5408\u52a1\u5fc5\u201c\u8ba4\u5e10\u201d\uff08acknowledge indebtedness\uff09\uff1a
     \u201c\uff081\uff09\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u5f15\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u539f\u8bdd\uff1b
    \uff082\uff09\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u5438\u7eb3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u610f\u89c1\u6216\u8005\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b8c\u5168\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\u91cd\u65b0\u91ca\u4e49\uff1b
    \uff083\uff09\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u501f\u7528\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u6f14\u793a\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u516c\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u201d
     \u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u52ff\u8d2a\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u529f\u548c\u53d7\u60e0\u5fc5\u8c22\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8fdc\u79bb\u527d\u7a83\u5fc5\u5907\u7684\u5fc3\u5883\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u51c6\u5907\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u7ecf\u5e38\u81ea\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u522b\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6211\u7684\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u522b\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u5426\u6309\u7167\u884c\u89c4\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u6765\u6e90\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6211\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u89c2\u70b9\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u679c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u542f\u53d1\uff1f\u201d
    3. 4\uff0e2\uff0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u89c4\u8303
    \u5728North Carolina University \u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bda\u4fe1\u624b\u518c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u89c4\u529d\u662f\uff1a\u907f\u514d\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4f60\u5bf9\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5e38\u5e38\u62c5\u5fc3\uff1a\u201c\u5f15\u8bc1\u592a\u591a\u201d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f9d\u8d56\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u201c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5f15\u8bc1\u80fd\u4f7f\u4f60\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4f60\u80fd\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4f60\u8fd8\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u5206\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u4f60\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u201d \u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8981\u201c\u4ece\u5934\u505a\u8d77\u3001\u4ece\u6211\u505a\u8d77\u201d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5929\u9a6c\u884c\u7a7a\uff0c\u72ec\u5f80\u72ec\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6446\u8131\u8499\u6627\u72b6\u6001\uff1b\u6b63\u662f\u524d\u540e\u76f8\u7eed\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u2014\u2014\u6279\u5224\u2014\u2014\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5f15\u8bc1\u65e2\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7740\u4f5c\u8005\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u601d\u8003\u524d\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5fc3\u8def\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c55\u73b0\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u8ba4\u53ef\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3001\u6279\u5224\u524d\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u62d3\u521b\u9020\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002
    3\uff0e4\uff0e3\uff0e\u8ba4\u9519\u6539\u8fc7
    \u527d\u7a83\u4e4b\u5f97\u5931\u9690\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u8eab\u540d\u4e4b\u7d2f\u7684\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u6682\u65f6\u5f97\u5230\u865a\u540d\u800c\u4e22\u5931\u8bda\u4fe1\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e22\u5931\u8bda\u4fe1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e00\u65e6\u8d25\u9732\uff0c\u865a\u540d\u53c8\u5f97\u800c\u590d\u5931\u3002\u527d\u7a83\u662f\u6b3a\u4e16\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b3a\u4e16\u8c08\u4f55\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u76d7\u540d\u4ea6\u672a\u5fc5\u594f\u6548\u2014\u2014\u5bfb\u7ae0\u6458\u53e5\uff0c\u6587\u9970\u9644\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8499\u853d\u51fa\u9053\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u548c\u5916\u884c\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u6240\u5f97\u662f\u6e38\u79fb\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5219\u662f\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff1a\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u516c\u5f00\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u53d1\u52a8\u6253\u51fb\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002
    \u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u527d\u7a83\u6307\u63a7\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0d\u5916\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u79cd\uff1a
    \uff081\uff09\u53cd\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u63d0\u8d77\u540d\u8a89\u6743\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u5230\u8bfd\u8c24\u3002
    \uff082\uff09\u8fa9\u89e3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u7ed9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u52a9\u624b\u5bfb\u627e\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u65f6\u6709\u758f\u5ffd\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u50ac\u8981\u7a3f\u4ef6\u592a\u6025\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u67e5\u627e\u51fa\u5904\u672a\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002
    \uff083\uff09\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u4e0d\u53d1\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u9759\u5f85\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u6d88\u5931\u3002
    \uff084\uff09\u8ba4\u9519\u3002\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u8ba4\u9519\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba4\u9519\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u8bda\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
    \u793a\u4f8b8\uff1a\u8ba4\u9519
    \u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684Tribe\u6559\u6388\u57281985\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u62ef\u6551\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8363\u8000\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\uff08God Save This Honorable Court\uff09\u201d\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4ee5\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u201c\u666e\u6cd5\u8bfb\u7269\u201d\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u523b\u610f\u907f\u514d\u6cbf\u7528\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u8457\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u5957\u8def\u2014\u2014\u5168\u4e66\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ce8\u89e3\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5217\u51fa\u4e8615\u672c\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u7684\u4e66\u540d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff1aUniversity of Virginia \u7684Henry J. Abraham\u6559\u6388\u57281974\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\uff08Justices and Presidents\uff09\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u3002
    2004\u5e749\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6742\u5fd7Weekly Standard\u7684\u7f51\u7ad9\u767b\u51fa\u4e00\u7bc7\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u79f0\uff1aTribe\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\u4e00\u4e66\u591a\u5904\u527d\u7a83Abraham \u7684\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u62a5\u9053\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u6d89\u53ca\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u662f\u6709\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u2014\u2014\u5728\u53d9\u8ff0\u540c\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0cTribe\u6cbf\u7528\u4e86Abraham\u5148\u524d\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u548c\u77ed\u8bed\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5341\u591a\u5904\u53d9\u4e8b\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u5904\u9010\u5b57\u527d\u7a83\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u6bb5\u753119\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7ec4\u6210\u6574\u53e5\u5728\u4e24\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002 Abraham\u6559\u6388\u5bf9\u8be5\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u8bb0\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfbTribe\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u672c\u5e94\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u9690\u5fcd\u4e0d\u53d1\uff1b\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1aTribe\u6559\u6388\u72af\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5077\u61d2\u548c\u60f3\u8d5a\u4e00\u70b9\u94b1\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cf0\u6597\uff08Big Mahatma\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u539f\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e72\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u3002\u201d
    Tribe\u6559\u6388\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fe1\u5949\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u529b\u884c\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f88\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6545\u6df1\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5ac9\u6068\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201c\u7cbe\u786e\u6253\u51fb\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e8b\u53d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0cTribe\u6559\u6388\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6df1\u77e5\uff1a\u527d\u7a83\u5c31\u662f\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u624b\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fa9\u62a4\u662f\u65e0\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e3e\u30029\u670824\u65e5\u5f53\u5929\uff0c Tribe\u5c31\u7ed9Abraham\u5199\u4fe1\u8868\u793a\u6b49\u610f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0cTribe \u5bf9\u5a92\u4f53\u516c\u5f00\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\u4e00\u4e66\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u8457\u4f5c\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u201c\u8d1f\u6709\u5168\u90e8\u8d23\u4efb\u201d \uff1b\u201c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u884c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5bf9Henry J. Abraham\u6559\u6388\u6000\u6709\u6700\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u656c\u610f\u3002\u201d
    \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed9Tribe\u6559\u6388\u5f62\u8c61\u8499\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u9634\u5f71\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5374\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8d62\u56de\u4e86\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff01
    4\uff0e\u5b66\u672f\u8bda\u4fe1\u3001\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u548c\u53cd\u527d\u7a83
    \u672c\u6587\u65e0\u610f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ba8\u8bba\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u4e13\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u63a2\u8ba8\u963b\u904f\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\uff0c\u53c8\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u5f00\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u3002\u672c\u8282\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u53bb\u8c08\u8bba\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u53bb\u963b\u904f\u527d\u7a83\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u80fd\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\uff1f\u524d\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e8b\u5173\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3002\u601d\u8003\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7acb\u8db3\u70b9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u591a\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002
    4\uff0e1\uff0e\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u8fbe\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u5bf9\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u8f83\u4e3a\u5468\u5ef6
    \u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u201d\u662f\u8be5\u6cd5\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u636e\u6b64\u63d0\u8d77\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u4e4b\u8bc9\u7684\u5341\u4e00\u79cd\u4fb5\u72af\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u628a\u201c\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u4eba\u8bb8\u53ef\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u5e94\u5f53\u6307\u660e\u4f5c\u8005\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u4f5c\u54c1\u540d\u79f0\u201d\u3002 \u5728\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u5355\u5217\u4e3a\u4e00\u7c7b\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u660e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5185\u5728\u8054\u7cfb\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u3002
    \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u667a\u6167\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u5077\u63a0\uff0c\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u4fb5\u72af\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u6280\u6210\u679c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u53d1\u660e\u521b\u9020\u201d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u527d\u7a83\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u7a83\u5360\u201d\uff08misappropriation\uff09\u6781\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u667a\u6167\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u7a83\u5360\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u8bc9\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e45\u8fdc\u2014\u2014\u5728\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\u9881\u5e03\u524d4\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u6cd5\u901a\u5219\u201d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u5217\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u53ef\u8bc9\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c \u201c\u6c11\u6cd5\u901a\u5219\u201d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5916\u5ef6\u975e\u5e38\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u5546\u6807\u3001\u4e13\u5229\u3001\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u53d1\u660e\u7b49\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
    \u7f8e\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\u800c\u590d\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u527d\u7a83\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u4f5c\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u672a\u7ecf\u6388\u6743\u800c\u590d\u5236\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u201c\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u201d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u5b9e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u3002\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u628a\u300a\u54c8\u91cc. \u6ce2\u7279\u300b\u4e0a\u4f20\u5230\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u7248\u6743—\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u58f0\u79f0\u5c0f\u8bf4\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u5730\u5f52\u8ba4\u4f5c\u8005J. K. Rowling\u3002\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u590d\u5236\u67d0\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7248\u6743\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\uff1a\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u7248\u6743\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u201d \u201c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u548c\u527d\u7a83\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u5408\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u4ece\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6458\u53d6\u592a\u591a\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u653e\u8fdb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u527d\u7a83\u548c\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u91cc\u53d7\u5230\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5904\u5206\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u9762\u5bf9\u4f5c\u8005\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002\u201d
    \u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u4e24\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u522b: \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u590d\u5236\u9c81\u8fc5\u7684\u300a\u963fQ\u6b63\u4f20\u300b\u5e76\u5192\u5145\u8be5\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u9c81\u8fc5\u7684\u201c\u7f72\u540d\u6743\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u4e13\u5c5e\u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u8ba9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fc7\u671f\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u8eab\u6743\u201d\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\uff1b \u9c81\u8fc5\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9c81\u8fc5\u6ca1\u6709\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7248\u6743\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u527d\u7a83\u7248\u6743\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u96622003\u5e74\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff1a
