{"id":48238,"date":"2015-07-19T10:07:00","date_gmt":"2015-07-19T10:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=48238 "},"modified":"2015-07-19T10:07:00","modified_gmt":"2015-07-19T10:07:00","slug":"48238-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=48238","title":{"rendered":"\u738b\u5929\u6210\uff1a\u4ece\u671f\u5f85\u6539\u9769\u5230\u547c\u5524\u9769\u547d\u2014\u2014\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u53d8\u8fc1"},"content":{"rendered":"


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“\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8”\u5f81\u6587<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

\"\"
<\/p>


<\/p>

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         <\/span><\/p>

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          <\/span><\/p>

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                                                                                       <\/span><\/p>

\u4e00<\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

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       <\/span><\/p>

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         <\/span><\/p>

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         <\/span><\/p>

“\u6587\u9769”\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bfc\u81f4\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8870\u843d\u662f\u5c24\u5176\u5173\u952e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9884\u5907\u3001\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span> “\u6587\u9769”\u7f18\u8d77\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5c42\u5206\u6b67\u548c\u5185\u6597\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4ee5\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6e05\u6d17\u6574\u8083\u5176\u660e\u663e\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u6253\u5012\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u6279\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5e72\u90e8\u4ea6\u5373\u6240\u8c13“\u8d70\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5f53\u6743\u6d3e”\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5218\u5c11\u5947\u3001\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u540e\u6765\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u5c06\u8fd1<\/span>20<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7b49\u5171\u4ea7\u9769\u547d\u5143\u52cb\u3002<\/span>“<\/strong><\/span>\u7978\u8d77\u8427\u5899<\/span><\/em>\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u6b83\u53ca\u6c60<\/span><\/em>\u9c7c”\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u7684\u5185\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u8fdc\u8fdc\u591a\u4e8e\u515a\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u88ab\u6253\u5012\u6216\u9760\u8fb9\u7ad9\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u9769\u547d\u5143\u52cb\u6210\u4e3a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u6b7b\u540e\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u4ece\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u590d\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u8001\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u8981\u6c42\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002\u5e73\u53cd\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684“\u51a4\u5047\u9519\u6848”,\u9488\u5bf9“\u4e24\u4e2a\u51e1\u662f”<\/span><\/em>[2]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u7684\u3001\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a“\u601d\u60f3\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8”\u7684“\u771f\u7406\u6807\u51c6\u5927\u8ba8\u8bba”, \u505c\u6b62“\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u4e3a\u7eb2”\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u3001\u5c06\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u5fc3\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3e\u63aa\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u9762\u524d\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u9707\u64bc\u3002<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7b49\u590d\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u8001\u4eec\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6743\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c06\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u6392\u6324\u51fa\u5c40\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9700\u8981<\/span>–<\/span>\u4e00\u573a\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b0\u6b63\u7edf\u5730\u4f4d\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u4e86\uff0c\u5b88\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u540e\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8001\u7ec3\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6df1\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u5728\u4e8e\u6709\u9650\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u5426\u5b9a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u5f7b\u5e95\u5426\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u653f\u6743<\/span>–<\/span>\u6784\u6210\u540e\u679c\u96be\u6d4b\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

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         <\/span><\/p>

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          <\/span><\/p>

 \u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u6279\u5224\u5171\u4ea7\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u53d1\u63a2\u8ba8\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u4e0e\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u662f<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u81f3<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u660e\u786e\u800c\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u547c\u558a\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e<\/span>1978<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u897f\u5355\u6c11\u4e3b\u5899\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u9b4f\u4eac\u751f\u7b49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bad\u7ec3\u5374\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4ee4\u4eba\u94a6\u4f69\u7684\u654f\u9510\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3002\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u8bfb\u8005\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u8bb0\u8005\u3001\u62a5\u544a\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u63ed\u9732\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e13\u6a2a\u3001\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u3001\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u602a\u8bde\u60b2\u60e8\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f8b\u5982\u5218\u5bbe\u96c1\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u5996\u4e4b\u95f4\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5fe0\u8bda\u300b\uff0c\u767d\u6866\u7684\u300a\u82e6\u604b\u300b\u7b49\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u738b\u82e5\u6c34\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5468\u626c\u7b49\u8bd5\u56fe\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u3001\u7a81\u663e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e25\u5bb6\u797a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u52a1\u9650\u4efb\u5236\u7684\u5171\u548c\u5236\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ee5\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7b14\u8c03\u4ecb\u7ecd\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7684\u5206\u6743\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ece\u975e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u7a0b\u5e8f\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u573a“\u4eba\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb”\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c“\u6cd5\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4f53\u73b0”\u3001\u662f“\u4e13\u653f\u5de5\u5177”\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218\u3002\u9f9a\u7965\u745e\u7684\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u300b\u867d\u7136\u6666\u6da9\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u751f\u4e86\u89e3\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u9650\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8bfb\u7269\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u8bad\u5c31\u662f“\u6551\u4ea1\u538b\u5012\u542f\u8499”\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5371\u96be\u3001\u4eba<\/span><\/strong><\/span> <\/strong>\u6c11\u7684\u9965\u997f\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u538b\u5012\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c0a\u4e25\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6ce8\u89c6\u548c\u5c0a<\/span><\/strong>\u91cd<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u80e1\u5e73\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\uff0c\u5b83\u8fc4\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u6c49\u8bed\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u5305\u9075\u4fe1\u3001\u91d1\u89c2\u6d9b\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u8d70\u5411\u672a\u6765\u4e1b\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u65b0\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u5728\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a8\u51fa\u7684“\u6c49\u8bd1\u4e16\u754c\u5b66\u672f\u540d\u8457\u4e1b\u4e66”\u5907\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9752\u5e74\u5b66\u5b50\u3002<\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u5728<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c“\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u601d\u70ed”\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\uff0c<\/span> 70<\/span>\u4f59\u5e74\u524d\u7684“\u4e94\u56db”\u7cbe\u795e\u91cd\u73b0\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d1f\u8d23\u3001\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5f03\u7edd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53cd\u601d\u70ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u5218\u6653\u6ce2\u9f13\u5439\u6446\u8131\u6b63\u7edf\u9053\u5fb7\u675f\u7f1a\u3001\u89e3\u653e\u4eba\u6027\uff1b\u6881\u6cbb\u5e73\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u529b\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u6cd5\u5e94\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff1b<\/span> \u82cf\u6653\u5eb7\u3001\u8fdc\u5fd7\u660e\u3001\u8c22\u9009\u9a8f\u7b49\u4eba\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u7535\u89c6\u77ed\u7247\u300a\u6cb3\u6b87\u300b\u5c06\u53cd\u601d\u70ed\u63a8\u4e0a\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u660e\u662f\u9ec4\u8272\u5373\u519c\u8015\u6587\u660e\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u84dd\u8272\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6d77\u6d0b\u6587\u660e\u3002\u6b63\u5f53“\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u601d\u70ed”\u9ad8\u6f6e\u4e4b\u9645\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\u5c06\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4ea7\u751f\u5de8\u5927\u9707\u64bc\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u754c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u8def\u5f84\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u6709\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u987a\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e89\u8bba\u5e76\u975e\u4e0e\u8def\u5f84\u95ee\u9898\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u897f\u65b9<\/span>50<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f3<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\u4f20\u5165\uff0c\u8c08\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u70ed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd“\u6c11\u4e3b\u7f13\u884c”\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u8427\u529f\u79e6\u3001\u5434\u7a3c\u7965\u3001\u5f20\u70b3\u4e5d\u7b49\u4eba\u9f13\u5439\u7684“\u65b0\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49”\u3002\u65b0\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\uff08<\/span>Huntington<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u63a8\u5d07\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9999\u6e2f“\u4e9a\u6d32\u56db\u5c0f\u9f99”\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u7531\u5177\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u5a01\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u817e\u98de\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u969c\u788d\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5408\u7406\u548c\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