    1949\u5e74\uff0c\u539f\u544aFOX\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u827e\u68ee\u8c6a\u5a01\u5c14\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u300a\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u300b\uff08Crusade in Europe\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u53d6\u5f97\u5236\u4f5c\u540c\u540d\u7535\u89c6\u7cfb\u5217\u7247\u7684\u6392\u4ed6\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u8be5\u8bb8\u53ef\u57281978\u5e74\u5230\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u7eed\u8bb8\u53ef\u30021995\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u544aDaster\u516c\u53f8\u7ffb\u5f55\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u7cfb\u5217\u7247\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u526a\u8f91\u548c\u7f16\u6392\uff0c\u5236\u6210\u7cfb\u5217\u5f55\u8c61\u5e26\uff0c\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u5f79\uff08World War II Campaigns in Europe\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u53d1\u884c\u548c\u9500\u552e\u3002
    \u539f\u544a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u96be\u4ee5\u4f9d\u636e\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f, \u8f6c\u800c\u4f9d\u636eLanham\u6cd5\uff08\u53cd\u5047\u5192\u6cd5\uff09 \u63d0\u8d77\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u539f\u544a\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u544a\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u4e0d\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u5c5e\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u628a\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5c5e \u201c\u53cd\u5411\u5047\u5192\u201d\uff08reverse passing off\uff09\u3002\u4f9d\u636eLanham\u6cd5,\u53cd\u5411\u5047\u5192\u7684\u8d54\u507f\u91d1\u989d\u53ef\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5047\u5192\u5546\u54c1\u552e\u4ef7\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u62d2\u65a5\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u7684\u7248\u6743\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u7684\u5047\u5192\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u88ab\u544a\u201c\u6574\u4f53\u7a83\u5360\u521d\u59cb\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u7cfb\u5217\u800c\u6784\u6210\u53cd\u5411\u5047\u5192\u3002\u201d\uff08\u201c\u2026\u2026..bodily appropriation of original series is reverse passing off\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff09\u88ab\u544a\u4e0a\u8bc9\uff0c\u5b98\u53f8\u4e00\u76f4\u6253\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e5d\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0cScalia\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ee3\u8868\u5168\u4f53\u6cd5\u5b98\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u81f4\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u667a\u6167\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8eLanham\u6cd5\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5546\u54c1\u539f\u6001\u201d\uff0c \u201c\u2018\u5546\u54c1\u539f\u6001\u2019(origin of goods)\u7cfb\u6307\u7528\u4e8e\u9500\u552e\u7684\u6709\u5f62\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0e\u6709\u5f62\u4ea7\u54c1\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002 \u201d\u201c\u9488\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u5df2\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u53d1\u660e\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528Lanham\u6cd5\u53bb\u5236\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc9\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u672c\u9662\u7684\u5148\u4f8b\u5b9e\u96be\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u201d
    Scalia\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u527d\u7a83\u7248\u6743\u5230\u671f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdd\u53cd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u201c\u53cd\u5411\u5047\u5192\u201d\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u527d\u7a83\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5f53\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u88ab\u544a\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e0d\u5f53\u6240\u5f97\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u635f\u800c\u65e0\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u90a3\u90fd\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u7531\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u53bb\u8003\u8651\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
    \u5c31\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u610f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u4f5c\u8005\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1a\u628a\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u5217\u4e3a\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u7684\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4eba\u8eab\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u5c06\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6253\u51fb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002
    4\uff0e2\uff0e\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u53cd\u527d\u7a83\u6cd5
    \u53cd\u5bf9\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u6709\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u6cd5\u901a\u5219\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u660e\u6587\u7981\u6b62\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u7ae0\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u4e2a\u3002 \u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u7ae0\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u4e5f\u7ba1\u5236\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u673a\u6784\u6240\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u662f\u6307\u201c\u632a\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u89c4\u7a0b\u3001\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u8005\u8a00\u8f9e\u800c\u4e0d\u4e88\u6070\u5f53\u5f52\u529f\u201d\u3002 (\u2026\u2026the appropriation of another person\u2019s idea, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit\u2026\u2026)\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u53cd\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8054\u90a6\u7ecf\u8d39\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u3002
    4\uff0e3\uff0e\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u8868\u8ff0
    \u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\uff08idea-expression dichotomy\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\uff09\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u610f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u7acb\u6cd5\u80cc\u666f\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2a\u522b\u6cd5\u9662\u76f4\u63a5\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53bb\u65ad\u6848\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002
    \u7f8e\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u5c06\u7248\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u660e\u786e\u9650\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\uff08\u529f\u7528\u5728\u4e8e\uff09\u6709\u5f62\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u8f7d\u4f53\u7684\u539f\u521b\u4f5c\u54c1\u201d\uff08\u2026\u2026original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression\u2026\u2026\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u660e\u6587\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a\u7248\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0d\u5ef6\u53ca\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u89c4\u7a0b\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u539f\u7406\u6216\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u3002\uff08\u2026\u2026any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery\u2026\u2026\uff09\u3002 \u7f8e\u56fd\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u7248\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u8868\u8fbe\u800c\u4e0d\u5ef6\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5927\u81f4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5bf9\u5224\u4f8b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u79bb\u5224\u4f8b\u7684\u539f\u610f\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\uff0c\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53c8\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\uff1b\u5728\u5224\u4f8b\u2014\u2014\u5224\u4f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u50f5\u5316\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u544a\u527d\u7a83\u800c\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u7f18\u8d77\u548c\u527d\u7a83\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u53c8\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u9662\u628a\u5b66\u672f\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u9664\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002
    4\uff0e4\uff0e\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc
    4\uff0e4\uff0e1\uff0e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u6848\u4ef6\u5927\u81f4\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u7c7b\u3002
    \uff081\uff09\u527d\u7a83\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\u800c\u590d\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u5408\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\u800c\u590d\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5426\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u90fd\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u3002\u5728Arnstein v. Porter\u6848\uff0c \u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u544a\u527d\u7a83\u4ed6\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u4e50\u66f2\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u7248\u6743\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u590d\u5236\u548c\u4e0d\u5f53\u5360\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u590d\u5236\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53c8\u7531\u88ab\u544a\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u539f\u4f5c\u3001\u539f\u3001\u88ab\u544a\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u539f\u3001\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u5982\u6b64\u9192\u76ee\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65ad\u590d\u5236\u548c\u4e0d\u5f53\u5360\u7528\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u590d\u5236\u672c\u8eab\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f53\u5360\u7528\u5c31\u65e0\u9700\u518d\u53bb\u8bc1\u660e\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u53c8\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u8bc1\u660e\u590d\u5236\u3002\u201d
    \uff082\uff09\u527d\u7a83\u4e0d\u53d7\u7248\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u7a83\u5360\u201d\uff08misappropriation\uff09\u3002\u5728International News Service v. Associated Press\uff0c AP\u548cINS\u662f\u4e24\u5bb6\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u793e\u3002INS\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6536\u96c6AP\u65e9\u5148\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u53d1\u552e\u7ed9\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002AP \u5bf9INS\u63d0\u8d77\u7a83\u5360\u4e4b\u8bc9\u3002AP\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u65b0\u95fb\u4e0d\u5728\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0cINS\u628aAP\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u9500\u552e\u7ed9\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u7a83\u5360AP\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u4e89\u8fa9\u8bf4\uff0c\u65b0\u95fb\u5728\u516c\u5f00\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u539f\u544a\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5f00\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u7a83\u5360\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u8be5\u5224\u51b3\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u9488\u5bf9\u527d\u7a83\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u9690\u542b\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u7406\uff1a\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u4f7f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u4e0d\u62ab\u9732\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u7a83\u5360\u3002
    \uff083\uff09\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u527d\u7a83\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6848\u4ef6, \u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u544a\u8d77\u8bc9\u4ed6\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u3002 Billing\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6b64\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u7c7b\uff1a
    a\uff0e\u8fdd\u53cd\u6b63\u5f53\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e4b\u8bc9\u3002\u539f\u544a\u6216\u8005\u6307\u63a7\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u672a\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u544a\u77e5\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6307\u63a7\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u539f\u544a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u8046\u542c\u4ed6\u7684\u7533\u8fa9\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5904\u7406\u6b64\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5df2\u65e5\u6e10\u5468\u5168\uff0c\u636e\u6b64\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u80dc\u8bc9\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u6613\u3002
    b\uff0e\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bfd\u8c24\u4e4b\u8bc9\u3002\u539f\u544a\u88ab\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u8ba4\u5b9a\u527d\u7a83\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u63a7\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6784\u6210\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u80dc\u8bc9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u81ea\u613f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u4f1a\u9075\u4ece\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u539f\u544a\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u5728\u527d\u7a83\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u5bf9\u66fe\u7ecf\u6307\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u51fa\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bfd\u8c24\u4e4b\u8bc9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6307\u63a7\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u5728\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u5730\u5411\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u62ab\u9732\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6269\u6563\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u8a89\u3002
    c\uff0e\u8fdd\u53cd\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\u4e4b\u8bc9\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6559\u6388\u548c\u7ec8\u8eab\u6559\u6388\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u527d\u7a83\u800c\u88ab\u89e3\u96c7\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u89e3\u96c7\u4e0d\u5408\u89c4\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fdd\u53cd\u8058\u7528\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5408\u540c\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u539f\u544a\u5728\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u7531\u3002
    D\uff0e\u96c7\u4f63\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u8bc9\u3002\u539f\u544a\u4f1a\u628a\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u8ba4\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u527d\u7a83\u4e00\u4e8b\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u522b\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u800c\u63d0\u8d77\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u527d\u7a83\u548c\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u3002
    4\uff0e4\uff0e2\uff0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba1\u7406\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u6848\u4ef6\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\uff1a
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    2006\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u201c\u738b\u5929\u6210\u8bc9\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u201d\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u9010\u5b57\u9010\u53e5\u7167\u6284\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6d89\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u201c\u9274\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u5176\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u867d\u6709\u96f7\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u72af\u539f\u544a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u6539\u5199\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u4e0d\u663e\u793a\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u201d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u600e\u6837\u90fd\u4e0d\u8fdd\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u201d
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    5\uff0e\u7ed3\u8bba
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    5\uff0e4\uff0e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e0e\u4e1a\u5185\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bda\u4fe1\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u201c\u5916\u90e8\u5316\u201d\uff08externalized\uff09\uff1a\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u540c\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u8499\u53d7\u5c48\u8fb1\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u548c\u201c\u533b\u7597\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e1a\u5185\u4eba\u58eb\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5206\u644a\u4e86\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5728\u4e4e\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u9879\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5b88\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u4eba\u5212\u6e05\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u628a\u540c\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u5185\u90e8\u5316\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e0d\u5b88\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u627f\u62c5\u574f\u540d\u58f0\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff1f\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7684\u884c\u89c4\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u884c\u89c4\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002
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    \u6458\u81ea\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f
    
    
    * \u5199\u4f5c\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6570\u6b21\u8bf7\u6559\u4e8e\u51af\u8c61\u5144\uff0c\u5f97\u76ca\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u8c28\u6b64\u81f4\u8c22\u3002
     Stuart P. Green\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5bf9\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u7cbe\u8f9f\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bba\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5b9e\u65bd\u527d\u7a83\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6545\u610f\u800c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d7\u5fc3\u7406\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u8bb0\u5fc6\u9519\u4e71\uff0c\u628a\u5b58\u7559\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6c89\u6e4e\u4e8e\u81ea\u6b3a\uff0c\u5728\u6284\u88ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8bf4\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u628a\u6284\u88ad\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f53\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3001\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8bc6\u7834\u548c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53cd\u590d\u6284\u88ad\uff0c\u5c31\u597d\u8c61\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u81ea\u6211\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u5728\u52a8\u624b\u4e4b\u524d\u90fd\u4f1a\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u5931\uff1a\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u3001\u5f53\u5730\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u527d\u7a83\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u4e0d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u54ea\u4e9b\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u66b4\u9732\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u4f1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u679c\uff1f\u8bba\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u5c0f\u5077\u7a83\u53d6\u522b\u4eba\u94b1\u5305\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aStuart P. Green, PLAGIARISM,NORMS, AND THE LIMITS OF THEFT LAW: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN ENFORCING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS(\u527d\u7a83\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u53cd\u76d7\u7a83\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1a\u6709\u5173\u7ef4\u62a4\u77e5\u8bc6\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u800c\u8fd0\u7528\u5211\u4e8b\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5), 54 Hastings L.J.(\u54c8\u65af\u6c40\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6742\u5fd7)
    187-189 (November, 2002).
    