\u5728<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u66fe\u6d41\u884c“\u7403\u7c4d\u8bba”\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5c3d\u5feb\u8fdb\u884c\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6539\u9769\u800c\u594b\u8d77\u76f4\u8ffd\uff0c<\/span>\u518d\u8fc7\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u91cd\u73b0\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u843d\u540e\u800c\u9762\u4e34\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u5371\u673a——\u88ab\u5f00\u9664“\u7403\u7c4d”\u3002<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u601d\u70ed\u501f\u6279\u5224\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6279\u5224\u5b54\u5b50\u6765\u6279\u5224\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u6fc0\u6602\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u538c\u6076\u3001\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6025\u5207\u6e34\u671b\u3002<\/span> <\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

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           <\/span><\/p>

“\u6539\u9769\u8fd8\u662f\u9769\u547d”\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u51fa\u6765\u8bf4\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u573a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4e89\u8fa9\u8bf4\u5e94\u8be5\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u90a3\u6837\u591a\u987e\u8651\u548c\u8d1f\u9762\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e13\u5236\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u666e\u904d\u6301\u6b63\u9762\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u90a3\u6837\u53cd\u601d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u8fd8\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d1\u751f\u6000\u7591<\/span>—<\/span>\u3002\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u6c14\u6c1b\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u5927\u4e3a\u5bbd\u677e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u8fc5\u901f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u662f\u4fc3\u6210\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u9769\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u5947\u5999\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u6c1b\u56f4\u4e2d\uff0c“\u9769\u547d”\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\u3001\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u800c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u5374\u5728\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002<\/span>      <\/span><\/p>

      <\/span><\/p>

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    <\/span><\/p>

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             <\/span><\/p>

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     <\/span><\/p>

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         <\/span><\/p>

\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>-80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u6b8b\u7f3a\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5374\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e78\u88ab\u7ecf\u5e38\u9057\u5fd8\u3002\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u52a8\u53bb\u4e89\u53d6\u3002<\/span>“\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e0b\u5230\u4e0a\u4e89\u53d6<\/span>\u7684”\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u526f\u6821\u957f\u7684\u65b9\u52b1\u4e4b<\/span>1986<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>12<\/span>\u6708<\/span>4<\/span>\u65e5\u5b66\u751f\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4<\/span>\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u601d\u300280\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u9891\u53d1\u7684\u5b66\u6f6e\uff0c\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u6e34\u6c42\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6025\u5207\u601d\u60f3\u6c1b\u56f4\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u66f4\u662f“\u6c11\u4e3b\u9700\u8981\u4e89\u53d6”\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 <\/span><\/p>

    <\/span><\/p>

1989<\/span>\u5e74\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e8b\u5148\u7684\u6218\u7565\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u90a3\u4e00\u5e744\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u9884\u6599\u5230\u4f1a\u4ece\u60bc\u5ff5\u524d\u4e2d\u5171\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u5f00\u59cb\u800c\u6f14\u53d8\u51fa\u4e00\u573a\u89c4\u6a21\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u6495\u5f00\u88c2\u53e3\u3001\u4fc3\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u573a\u7acb\u5373\u7ed3\u675f\u4e2d\u5171\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3001\u5f97\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u7406\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u662f\u6fc0\u52b1\u8fd0\u52a8\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u57285\u670814\u65e5\u4e0e\u7edf\u6218\u90e8\u957f\u960e\u660e\u590d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u9664\u4e86\u8981\u6c42\u6539\u53d8\u5b98\u65b9\u89c6\u5b66\u6f6e\u4e3a\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u5b9a\u6027\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3001\u843d\u5b9e\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u5728\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6388\u610f\u4e0b\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u5f00\u653e\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u5a92\u4f53\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u5047\u59821989\u5e74\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u771f\u7684\u5982\u5176\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u6240\u613f\uff0c\u4ece\u8f6c\u578b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u5219\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6539\u826f\u7684\u6df7\u5408\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b80\u79f0“\u9769\u6539”\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6fc0\u6602\u768480\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u7684\u8840\u5149\u4e2d\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u5b83\u768490\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u5206\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u9000\u5374\u3001\u8f6c\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u8dcc\u5165\u6df1\u6e0a\u822c\u7684\u6c89\u5bc2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u53d1\u4f20\u64ad\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7cbe\u795e\u6c14\u8d28\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