     Robert A. Gorman & Jane C. Ginsburg, Copyright: Cases and Materials\uff0c 840 (6th ed. 2002).
    \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u8bd1\u81ea\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u3001\u6709\u5173\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u4e24\u6bb5\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a
    \uff081\uff09 \u632a\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eba\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u3001\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u2014\u2014\u5192\u5145\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1aBlack\u2019s Law Dictionary 5th ed.\uff09
    \uff082\uff09\u5077\u7a83\uff08\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u6587\u5b57\uff09\u5e76\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5192\u5145\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff09\u800c\u4e0d\u5f52\u529f\u6765\u6e90\uff08without crediting the source\uff09\uff1b\u5b9e\u65bd\u6587\u5b57\u76d7\u7a83\uff1a\u628a\u6765\u81ea\u73b0\u6210\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6216\u89c2\u70b9\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u539f\u521b\u7684\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1aMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http:\/\/www.m-w.com\uff09
    
     \u6458\u81ea\u51af\u8c61\u5148\u751f2006\u5e748\u6708 \u65e5\u7535\u5b50\u90ae\u4ef6\u3002
     Andreas Teuber, Handouts and Lectures in Academic integrity and Plagiarism (\u8bb2\u4e49\u548c\u6f14\u8bb2\uff1a \u5b66\u672f\u8bda\u4fe1\u548c\u527d\u7a83)\uff0cHarvard Continuing Education Home Page, Summer 2003, http:\/\/courses.dce.harvard.edu\/~phils4\/honesty.html
    
     Robert M. Gorrell and Charlton Laid, Modern English Handbook, \uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u624b\u518c\uff096th edtion, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1976), p. 71. \u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaAndreas Teuber\uff0c \u540c\u524d\u6ce8\u3002
     Roger Billings, PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIA AND BEYOND: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE COURTS?\uff08\u5b66\u754c\u5185\u5916\u7684\u527d\u7a83\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1f\uff09 38 U.S.F. L. Rev. 394. (Spring, 2004)
     \u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b66\u672f\u8150\u8d25\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u707e\u96be\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c06\u4e11\u95fb\u516c\u4e4b\u4e8e\u4f17\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8ffd\u5bfb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u75c7\u7ed3\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u63a2\u8ba8\u6b63\u672c\u6e05\u6e90\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u2026\u2026.\u3002\u65b9\u662f\u6c11\u5148\u751f\u521b\u529e\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u8bed\u4e1d\u201d\u7f51\u7ad9\uff08http:\/\/xys.dxiong.com\uff09\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u5305\u62ec\u527d\u7a83\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5b66\u754c\u4e11\u95fb\uff0c\u5728\u9971\u53d7\u56f4\u653b\u3001\u8bbc\u7d2f\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65b9\u662f\u6c11\u5927\u7b14\u5982\u621f\uff0c\u5355\u8eab\u93d6\u6218\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\u7684\u6559\u6388\u3001\u201c\u535a\u5bfc\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f52\u56fd\u5b66\u4eba\u201d\u7ffb\u8eab\u843d\u9a6c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u201c\u65b0\u8bed\u4e1d\u201d\u662f\u4e2d\u6587\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u6297\u5b66\u672f\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u633d\u56de\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u58f0\u8a89\u3002\u5409\u6797\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u9093\u6b63\u6765\u6559\u6388\u81ea\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u521b\u529e\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e66\u8bc4\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u8ba8\u8bba\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\uff09\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b66\u672f\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u5f81\u5f15\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u732e\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6768\u7389\u5723\u6559\u6388\u521b\u529e\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u6279\u8bc4\u7f51\u201d\uff08http:\/\/www.acriticism.com\uff09\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u8bfb\u672c\u300b\uff08\u6cb3\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\uff09\u3001\u64b0\u5199\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u89c4\u8303\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff08\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\uff09\uff0c \u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5954\u8d70\u547c\u5401\u30022006\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\u6559\u6388\u516c\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u4e00\u4f4d\u540c\u884c\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u516c\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u527d\u7a83\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u527d\u7a83\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e24\u76f8\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u96be\u80fd\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc3\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\uff0c\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u6559\u6388\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u601d\u60f3\u7f51\uff0c2006\u5e741\u670817\u65e5\uff0c http:\/\/law-thinker.com\/show.asp?id=3042
    