                                  <\/span><\/p>

\u4e8c<\/span><\/p>

    <\/span><\/p>

\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7ed3\u5c40\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u4ee5\u53ca<\/span>1992<\/span>\u5e74\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b9e\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4e86<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u53d1\u3001\u8f6c\u5411\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/span> 1980<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u7684\u547c\u558a\u4e0e\u8840\u5149\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u60b2\u58ee\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u7ed9\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u5219\u662f\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb[6]<\/span><\/span>\u30021989\u5e746\u67084\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\u78be\u8fc7\u5317\u4eac\u5bbd\u9614\u8857\u5934\u7684\u5766\u514b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7c89\u788e\u4e86\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c<\/span>\u4e5f\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3——\u7eaf\u6734\u800c\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3001\u8f83\u5c11\u987e\u8651\u3001\u52c7\u4e8e\u9762\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u3001\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/span> “\u516d\u56db”\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u516c\u5f00\u8c08\u8bba\u5b83\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u548c\u5bf9\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5728<\/span>1989<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>6<\/span>\u6708<\/span>4<\/span>\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6d8c\u4e0a\u8857\u5934\u5e86\u795d\u56e2\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f1a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u5916\u7684\u538b\u5012\u6027\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u63ed\u5f00\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u8fc5\u901f\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002<\/span>\u5b98\u65b9\u8206\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5efa\u6784\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u8bb3\u83ab\u5982\u6df1\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u4f46\u6682\u65f6\u7684\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u5219\u7740\u529b\u6e32\u67d3\u3002<\/span>\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82cf\u4e1c\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6210\u5c31\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u8d1f\u9762\u3001\u7070\u6697\u7684\uff1b\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u9707\u64bc\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u60f3\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u6539\u9769\u901f\u5ea6\u592a\u5feb<\/span>[7]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u7531\u91cd\u5927\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u5267\u53d8\uff0c<\/span>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u9634\u5f71\uff0c\u632b\u4f24\u4e86\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u6fc0\u8d77\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u60f6\u6050\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

“\u516d\u56db”\u9547\u538b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u3002\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u6e05\u6d17\u3001\u6574\u8083\u4e86\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u5e9f\u6b62\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u6e38\u884c\u793a\u5a01\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u548c“\u601d\u60f3\u653f\u6cbb\u6559\u80b2”\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u53cd“\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u81ea\u7531\u5316”\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u9ad8\u8c03\u5f3a\u8c03“\u7a33\u5b9a\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207”\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709\u4e13\u5236\u624d\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e71\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c31\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u4e0d\u518d\u8c08\u8bba\u8981“\u6df1\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u9700\u8981”\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u505c\u6ede\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5230\u4e86<\/span>1992<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a——\u5efa\u7acb“\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

“\u516d\u56db”\u4e4b\u540e\u6700\u521d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd“<\/span>\u6709—\u79cd\u7a92\u606f\u611f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5760\u5165\u6ca1\u6709\u8fb9\u9645\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6df1\u6e0a”\uff0c“\u771f\u7684\u597d\u50cf\u6b7b\u8fc7—\u6b21”<\/span>[8]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u4f46<\/span>1992<\/span>\u5e74\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5357\u5de1\u8bb2\u8bdd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u53c8\u53d8\u5f97\u8f7b\u677e\u3001\u4e50\u89c2\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a“\u5386\u53f2\u53c8\u5728\u524d\u8fdb”\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u7406\u8bba——\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5fc5\u987b\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7531\u6b64\u91cd\u65b0\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6539\u9769\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u548c\u8054\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u5728“\u75db\u5b9a\u601d\u75db”\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u6d3b\u8dc3\u8d77\u6765\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c<\/span>\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c<\/span>\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u66fe\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u4ece\u53cd\u601d\u5171\u4ea7\u6781\u6743\u3001\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff0c<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5219\u662f\u4ece\u53cd\u601d<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u548c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u53cd\u601d\u3001\u6279\u5224\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u8f6c\u578b\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

      <\/span><\/p>

\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u76db\u5927\u7684\u573a\u9762\u548c\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8def\u5f84\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u66f4\u575a\u51b3\u5730\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u9000\u5374\u4e86\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c“\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d”\u6a2a\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\uff0c\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77——<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u547c\u5401“\u6539\u9769”\uff0c<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u9f13\u5439“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

     <\/span><\/p>

\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u7b80\u7565\u8ffd\u6eaf\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49”\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u3002<\/span> \u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u548c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8bb2\u8ff0\u53ea\u80fd\u7740\u91cd\u4e8e<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e3b\u7ebf\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u7279\u8d28\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span>  <\/span><\/p>

90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0a\u534a\u671f\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u5173\u4e8e“\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88”\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u601d\u60f3\u8f6c\u5411\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6807\u5fd7\u548c\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6fc0\u53d1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u662f<\/span>1988<\/span>\u5e74\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u300b\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u4ee5\u964d\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316——\u4ece\u4e3b\u5f20\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5168\u76d8\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff1b\u4ece\u5021\u5bfc\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u826f\u5230\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5230\u4e3b\u5f20\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e3b\u5f20\u6587\u5316\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u662f\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u6700\u540e\u843d\u5728\u5bf9<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0b\u534a\u671f\u6bd4“\u4e94\u56db”\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u6709\u8fc7\u4e4b\u800c\u65e0\u4e0d\u53ca\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53cd\u601d\u70ed\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6f14\u8bb2\u5728<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4f20\u5230\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u540e\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u54cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u5728\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c“<\/span> ‘\u6fc0\u8fdb’\u548c‘\u4fdd\u5b88’\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u7d27\u5f20\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5e73\u8861”\uff0c<\/span> “\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c“\u6fc0\u8fdb”\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4f46‘\u4fdd\u5b88’\u5219\u5bf9‘\u6fc0\u8fdb’\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u7ea6\u4f5c\u7528”\uff0c“\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c‘\u4fdd\u5b88’\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e3b\u8c03\uff0c\u800c‘\u6fc0\u8fdb’\u5219\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u4f5c\u7528”<\/span>[9]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u9646\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u573a“\u6fc0\u8fdb—\u4fdd\u5b88”\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u957f\u671f\u88ab\u5b98\u65b9\u8206\u8bba\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u7684“\u4fdd\u5b88”\u83b7\u5f97\u6b63\u540d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c“\u6fc0\u8fdb”\u5374\u88ab\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5927\u51e1<\/span> “\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684”\u5c31\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u597d\u7684\uff0c“\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684”\u5219\u662f\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7684\u3001\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