     \u65b9\u6d41\u82b3\uff0c\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u6587\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f \uff081997\uff09\uff0c\u9875169-181; \u5f8b\u5e08\u6587\u6458\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u671f\uff082006\uff09\u91cd\u520a\uff0c\u987572-91\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u65e7\u4f5c\u91cd\u520a\u3001\u201c\u91cd\u520a\u540e\u8bb0\u201d\u548c\u8bd1\u6587\u201c\u53ef\u7231\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u201d\uff09\u3002
     Jonathan Band, Matt Schruers, DASTAR, ATTRIBUTION, AND PLAGIARISM(\u8fbe\u65af\u5854\u6848\u3001\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u527d\u7a83)\uff0c
    33 AIPLA Q.J.\uff08\u7f8e\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u5b63\u520a, 2005\uff09 14.
    Stuart P. Green\u5bf9\u4e8e\u527d\u7a83\u548c\u5f52\u8ba4\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u7cbe\u8f9f\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4e4e\u540c\u9053\uff08peers\uff09\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u201c\u6c42\u53d6\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u613f\u671b\u201d\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u5f52\u8ba4\u89c4\u8303\u201d\uff08norms of attribution\uff09\u2014\u2014\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u590d\u5236\u8005\u5f52\u8ba4\u521d\u521b\u8005\u6216\u8005\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u590d\u5236\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8a00\u8bcd\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u8005\u85c9\u6b64\u800c\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u540c\u9053\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u52a8\u56e0\u53bb\u8fdb\u884c\u539f\u521b\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aStuart P. Green, \u524d\u6ce81\uff0c\u9875175\u3002
    
     Stuart P. Green\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c1\u89e3\uff1a
    \u5728\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\uff0c\u76d7\u7a83\u7f6a\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u884c\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u53ef\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6709\u6c38\u4e45\u5265\u593a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e0d\u6cd5\u53d6\u5360\u6216\u8005\u63a7\u5236\u3002
    \u7528\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u7167\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u4e0e\u76d7\u7a83\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5dee\u522b\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b66\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u79ef\u6512\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\uff08\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0e\u91d1\u94b1\u62a5\u507f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u201d \u8457\u8ff0\u5f15\u7528\u7387\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u6309\u7167\u5f15\u7528\u7387\u53bb\u7ed9\u5b66\u8005\u6392\u540d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u3002\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4f5c\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\uff1a\u7ec8\u8eab\u6559\u804c\u3001\u5956\u91d1\u3001\u63d0\u85aa\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u52a9\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u5408\u7ea6\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\u4f1a\u3001\u6f14\u8bb2\u9080\u8bf7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u53ef\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7532\u4e3a\u4e59\u5199\u8bb2\u7a3f\u800c\u6536\u53d6\u62a5\u916c\uff0c\u4e59\u5ff5\u8bb2\u7a3f\u800c\u4e0d\u63d0\u7532\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7b14\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u81ea\u613f\u5145\u5f53\u9690\u540d\u5199\uff08ghostwriter \uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u8f6c\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u4ed6\u5229\u76ca\u3002\uff082\uff09\u527d\u7a83\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u501f\u7528\u201d\u4e86\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u4e27\u5931\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u5265\u593a\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\uff083\uff09\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u53d1\u8868\u527d\u7a83\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u8ba4\u53ef\u5f97\u5206\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4ece\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u62ff\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u5730\u62ff\u8d70\u539f\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u540c\u524d\u6ce81\uff0c\u9875220-223\u3002
     University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Home page, http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/depts\/wcweb\/handouts\/plagiarism.html
    
     \u201c He was impatient with academic jargon and demanded that we discard it. One day, in our graduate seminar on intellectuals and power, a student said, \u2018Discourse.\u2019 Said exploded. Then the student nervously mumbled, \u2018Foucault.\u2019 \u2018That\\’s right,\u2019 Said scoff ed. \u2018That\\’s Foucault\\’s word. Where are yours?\u2019 Jargon corrupts our language and our thinking, he cautioned. Find your own language. Develop your own authority. Our age called for \u2018secular criticism,\u2019 the ability to question all orthodoxies not for what they are in the abstract but for what they do in the world. \u201d
    Moustafa Bayoumi\uff0c EDWARDS W. SAID (1935-2003) : A TESTIMONIAL TO MY TEACHER(\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5179. W. \u8428\u4e49\u5fb7(1935-2003): \u7eaa\u5ff5\u6211\u7684\u8001\u5e08)\uff0cVillage Voice(\u4e61\u6751\u4e4b\u58f0\u5468\u520a)\uff0cOctober1- 7, 2003, p. 46. http:\/\/www.villagevoice.com\/news\/0340,bayoumi,47450,1.html
    
     \u5b54\u98de\u529b(Philip A.Kuhn)\uff0c \u53eb\u9b42\uff1a1768\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5996\u672f\u5927\u6050\u614c(Soulstealer: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768)\uff0c\u9648\u517c\u3001\u5218\u6636\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff081999\uff09\uff0c\u987594\u3002
     Princeton University Homepage http:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/pr\/pub\/integrity\/pages\/plagiarism.htm
     \u5728Princeton \u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8bda\u4fe1\u5b88\u5219\u4e2d\uff0c\u6539\u5199\u6587\u672c\u800c\u4fdd\u6301\u6bb5\u843d\u548c\u6587\u53e5\u7ed3\u6784\uff08paraphrasing the text while maintaining the basic paragraph and sentence structure\uff09\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5728Andreas Teuber\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5f15\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u9690\u53bb\u51fa\u5904\u201d\u5305\u62ec\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\uff09\u6b64\u7c7b\u527d\u7a83\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u524d\u6ce84\uff09\u3002
     \u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u3001\u6234\u6fc0\u6d9b\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u5baa\u653f\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c \uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u3002
     \u738b\u5929\u6210\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u535a\u5bfc\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u535a\u76d7\u201d\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u8bc4\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u7b49\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u95ee\u9898\uff0c \u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u6279\u8bc4\u7f51\u201dhttp:\/\/www.acriticism.com\/article.asp?Newsid=7157&type=1001\uff1b\u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\u6559\u6388\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u3001\u6234\u6fc0\u6d9b\u524d\u63ed\u4e66\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6284\u88ad\u4e86\u738b\u5929\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u81f3\u5c11\u6284\u88ad\u4e86\u6bdb\u5e3d\uff08\u5317\u5927\u672c\u79d1\u751f\uff09\u3001\u5d14\u536b\u5e73\u3001\u9ad8\u5168\u559c\u3001\u674e\u5f3a\u56db\u4f4d\u5b66\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u8d3a\u536b\u65b9\uff0c \u524d\u6ce87\u3002
    