          <\/span><\/p>

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u5224“\u6fc0\u8fdb”\u3001\u8f6c\u5411“\u4fdd\u5b88”\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5f55\u300a\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d\u300b<\/span>1995<\/span>\u5e74\u6a2a\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\u4e86\u3002<\/span> “\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u7fa4\u4f17\u66b4\u529b\u7b49\u6025\u5267\u65b9\u5f0f\u63a8\u7ffb\u73b0\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u653f\u6743\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u884c\u52a8”<\/span> [10]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span> “\u6211\uff08\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\uff09\u8d5e\u6210\u82f1\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u66b4\u98ce\u9aa4\u96e8\u5f0f\u7684\u5927\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9769\u547d\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u592a\u6c89\u91cd\u4e86”<\/span> [11]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u5e26\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u70c2\u644a\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u5806\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u7834\u574f\u3002“\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u672a\u5fc5\u5fc5\u8981<\/span> ”<\/span>, <\/span>“\u620a\u620c\u53d8\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f”<\/span>[12]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u9769\u547d\u90a3\u79cd\u6539\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c31\u662f\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5145\u5206\u53cd\u7701\u624d\u662f\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u9769\u547d\u4e86\u3002\u3002“\u6539\u826f\u6bd4\u9769\u547d\u597d”<\/span>[13]<\/span><\/span> \u3002“\u6cd5\u5236\u3001\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u3001\u5efa\u8bbe”<\/span>[14]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b“\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u5b9e\u6240\u6025\u9700”\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5e94\u8be5\u9075\u5faa“<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55——\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531——\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49——\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b”\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u987a\u5e8f<\/span>[15]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span> <\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u5728<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u754c\u6838\u5fc3\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5230\u4e86<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u4ee5\u524d\u90a3\u6837\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u4ed6\u5217\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u5217\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u5730\u5012\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u5f20\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u3002\u53cd\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\uff0c\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5f55\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d2\u66f2\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d2\u66f2\u3002<\/span><\/p>

     <\/span><\/p>

\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u82f1\u7f8e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b27\u9646\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u53cd\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u6f6e\u6d41\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u53cd\u601d\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u662f\u4ece\u665a\u6e05\u5230<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5f53\u7136\u5305\u62ec\u5171\u4ea7\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u9053\u8def\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u662f\u66b4\u70c8\u7684\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u66f2\u6298\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u662f\u6e29\u548c\u7684\uff0c\u9053\u8def\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u987a\u5229\u3001\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u63a8\u5d07\u82f1\u56fd\u9053\u8def\u4e8e\u662f\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u601d\u60f3\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u9053\u8def\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u975e\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u82f1\u56fd\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u6301\u5426\u5b9a\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u62ec\u82f1\u56fd\u9053\u8def\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u53ea\u8bf4\u662f“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769”\u3001“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f”\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9769\u547d\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u53ea\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u5236\u5f00\u7aef\u7684<\/span>1215<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u5c31\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u8fd8\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u5e26\u6765\u5173\u952e\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\u3002<\/span>1688<\/span>\u5e74“\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d”\u786e\u7acb\u82f1\u56fd\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u5927\u672c\u5927\u539f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u624d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u548c\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e86\uff0c\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u7ed9\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u6539\u9769\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u524d\u63d0\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u59a8\u788d\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u89c6\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u8f6c\u578b\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u6216\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9<\/span>[16]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

1990<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u516c\u5f00\u4eae\u51fa\u65d7\u5e1c\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5230<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u4ece<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5230<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u5206\u6743\u3001\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4eae\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u542f\u8499\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u8f83\u5c11\u63d0\u5230\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u5171\u548c\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u7b49\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u88ab\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5f53\u8c08\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6307\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u6709\u5f85\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002<\/span>1990<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u9610\u91ca\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5c42\u6b21<\/span>[17]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5baa\u653f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u884c\u8bcd\u548c\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u5e76\u4eae\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u3001\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u6c14\u8d28\u4e0a\u5374\u662f\u9000\u5374\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u7ee7\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u7f8e\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6b63\u5b97\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u53d7\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u672a\u6765\u548c\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u7740\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span> 18<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499<\/span>·<\/span>\u67cf\u514b\uff08<\/span>Edmund Burke<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u8005\u7684\u5362\u68ad\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5907\u53d7\u63a8\u5d07\uff0c\u67cf\u514b<\/span>\u5374<\/span>\u88ab\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\uff19\uff10\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u67cf\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u52a0\u6df1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e5f\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3001\u89e3\u8bfb\u4e86\u67cf\u514b\u53ca\u5176\u5f00\u521b\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u8bfb\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684<\/span>\u5218\u519b\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u67cf\u514b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u67cf\u514b\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u67cf\u514b\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/span> \u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u3002\u6df1\u5165\u8ba8\u8bba\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u7565\u52a0\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c<\/span>\u67cf\u514b\u4e4b\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5426\u8ba4\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ea\u63a8\u5d07\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u4ed6\u8fd8\u63a8\u5d07\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u53cd\u5bf9\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u5267\u70c8\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\uff08<\/span>Friedlich A. Hayek<\/span>\uff09\u5c31\u5c06\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a“\u53cd\u5bf9\u6025\u5267\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6001\u5ea6”<\/span>[18]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u67cf\u514b\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4f20\u67d3\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u6f14\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

\u54c8\u8036\u514b<\/span>\u5c06\u6bd5\u751f\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u90fd\u7528\u5728\u4e86\u634d\u536b\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\uff14\uff10\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u524d\u9014\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u5176\u6210\u540d\u4f5c\u300a\u901a\u5411\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\uff0c\u8b66\u544a\u5982\u679c\u5f15\u5165\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u67cf\u514b\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\uff0c\u590d\u5174\u4e86\u4e9a\u5f53·\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86“\u81ea\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f”\uff08<\/span>spontaneous order<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u53c8\u79f0“\u6269\u5c55\u79e9\u5e8f”\uff08<\/span>extended order<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6279\u5224\u5efa\u6784\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>constructivistic rationalism<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u65bd\u6574\u4f53\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u6839\u636e\u7406\u6027\u539f\u5219\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/span> \u6240\u8c13“\u81ea\u751f\u81ea\u53d1\u79e9\u5e8f”\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u79bb\u5f00\u4eba\u4eec\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u9010\u6e10\u6f14\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span> \u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5728<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u5927\u91cf\u5f15\u8fdb\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5176“\u81ea\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f”\u6982\u5ff5\u98ce\u884c\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u672c\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d41\u884c\u5f00\u6765\u65f6\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5df2\u88ab\u5ba3\u5e03\u653e\u5f03\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ecd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u7528\u7adf\u7136\u662f\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u62ff\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u9010\u6b65\u6f14\u5316\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