     \u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u3001\u6234\u6fc0\u6d9b\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce816\uff0c \u9875260\u3002
     \u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\uff0c\u5728\u6b66\u660c\u3001\u6df1\u5733\u3001\u73e0\u6d77\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u8c08\u8bdd\u8981\u70b9(1992)\uff0c\u8f7d\uff1a \u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u6587\u9009\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9875374\uff081993\uff09\u3002
     \u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u738b\u6cfd\u9274\uff0c\u7f14\u7ea6\u4e0a\u4e4b\u8fc7\u5931\uff0c\u6c11\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e\u5224\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76 \u7b2c\u4e94\u518c\uff0c\u987579\uff081994\uff09\u3002
     \u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u51af\u8c61\uff0c\u653f\u6cd5\u7b14\u8bb0\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9875211-218\uff082004\uff09\u3002
     William W. Watt, An American Rhetoric, 4th edition (New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1970) p.8.\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eaAndreas Teuber\uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce84\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fdGeorgetown\u5927\u5b66\u201c\u5b66\u751f\u5b88\u5219\u201d\u4e5f\u63d0\u793a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6307\u5f15\uff1a\u201c \uff081\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6216\u8005\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u663e\u793a\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u6216\u8005\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u4e0d\u660e\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u5f04\u6e05\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u5199\u4f5c\u65f6\u83b7\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u201dGeorgetown University Honor Council Main Page http:\/\/gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu\/hc\/plagiarism.html
     \u540c\u524d\u6ce811\uff0c http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/depts\/wcweb\/handouts\/plagiarism.html#1
    
     \u6709\u5173\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u5f15\u8bc1\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6731\u82cf\u529b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u672c\u571f\u5316\uff0c\u8f7d\uff1a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53ca\u5176\u672c\u571f\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff081996\uff09\uff0c\u9875211-19\u3002
     \u4ee5\u4e0b19\u5b57\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u5904\u9010\u5b57\u6284\u88ad\u3002\\”Taft publicly pronounced Pitney to be a \\’weak member\\’ of the Court to whom he could \\’not assign cases\\’\\”(\u5854\u592b\u8131\u516c\u5f00\u58f0\u79f0\uff1aPitney\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f31\u52bf\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u628a\u6848\u4ef6\u5206\u7ed9Pitney\uff0cp. 164 and p. 83). \u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a Joseph Bottum \uff0cThe Big Mahatma: Laurence Tribe and the Problem of Borrowed Scholarship \uff08\u6cf0\u6597\uff1aLaurence Tribe\u548c\u632a\u6765\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\uff09\uff0cWeekly Standard, October 4, 2004\uff0c
     \u6309\u7167\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u4e8c\u4e2d\u9662\u201c\u738b\u5929\u6210\u8bc9\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u6848\u201d\u4e00\u5ba1\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u516c\u77e5\u5386\u53f2\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u9274\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u5176\u6709\u9650\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6284\u88ad\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u527d\u7a83\uff01
    \u81f3\u4e8eTribe\u53d7\u5230\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6284\u88ad\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bcd\u7ec4\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\uff1a\u2018vagaries of the Electoral College\u2019,\u2018\u2026..he declined the \\’invitation,\u2026.\u2019\uff0c \u4e8c\u662f\u8868\u610f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8c01\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u8981\u9762\u4e34\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bfd\u8c24\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002
    
     Joseph Bottum \uff0c\u540c\u524d\u6ce8\u3002
    
     DANIEL J. HEMEL and LAUREN A.E. SCHUKER, PROF ADMITS MISUSING SOURCE: Tribe\u2019s apology marks third instance of HLS citation woes in past year (\u6559\u6388\u627f\u8ba4\u5f00\u793a\u6587\u732e\u6765\u6e90\u5931\u5f53\uff1aTribe\u7684\u9053\u6b49\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4e00\u5e74\u5185\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5f81\u5f15\u4e4b\u75db)\uff0c The Harvard Crimson, September 27, 2004 \u3002
    
     \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\uff081990\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c46\u6761\u3002
     \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c22\u6761\uff1b \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u6761\u4f8b\uff082002\uff09\uff0c \u7b2c19\u6761\u3002
     \u6c11\u6cd5\u901a\u5219\uff081986\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c118\u6761\u3002
     Jonathan Band, \u540c\u524d\u6ce89\uff0c\u98754\uff0c6\u3002
    
     \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c10\u6761\u3001\u7b2c20\u6761\uff1b \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u6761\u4f8b\uff0c\u7b2c20\u6761\u3002
     \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u5b9e\u65bd\u6761\u4f8b\uff082002\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c15\u6761\uff1a\u201c \u4f5c\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u4e2d\u7684\u7f72\u540d\u6743\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u6743\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u54c1\u5b8c\u6574\u6743\u7531\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u53d7\u9057\u8d60\u4eba\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002 \u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u65e0\u4eba\u7ee7\u627f\u53c8\u65e0\u4eba\u53d7\u9057\u8d60\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u7f72\u540d\u6743\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u6743\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u54c1\u5b8c\u6574\u6743\u7531\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u201d
     DASTAR CORP. v. TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORP. et al., 539 U. S. 23 ( 2003)
    
     15 U.S.C. 1125a
     \u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u7ae0\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a \uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5404\u4e2a\u201c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u201d\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u201c\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8bc4\u4f18\u201d\u7684\u6761\u4f8b\u548c\u89c4\u7a0b\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u5956\u52b1\u3001\u8d44\u52a9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u518d\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u6d41\u5411\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6d6a\u8d39\uff0c\u6545\u4e00\u518d\u5f3a\u8c03\u7981\u6b62\u527d\u7a83\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u201c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u201d\u89c4\u5236\u65b0\u95fb\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u6559\u6750\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u884c\u89c4\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002
    
     65 Fed. Reg. 76, 260.
     \u5728\u5f20\u94c1\u519b\u8bc9\u738b\u6653\u4eac\u3001\u4e16\u7eaa\u661f\u789f\u516c\u53f8\u6848\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u738b\u6653\u4eac\u5c06\u539f\u544a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5546\u4e1a\u9879\u76ee\u8ba1\u5212\u4e66\u6539\u5199\u4e3a\u201c\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4e16\u7eaa\u661f\u789f\u516c\u53f8\u968f\u5373\u91c7\u7eb3\u4e86\u8be5\u201c\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff1b\u539f\u544a\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u6307\u63a7\u4e24\u540d\u88ab\u544a\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u8ba1\u5212\u4e66\u548c\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u65bd\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u527d\u7a83\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u539f\u3001\u88ab\u544a\u90fd\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u5973\u5b50\u5341\u4e8c\u4e50\u574a\u201d\u7684\u4eff\u53e4\u4e50\u961f\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u5973\u5b50\u5341\u4e8c\u4e50\u574a\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\u53c8\u6700\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u539f\u544a\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u8ba1\u5212\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u5973\u5b50\u5341\u4e8c\u4e50\u574a\u201d\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u521b\u610f\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4f5c\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u521b\u9020\u529b\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u4e0d\u5ef6\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53ea\u5ef6\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5728\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u539f\u5219\u6216\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u4f55\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u5c55\u793a\u6216\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4fdd\u62a4\u521b\u610f\u6216\u6784\u601d\uff0c\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u201d\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u7f51http:\/\/www.chinacourt.org\uff09
    