           <\/span><\/p>

\u5361\u5c14·\u6ce2\u666e\uff08<\/span>Karl Popper<\/span>\uff09\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u89c4\u5f8b\u3001\u9884\u8a00\u4eba\u7c7b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u7684“\u6574\u4f53\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b”\uff08<\/span>holistic or utopian social engineering<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u903b\u8f91\u7684<\/span> “\u96f6\u661f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b”\uff08<\/span>piecemeal social engineering<\/span>\uff09\u6539\u826f\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/span>    <\/span>\u6574\u4f53\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u5de5\u7a0b“\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u6216\u84dd\u56fe\u518d\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a”\uff0c\u96f6\u661f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u603b\u662f“\u52aa\u529b\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b<\/span>\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u8fdb\u7684\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u518d\u8c03\u6574\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u76ee\u7684<\/span>”<\/span>[19]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u6574\u4f53\u5de5\u7a0b\u662f\u4e0d\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0d\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u5236\u5b9a\u6539\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u6539\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u7ed9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u8005\u4eec\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u538b\u5236\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6781\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65b0\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u65b0\u5b98\u50da\u8d35\u65cf\u3002<\/span> \u96f6\u661f\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002\u96f6\u661f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u5176\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8bd5\u9519\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u3001\u6025\u8feb\u7684\u5f0a\u75c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7f8e\u5584\u3002\u96f6\u661f\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6743\u529b\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u3002\u5176\u6210\u8d25\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u9519\uff0c\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u6ce2\u666e\u8fd9\u4e00\u53cd\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d41\u4f20\u5f00\u6765\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u3002\u7ed3\u675f\u4e13\u5236\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7f13\u6162\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002<\/span><\/p>

          <\/span><\/p>

\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff18\u5e74\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba<\/span>\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a<\/span>\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4eae\u51fa\u65d7\u5e1c\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u90a3\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u5728\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u674e\u614e\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300a\u987e\u51c6\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\u548c\u5218\u519b\u5b81\u6240\u7f16\u300a\u5317\u5927\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\u6240\u5199\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u3001\u738b\u7131\u5bf9\u9648\u5bc5\u606a\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3001\u56f4\u7ed5\u4f5c\u5bb6\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u751f\u5e73\u7684\u8bae\u8bba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49“\u6324”\u51fa\u95e8\u7f1d\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u8a00\u8bf4\u3002<\/span>\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u8fd9\u6837\u754c\u8bf4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a<\/span> “\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b66\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u5148\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u7acb<\/span>;<\/span>\u5b83\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u662f\u8bd5\u9519\u6f14\u8fdb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u7acb<\/span>;<\/span>\u5b83\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u89c2\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u5efa\u6784\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u7acb\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u8981\u6c42\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e0e\u8ba1\u5212\u4f53\u5236\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u7acb<\/span>;<\/span>\u5b83\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u8981\u6c42\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5baa\u653f\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u65e2\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4ee5‘\u516c\u610f’\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5b9e\u884c\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e13\u653f<\/span>;<\/span>\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u5316\u7ea6\u5230\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5316\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u727a\u7272\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u62bd\u8c61\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002”<\/span>[20]<\/span><\/span> <\/p>

      <\/span><\/p>

\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u754c\u8bf4\u5c06\u6e10\u8fdb\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u89c2\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4f18\u5148\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u8fd1\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u3001\u6ce2\u666e\uff0c\u8fdc\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\u67cf\u514b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u89e3\u8bfb\u7684\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u3001\u6ce2\u666e<\/span>[21]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u67cf\u514b\u3002<\/span> <\/p>

      <\/span><\/p>

\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u65ad\u8a00\u6211\u56fd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6216\u8005\u9000\u5374\u5230\u6781\u70b9\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u67cf\u514b\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u548c\u6ce2\u666e\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\uff12\uff10\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\uff19\uff10\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u4e89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5408\u6d41\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u9519\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u56de\u987e\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u66fe\u4e0e\u738b\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u8981\u6c42\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e3b\u5f20\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5b83\u53cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u4e3a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6539\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u53ea\u8d5e\u6210\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u6539\u826f\u548c\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u5b88\u536b\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>1990<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b88\u62a4\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u89e3\u8bfb\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u5176\u4fdd\u5b88\u66f4\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>

     <\/span><\/p>

\u5c3d\u7ba1<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u663e\u8457\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u754c\u5206\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u9610\u53d1\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7f18\u8d77\u548c\u8352\u8c2c\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u4f20\u64ad\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6c14\u8d28\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

                                     <\/span><\/p>

\u4e09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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     <\/span><\/p>

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 <\/p>

\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6700\u5c0f\u7684”\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u590d\u6e32\u67d3\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u613f\u4ed8\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u5728\u9f13\u5439\u514d\u8d39\u5348\u9910\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u514d\u8d39\u7684\uff08<\/span>Freedom is not free\uff09\u3002\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u5b9a“\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u4e3b\u52a8\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6700\u5c0f\u7684”\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u60e8\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u6539\u9769\u8005\u7684\u8bda\u610f\u3001\u51b3\u5fc3\u548c\u6218\u7565\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u8282\u594f\u548c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u9009\u62e9\u7b49\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6210\u8d25\u548c\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7b49\u5f85\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5750\u7b49“\u6e10\u8fdb”\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