     17 U.S.C.102.
     \u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u6700\u521d\u662f\u6709\u5173\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u4f8b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u5236\u5b9a\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u7248\u6743\u6cd5\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8ffd\u5bfb\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5224\u4f8b\uff0c\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5b9e\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u3002
    1\uff0e \u5728BAKER v. SELDEN\u6848\uff08 101 U.S. 99 (1879)\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5c71\u767b\u6c0f\u8bb0\u5e10\u8981\u9886\u6216\u7b80\u660e\u7c3f\u8bb0\u300b\uff08Selden\\’s Condensed Ledger, or Book-keeping Simplified\uff09\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u6709\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7c3f\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u6709\u8868\u683c\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u6f14\u793a\u7c3f\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u6f14\u793a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8868\u683c\u548c\u6807\u9898\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u544a\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u5b98\u53f8\u4e00\u76f4\u6253\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002
    \u8be5\u6848\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u533a\u5206\u7248\u6743\u548c\u4e13\u5229\u6743\u3002\u201c\u539f\u544a\u5c31\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u7248\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u786e\u4fdd\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u6f14\u793a\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7c3f\u8bb0\u7cfb\u7edf\u6216\u8005\u65b9\u6cd5\u62e5\u6709\u6392\u4ed6\u6743\uff1f\u201d \u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u7248\u6743\u548c\u4e13\u5229\u6743\u3001 \u6280\u827a\uff08art\uff09\u548c\u6f14\u793a\u6280\u827a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5b58\u5728\u533a\u522b,\u539f\u544a\u5199\u4e66\u662f\u9610\u8ff0\u6280\u827a, \u4f46\u539f\u544a\u4e0d\u80fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u7248\u6743\u800c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u6280\u827a\u672c\u8eab\u4e3b\u5f20\u6392\u4ed6\u6743\u3002\u201c\u6280\u827a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u9896\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u7248\u6743\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u65b0\u9896\u6027\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\uff08\u533b\u836f\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u64b0\u5199\u548c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5408\u6210\u836f\u7269\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\u53bb\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u8be5\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u7ed9\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u65e8\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5c31\u6b64\u53d6\u5f97\u4e13\u5229\u2026\u2026\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u7248\u6743,\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u56fe\u8868\u62e5\u6709\u72ec\u5360\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u963b\u6b62\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u201d\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7248\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u544a\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u4f20\u6388\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u3001\u6559\u6388\u5de5\u827a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u4e3a\u8a00\u8f9e\u6291\u4e3a\u6f14\u793a\uff0c\u90fd\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5730\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u6743\u3002\u201d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u662f\u4ee5\u4e13\u5229\u548c\u7248\u6743\u7684\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u8ba8\u8bba\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u4e0e\u527d\u7a83\u5e76\u4e0d\u642d\u754c\u3002
     2\uff0e NICHOLS v. UNIVERSAL PICTURES CORPORATION et al\uff0845 F.2d 119, 7 U.S.P.Q. 84\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u7528\u8f83\u591a\u3001\u6709\u5173\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u3002
    \u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u527d\u7a83\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u8bdd\u5267\u3002\u539f\u544a\u7684\u8bdd\u5267\uff08\\’Abie\\’s Irish Rose,\\’\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7231\u60c5\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a\u7537\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u6b63\u7edf\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u5973\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\u548c\u5979\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u90fd\u662f\u9ccf\u592b\uff0c\u90fd\u5e0c\u671b\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u914d\u5076\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002\u7537\u5973\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\u76f8\u7231\uff0c\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5404\u81ea\u5411\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u8c0e\u62a5\u914d\u5076\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8c0e\u8a00\u8d25\u9732\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u8bef\u4f1a\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5bf9\u53cc\u80de\u80ce\u5a74\u513f\u964d\u751f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u90fd\u8a00\u5f52\u4e8e\u597d\u3002
    \u7535\u5f71\\’The Cohens and The Kellys\\’\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7231\u60c5\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u7537\u5973\u4e3b\u4eba\u7fc1\u5206\u522b\u6765\u81ea\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4e24\u5bb6\u4eba\u662f\u90bb\u5c45\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a77\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u5973\u5b69\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7537\u5b69\u76f8\u7231\uff0c\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u503a\u52a1\u5371\u673a\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u7236\u4eb2\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u90a3\u91cc\u5f97\u77e5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdc\u623f\u59e8\u5988\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u7b14\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u6b22\u5929\u559c\u5730\u642c\u8fdb\u4e86\u8c6a\u5b85\u3002\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4e08\u592b\u524d\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u8fb1\u9a82\u548c\u9a71\u9010\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u53d1\u751f\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u5435\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u5973\u5b69\u751f\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u5979\u7236\u4eb2\u6700\u521d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5f8b\u5e08\u5c31\u662f\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ec8\u4e8e\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u95f4\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u6253\u6597\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u5973\u5b69\u79bb\u5f00\u7236\u6bcd\uff0c\u8ddf\u4e08\u592b\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u8d2b\u6c11\u533a\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6697\u604b\u72b9\u592a\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5411\u4ed6\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u9053\u51fa\u4e86\u771f\u76f8\uff1a\u72b9\u592a\u7236\u4eb2\u7ee7\u627f\u9057\u4ea7\u672c\u6765\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e2a\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7528\u4e86\u6389\u5305\u8ba1\u3002\u5f8b\u5e08\u7b54\u5e94\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u7236\u4eb2\u4fdd\u5b88\u79d8\u5bc6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u80fd\u5206\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u7236\u4eb2\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e0a\u95e8\u62dc\u8bbf\u4eb2\u5bb6\uff0c\u8bb2\u51fa\u4e86\u4e8b\u60c5\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4e24\u5bb6\u4eba\u7ec8\u4e8e\u548c\u597d\u3002
    \u5728\u8be5\u6848\uff0c\u6c49\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5b98\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u88ab\u8868\u8fbe\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6c49\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff1a\u5728\u533a\u5206\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u4eba\u5212\u5b9a\u4e86\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u201d\uff08Nobody has ever been able to fix that boundary, and nobody ever can\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u65e0\u610f\u5c31\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c49\u5fb7\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u628a\u5b83\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u8f83\u4e3a\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a
    \uff081\uff09 \u672c\u6848\u7cfb\u4e89\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u5267\u672c\u548c\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1b
    \uff082\uff09 \u6c49\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u601d\u60f3\uff08idea\uff09\u201d\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u6574\u4f53\uff08an abstract of the whole\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3001\u5386\u4e45\u4e0d\u8870\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u4e3b\u9898\uff08a subject of enduring popularity\uff09\u2014\u2014\u9752\u5e74\u7537\u5973\u76f8\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u5374\u76f8\u4e92\u4ec7\u89c6\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u6000\u6709\u6000\u6709\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u5316\u89e3\u4ec7\u6068\u548c\u504f\u89c1\uff1b
    \uff083\uff09 \u5728\u8be5\u6848\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627f\u8ba4\u7248\u6743\u4fdd\u62a4\u8986\u76d6\u5267\u672c\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5267\u672c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c31\u4f1a\u5784\u65ad\u67d0\u4e00\u5927\u4f17\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u60f3\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u548c\u5267\u60c5\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u96f7\u540c\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u6743\u3002
    \u9605\u8bfb\u8be5\u6848\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u6c49\u5fb7\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f53\u5e74\u5426\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u672c\u6848\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u533a\u5206\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5267\u672c\u7684\u60c5\u8282\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u5927\u5230\u8db3\u4ee5\u5426\u8ba4\u96f7\u540c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u4e24\u5206\u6cd5\u201d\u4f3c\u4e3a\u591a\u4f59\u3002
    