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      <\/span><\/p>

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5230\u4e86<\/span>2011<\/span>\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5b83\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u59cb\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u843d\u3002<\/span>2011<\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4ef6\u5bf9\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u672c\u4eba\u62d9\u8457\u300a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\u300b\u4ece<\/span>2010<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u6742\u5fd7\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u53cc\u5468\u520a\u300b\u8fde\u8f7d\uff0c\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u6d41\u4f20\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u6211\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>1970<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u6210\u4e3a\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5927\u8f6c\u578b”\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u6218\u7565\u601d\u8003\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6211\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u7684“\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d”\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86“\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d”\u662f\u9769\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86“\u9769\u6539”\u5373“\u9769\u547d<\/span>+<\/span>\u6539\u9769”\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5bf9“\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d”\u8bba\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5bf9\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6297\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f<\/span>2011<\/span>\u5e74\u65e9\u6625\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5317\u975e\u7684“\u8309\u8389\u82b1\u9769\u547d”\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\uff0c\u5e2d\u5377\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u6ce2\u53ca\u4e5f\u95e8\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u4e2d\u4e1c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u3001\u8fdb\u5c55\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ca\u65f6\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u5904\u4e8e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u51b5\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u53d1\u751f\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u9707\u64bc\u3002<\/span>\u6709\u7f51\u6c11\u5229\u7528\u63a8\u7279\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u5e03\u533f\u540d\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u63a8\u7279\u8d26\u6237\u300c\u79d8\u5bc6\u6811\u6d1e\u300d\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u5230\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u70b9\u805a\u96c6\u4e3e\u884c\u300c\u8309\u8389\u82b1\u9769\u547d\u300d\uff0c<\/span>\u7ed3\u679c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4f7f\u8b66\u5bdf\u75b2\u4e8e\u5954\u547d\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u573a“\u5f71\u5b50\u9769\u547d”\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u529b\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/span>     <\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e“\u9769\u547d”\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u5bf9\u6539\u826f\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5728\u63a8\u7279\u3001\u5fae\u535a\u7b49“\u77ed\u5e73\u5feb”\u7f51\u7edc\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u591a\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u83ab\u4e4b\u8bb8\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span>2011<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u8427\u701a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u7b80\u8bae“\u6539\u826f”\u4e0e“\u9769\u547d”\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u8eab\u5c45\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u6700\u65e9\u4e3b\u5f20\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

      <\/span><\/p>

2012<\/span>\u5e74\u521d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u6c1b\u56f4\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u5f20\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u97e9\u5bd2\u4e09\u7bc7\u535a\u5ba2\u6587\u7ae0——\u300a\u8bba\u9769\u547d\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bf4\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8981\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u97e9\u5bd2\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u6c14\u5f88\u65fa\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4f5c\u5bb6\u548c\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u53cd\u5bf9\u9769\u547d\u3001\u4e3b\u5f20\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u50cf\u5f53\u5e74\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u4e00\u6837\u65ad\u8a00“\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u6240\u6025\u9700”\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5f15\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c“\u9769\u547d——\u6539\u826f”\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>

    <\/span><\/p>

2013<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u5171\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u738b\u5c90\u5c71\u5411\u5b98\u5458\u4eec\u63a8\u8350\u6cd5\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4e00\u65f6\u6709\u4e9b\u6d1b\u9633\u7eb8\u8d35\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u751f\u4e86“\u9769\u547d——\u6539\u826f”\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u70ed\u6f6e\u3002<\/span>\u535a\u6e90\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86“\u4e2d\u56fd\u80fd\u5426\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d”\u7684\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\uff0c<\/span>\u79e6\u6656\u3001\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u3001\u8363\u5251\u7b49\u53d7\u9080\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u770b\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u6709\u6240\u9000\u5374\u3002<\/span><\/p>

          <\/span><\/p>

\u8fd9\u6b21\u9769\u547d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u6539\u9769\u671f\u671b\u7684\u7834\u706d\u3002\u4ece<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4eba\u76fc\u671b\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u662f\u4fc3\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/span>1989<\/span>\u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u7684\u547c\u558a\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3002“\u516d\u56db”\u9547\u538b\u7ed9\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f<\/span>1992<\/span>\u5e74\u91cd\u542f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u5e76\u4e14\u662f\u8d70\u5411\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8054\u60f3\u548c\u671f\u76fc\u3002\u5728\u6392\u65a5\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u5bc4\u6258\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u6539\u9769\u4e0a\u4e86\uff0c\u5bf9\u6539\u9769\u7684\u671f\u76fc\u4e0d\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u800c\u662f\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u3002\u5f53\u80e1\u6e29\u63a5\u638c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u66fe\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bc4\u4e88\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ad9\u7a33\u811a\u8ddf\u540e\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u505c\u6b62\u4e86\uff0c\u505c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u534a\u540a\u5b50\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6743\u8d35\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u3002\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u516c\u3001\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4e0b\u6ed1\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u7126\u8651\u548c\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u7ed9\u653f\u5e9c\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u505c\u6ede\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u8270\u96be\u5f31\u5c0f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6253\u538b\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u5389\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u547c\u5401\u5df2\u7ecf\u592a\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed9\u51fa\u6e05\u6670\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u3001<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u663e\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u9769\u547d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u590d\u5174\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u5012\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u5730\u5012\u5411\u53e6\u4e00\u8fb9——\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u90a3\u6837\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u3002\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u5426\u5b9a\u52c7\u6c14\u7684\u4e0d\u591f\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u5730\u4f4d\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u7ee7\u7eed\u575a\u6301\u4fdd\u5b88\u3001\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u8fc7\u8457\u8ff0\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u5b98\u65b9\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u90a3\u91cc\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u7ea0\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c“\u9769\u547d”\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7ec8\u7a76\u56de\u5f52\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7ec8\u7a76\u5728\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e0b<\/span> “<\/span>\u547c\u5524\u9769\u547d”\u662f\u6307\u4ec0\u4e48\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b83\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u6307\u7684\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u5e73\u6297\u8bae\u51fb\u8d25\u4e13\u5236\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u89c6\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u66b4\u529b\u4e0e\u975e\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f02\u8bae\u4eba\u58eb\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u968f\u7740\u9769\u547d\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u56de\u5f52\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e89\u8bae\u5728\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3b\u5f20\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u5230\u6d77\u5916\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u6c11\u8f6c\u578b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u66f4\u52a0\u575a\u4fe1\u5e94\u8be5\u8d70\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u4e4b\u8def\u3002<\/span><\/p>

   <\/span><\/p>

\u56fd\u9645\u8457\u540d\u667a\u5e93“\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6”2005\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7edf\u8ba1\u7814\u7a76-<\/span>\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>30<\/span>\u5e74\u8fd1<\/span>70<\/span>\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u3002\u5728<\/span>67<\/span>\u4e2a\u4eba\u53e3<\/span>100<\/span>\u4e07\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u8d77\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8fbe<\/span>50<\/span>\u4e2a\u3001\u591a\u4e8e<\/span>70%<\/span>\uff1b\u7531\u638c\u6743\u8005\u81ea\u4e0a\u81f3\u4e0b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6240\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u53ea\u6709<\/span>14<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709<\/span>3<\/span>\u4e2a\u5219\u662f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u4e0b\u5f00\u542f\u7684\uff1b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6ca1\u6709\u6216\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5360<\/span>40<\/span>\u4e2a\uff0c\u8bc9\u8bf8\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u4f46\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u6ca1\u6709\u8d77\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6709<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e2a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

        <\/span><\/p>

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u8d77\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e0a\u81f3\u4e0b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8f6c\u578b\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8bc9\u8bf8\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\u3001\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u5728<\/span>14<\/span>\u4e2a\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e0a\u81f3\u4e0b\u6539\u9769\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5230<\/span>2005<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u53ea\u6709<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709<\/span>8<\/span>\u4e2a\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709<\/span>4<\/span>\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u4e86\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u7684<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709<\/span>4<\/span>\u4e2a\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c<\/span>12<\/span>\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c<\/span>4<\/span>\u4e2a\u56de\u5f52\u4e86\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span>[23]<\/span><\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u73b0\u8f6c\u578b\u662f\u5c0f\u6982\u7387\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5c11\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u4fdd\u6301\u5145\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u5750\u7b49\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u65f6\u4ee3\u68a6\u60f3\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u6297\u4e89\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u901a\u8fc7\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u5373\u6e29\u548c\u9769\u547d\u9020\u6210\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\u5f00\u542f\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

          <\/span><\/p>

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9769\u547d\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5462\uff1f<\/span> \u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u63a5\u638c\u653f\u6743\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5462\uff1f\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5934\u8111\u662f\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0a\u53f0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5411\u524d\u8d70\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u8981\u5f80\u56de\u8d70\u3002\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u7edd\u5bf9\u72ec\u88c1\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u8206\u8bba\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u6253\u538b\u662f“\u516d\u56db”\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>20<\/span>\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5f02\u8bae\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u8270\u96be\u627e\u5230\u3001\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6709\u9650\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u88ab\u6324\u538b\u6b86\u5c3d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u4e86\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u66f4\u56f0\u96be\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u7b54\u3002<\/span><\/p>

       <\/span><\/p>

\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u9769\u547d\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u79cd\u79cd\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6b63\u5728\u9677\u5165\u5927\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u3001<\/span>80<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u548c\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u9ad8\u901f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5e2e\u52a9\u5ef6\u957f\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u5bff\u547d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709<\/span>30<\/span>\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u597d\u8fd0\u6c14\u4e86\u3002\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u5f80\u56de\u8d70\u662f\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u573a\u5192\u9669\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u3002\u6539\u9769\u671f\u671b\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u5feb\u901f\u7834\u706d\uff0c\u8fd9\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u574f\u4e8b\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5357\u6d77\u7edd\u671b\u4e86\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u624d\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u5934\u53d1\u73b0\u5e76\u91ca\u653e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/p>

         <\/span><\/p>

\u672c\u4e66\u6587\u7ae0\u6536\u5f55\u7684\u91cd\u62c5\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6ed5\u5f6a\u535a\u58eb\u6240\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u3002\u539f\u672c\u6253\u7b97\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6536\u5f55\u4e3b\u5f20\u9769\u547d\u548c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6539\u826f\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f53\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd“\u6fc0\u8fa9”\u7684\u6c14\u6c1b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9f13\u5439\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4ece<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u719f\u6089\u7684\u3002\u591a\u9009\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u503e\u5411\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa“\u6fc0\u8fa9”\u7684\u6c14\u6c1b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u9009\u6587\u6807\u51c6\u7b49\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u6ed5\u5f6a\u535a\u58eb\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u7f16\u9009\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/span> <\/span><\/p>

    <\/span><\/p>

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

1<\/span>\u3001\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7cfb\u57fa\u4e8e\u80e1\u5b89<\/span>∙<\/span>\u6797\u8328\uff08<\/span>Juan Linz<\/span>\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Juan Linz(2000): Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism, PP. 65-75<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

2<\/span>\u3001“\u4e24\u4e2a\u51e1\u662f”\u6307“\u51e1\u662f\u6bdb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u575a\u51b3\u7ef4\u62a4\uff1b\u51e1\u662f\u6bdb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u6e1d\u5730\u9075\u5faa”\u3002\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u81ea<\/span>1977<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>2<\/span>\u6708<\/span>7<\/span>\u65e5<\/span>\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u793e\u8bba\u300a\u5b66\u597d\u6587\u4ef6\u6293\u4f4f\u7eb2\u300b\u3002\u5173\u4e8e“\u4e24\u4e2a\u51e1\u662f”\u4e0e\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u3001\u65f6\u4efb\u4e2d\u5171\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u5728\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u5f53\u653f\u540e\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c0f\u5fc3\u3001\u7136\u800c\u901f\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u6162\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c<\/span>1980<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u534e\u56fd\u950b\u88ab\u8feb\u8f9e\u53bb\u4e2d\u592e\u4e3b\u5e2d\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u575a\u6301“\u4e24\u4e2a\u51e1\u662f”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

3<\/span>\u3001\u5728\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u7acb\u5baa\u6539\u826f\u662f\u9a97\u5c40\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3001\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u7b49“\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d”\u6709\u8fdb\u6b65\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff1b\u6700“\u4f1f\u5927”\u3001\u6700“\u6b63\u786e”\u7684\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700“\u4f1f\u5927”\u3001\u6700“\u6b63\u786e”\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3001\u8bd5\u56fe\u9769\u5b83\u7684\u547d\u5219\u662f<\/span> “\u53cd\u9769\u547d”\uff0c\u7f6a\u83ab\u5927\u7109\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u575a\u51b3\u9547\u538b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

4<\/span>\u3001\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u4ece“\u6539\u9769”\u5230“\u9769\u653f”——\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7247\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u300b\u603b\u7b2c<\/span>44<\/span>\u671f\uff08<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>2<\/span>\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

5<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u6587\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

6<\/span>\u3001\u7531\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4ed3\u4fc3\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u6709\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u76f4\u63a5\u6458\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u300a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\u300b\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\u6668\u949f\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