     154 F.2d 464\uff081946\uff09.
     248 U. S. 215 \uff081918\uff09.
     Billing\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u88ab\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u9662\u7387\u5148\u5ba1\u67e5\u527d\u7a83\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\u662fOhio\u5dde\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u96621977\u5e74\u5ba1\u7406\u7684Bajpayee v. Rothermich\u6848\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
    \u539f\u544a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u533b\u836f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u539f\u544a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u7528\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6d88\u708e\u75db\u6cbb\u7597\u5173\u8282\u708e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u6b64\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5728\u539f\u544a\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u5728\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bca\u65ad\u548c\u6cbb\u7597\u836f\u7269\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4e86\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6d88\u708e\u75db\u6cbb\u7597\u5173\u8282\u708e\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u3002\u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u6076\u610f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u6743\u548c\u5e72\u6d89\u96c7\u4f63\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u539f\u544a\u88ab\u89e3\u96c7\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u65e0\u53cd\u8bc1\uff0c\u5373\u6210\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\uff08prima facie tort\uff09\u3002\u539f\u544a\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u836f\u7269\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u5f52\u5c5e\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5bf9\u8be5\u9879\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u4efb\u4f55\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u201c\u628a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5192\u5145\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u4eba\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u8096\u50cf\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u4e2a\u4eba\u9690\u79c1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u201d\u88ab\u544a\u8fa9\u62a4\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u672c\u6848\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u533b\u836f\u53d1\u73b0\u5f52\u5c5e\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5c31\u533b\u836f\u53d1\u73b0\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u9488\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8bf7\u6c42\u6743\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u88ab\u544a\u662f\u5426\u527d\u7a83\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u527d\u7a83\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u6743\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u6848\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u7126\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u628a\u539f\u544a\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u6210\u679c\u8bf4\u6210\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u6709\u65e0\u6743\u5229\u5c31\u5176\u804c\u52a1\u6210\u679c\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u627f\u8ba4\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\uff08\u96c7\u4e3b\uff09\u6388\u6743\u53d1\u8868\u4f7f\u7528\u804c\u52a1\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u53ef\uff08\u539f\u544a\u7684\uff09\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u4fb5\u72af\u539f\u544a\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u628a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u6210\u679c\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5f97\u5230\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u3002\u201d
    
     Roger Billings, PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMIA AND BEYOND: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE COURTS?\uff08\u5b66\u754c\u5185\u5916\u7684\u527d\u7a83\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1f\uff09 38 U.S.F. L. Rev. 411-424.
    
     \uff081\uff09\u5728\u738b\u9521\u9e9f\u8bc9\u4e0a\u6d77\u671d\u971e\u56fe\u4e66\u7ecf\u8425\u90e8\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u5c40\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u9ec4\u5bfa\u97f3\u50cf\u4e66\u5e97\u6848\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u544a1999\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u6279\u53d1\u548c\u96f6\u552e\u4fb5\u6743\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4e0e\u5904\u7406\u5b9e\u7528\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4e2d\u6709\u6574\u6574\u4e24\u7ae0\u5171\u56db\u4e07\u4f59\u5b57\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u539f\u544a1998\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u6982\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u527d\u7a83\u8005\u5c45\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u53bb\u5411\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u527d
    \u7a83\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u627f\u62c5\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u89c4\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5149\u76d8\uff0c2005\uff09
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    \uff083\uff09 \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fe1\u6258\u6295\u8d44\u516c\u53f8\u8bc9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ba1\u7406\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3001\u738b\u5fd7\u5f3a\u6848\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c 2003\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u738b\u5fd7\u5f3a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u544a\u804c\u5458\u5f20\u6625\u5b50\u7684\u65e9\u5148\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u67095\u4e07\u5b57\u201c\u76f8\u540c\u6587\u5b57\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u8868\u8ff0\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u201d\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u527d\u7a83\u201c\u4fb5\u6743\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e25\u91cd\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u627f\u62c5\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u7f51http:\/\/www.chinacourt.org\uff09
    
     \u7f57\u5c1a\u6b66\u8bc9\u8042\u5170\u6b22\u6848\uff08\u5e7f\u897f\u58ee\u65cf\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c2006\uff09\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u88c1\u5224\u6587\u4e66\u7f51\u201d\uff0chttp:\/\/ipr.chinacourt.org\/more.php?sub=1\uff09
    
     \u5728\u7f8e\u56fdETS\u3001GMAC\u8bc9\u65b0\u4e1c\u65b9\u5b66\u6821\u6848\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c2004\u5e7412\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u544a\u201c\u672a\u7ecf\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u590d\u5236\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u548c\u53d1\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u4eab\u6709\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u548c\u5546\u6807\u6743\u7684TOEFL\u3001GRE\u3001GMAT\u8003\u8bd5\u8bd5\u9898\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u527d\u7a83\u201d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u527d\u7a83\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u5e94\u8d54\u507f\u539f\u544a640\u4e07\u5143\u3002\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u7f51http:\/\/www.chinacourt.org\uff09
    
     \u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u738b\u5929\u6210\u8bc9\u5468\u53f6\u4e2d\u8457\u4f5c\u6743\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\uff0c \u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\uff0c\uff082006\uff09\u4e8c\u4e2d\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c06122\u53f7\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u6cd5\u773c\u7f51\uff0chttp:\/\/www.dffy.com\/sifashijian\/ws\/200607\/20060721205003.htm\uff1b\u5f20\u94c1\u519b\u8bc9\u738b\u6653\u4eac\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u4e16\u7eaa\u661f\u789f\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u6848\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\uff08\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\u7f51http:\/\/www.chinacourt.org\uff09
    
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