7<\/span>\u3001<\/span>2007<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684“\u52a0\u56fe\u7814\u7a76\u6240”\uff08<\/span>Cato Institute<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u62c9•\u54c8\u592b\u91cc\u7acb\u8f9b\uff08<\/span>Oleh Havrylyshyn<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u524d\u82cf\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u8f6c\u578b<\/span>15<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u53d8\u9769\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u6bd4\u53d8\u9769\u8f83\u6162\u6216\u53ea\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u6539\u9769\u7684\u72ec\u8054\u4f53\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u6784\u3001\u5438\u5f15\u5916\u8d44\u3001\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u3001\u51cf\u5c11\u8d2b\u56f0\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u90fd\u660e\u663e\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e5f\u66f4\u5c11\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u5feb\u901f\u7684\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u6218\u7565\u4e3b\u5f20\u8005\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u8fdf\u7f13\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u751a\u81f3\u4f7f\u53d8\u9769\u9006\u8f6c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5e94\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u62c5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b65\u5b50\u592a\u5feb\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3001\u7ed9\u4eba\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u4e4b\u524d\u5e94\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u5927\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eec\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u548c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u72ec\u8054\u4f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6539\u9769\u901f\u5ea6\u666e\u904d\u8981\u6162\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u53ca\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766\u3001\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u5236\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u5be1\u5934\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\uff08<\/span> \u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u662f\u5feb\u901f\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u4f11\u514b\u7597\u6cd5\u6d41\u4ea7\u4e86\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u901f\u5ea6\u653e\u6162\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f7b\u5e95\uff0c\u53ea\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u4e2d\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u5316\uff09\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Oleh Havrylyshyn<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> Fifteen Years of Transformation in the Post-Communist World<\/span>\uff1a<\/span> Rapid Reformers Outperformed Gradualists. <\/span>\uff08<\/span>The Cato Institute. Center for Global Development and Prosperity.Development Policy Analysis. No v e m b e r 9 , 2 0 0 7 , n o . 4<\/span>\uff08<\/span>http:\/\/www.cato.org\/pub_display.php?pub_id=8781<\/span>\uff09\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

8<\/span>\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8868\u8ff0\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5728“<\/span>64<\/span>”\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5fc3\u5883\uff1a“\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u4e5d\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u6211\u6709—\u79cd\u7a92\u606f\u611f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u5760\u5165\u6ca1\u6709\u8fb9\u9645\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6df1\u6e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u771f\u662f“\u523b\u9aa8\u94ed\u5fc3”\u3002“\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6c89\u91cd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8f7b\u677e\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u771f\u7684\u597d\u50cf\u6b7b\u8fc7—\u6b21\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u751f\u3002”\uff08\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u300a\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u9875\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u5929\u5730\u56fe\u4e66\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span> 2004<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>5<\/span>\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

9<\/span>\u3001\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u674e\u4e16\u6d9b\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7acb\u573a\uff1a\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6fc0\u8361\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>1-29<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

10<\/span>\u3001\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u3001\u5218\u518d\u590d\u300a\u544a\u522b\u9769\u547d\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>24<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

11<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>60<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

12<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c<\/span>289<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

13<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c<\/span>289<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

14<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c<\/span>294<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

15<\/span>\u3001\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>22<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

16<\/span>\u3001\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u5ba1\u89c6\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u6539\u9769\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4eba\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8881\u4f1f\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u5230\u8d5e\u9882\u7684\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u88ab\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u7684\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8981\u6c42\u7f29\u77ed\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u671f\u9650\u7684\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e5f\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u6559\u8bad\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u8457\u8ff0\u6784\u6210\u4e86“\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8a00\u8bf4”\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176“\u5e94\u7528”\u800c\u975e\u5176“\u5b66\u7406”\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

17<\/span>\u3001<\/span>2011<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d<\/span>100<\/span>\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u9ad8\u5168\u559c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u65f6\u523b\uff1a\u8bba<\/span><<\/span>\u6e05\u5e1d\u900a\u4f4d\u8bcf\u4e66<\/span>><\/span>\u300b<\/span>,<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u65b0\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u6e05\u5e1d\u900a\u4f4d\u8bcf\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u662f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u6210\u4e3a“\u4e2d\u56fd\u7248\u7684\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

18<\/span>\u3001\u8ba8\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u3001\u8fa8\u6790\u57fa\u7840\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3001\u4f20\u64ad\u8f83\u5e7f\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5218\u519b\u5b81\u7684\u300a\u5171\u548c•\u6c11\u4e3b•\u5baa\u653f\u300b\u548c\u6211\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

19<\/span>\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u8bf4\uff0c“\u4e25\u683c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6025\u5267\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002”“\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff09\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002”<\/span>Friedlich A. Hayek: The Constitution of Liberty,p397 (The University of Chicago Press,1978) <\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

20<\/span>\u3001\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u300a<\/span>1998:<\/span>\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u7406\u7684\u8a00\u8bf4\u300b\uff08\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u5468\u672b\u300b\uff0c\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff18\u5e74\uff11\uff12\u6708\uff12\uff15\u65e5\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

21<\/span>\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684“\u81ea\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f”\u3001\u6ce2\u666e\u7684“\u96f6\u661f\u5de5\u7a0b”\u7528\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5feb\u901f\u5927\u5e45\u53d8\u9769\u3001\u652f\u6301\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u826f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u7247\u9762\u89e3\u8bfb\u548c\u6ee5\u7528\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c“\u81ea\u751f\u79e9\u5e8f”\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u6709\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6ce2\u666e\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c“\u6574\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b”\u5e76\u4e0d\u6cdb\u6307\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u8be5\u627e\u8bd5\u56fe\u6539\u9020\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684“\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u5de5\u7a0b”\u3002\u6ce2\u666e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u5728\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u4e0b\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u4eba\u300a\u5927\u8f6c\u578b\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u6846\u67b6\u300b<\/span>108-113<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

22<\/span>\u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u5218\u6653\u6ce2\u957f\u671f\u575a\u6301\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u88ab\u5f25\u6f2b\u7684\u3001“\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u9053\u8def”\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6240\u88f9\u631f\u3002\u4ed6<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u88ab\u6355\u540e\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u662f“\u6e10\u8fdb\u3001\u53ef\u63a7\u3001\u6709\u5e8f”\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u9053\u8def\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5468\u8235\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

23<\/span>\u3001\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Adrian Karatnycky and Peter Ackerman<\/span>\uff1a<\/span>How Freedom is Won: From Civic Struggle to Durable Democracy<\/span>\uff08<\/span>A special report of Freedom House, 2005<\/span>\uff09<\/span>; <\/span><\/p>

Stephen Zunes : Weapons of Mass Democracy: Nonviolent Resistance Is the Most Powerful Tactic Against Oppressive Regimes(2009) (http:\/\/is.gd\/G6CMSE) <\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

 <\/p>


<\/a> <\/a> <\/p><\/div>

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