{"id":4958,"date":"2008-06-03T04:56:16","date_gmt":"2008-06-03T04:56:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=4958 "},"modified":"2008-06-03T04:56:16","modified_gmt":"2008-06-03T04:56:16","slug":"4958-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=4958","title":{"rendered":"\u91c7\u7528\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u4e0a\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"


\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b66\u4f1a

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u80af\u5c3c\u601d•\u8ba9\u8fbe(Kenneth Janda)<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u76ee\u5f55<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u5e8f    1
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        \u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5    3
        \u56db\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb    4
        \u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5    4
    \u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8c03\u67e5    5
    \u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb    5
    \u7ba1\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e3e\u4f8b    6
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    \u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898    15
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        \u653f\u515a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u805a\u5408\u8fd8\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5229\u76ca\uff1f    16
        \u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u603b\u7edf\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u4e48\uff1f    16
        \u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff1f    18
        \u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u515a\u9645\u8fd8\u662f\u515a\u5185\uff1f    18
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    \u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u5e8f\uff1a<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

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    \u5168\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b66\u4f1a\u611f\u8c22\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5f00\u53d1\u7f72\uff08U.S.Agency for International Development \uff0cUSAID\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u672c\u9879\u76ee\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d44\u91d1\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff1aKenneth Wollack
\u9ad8\u7ea7\u52a9\u7406\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u9879\u76ee\u4e3b\u4efb\uff1a\u7231\u6587•\u675c\u5c14\u63d0\uff08Ivan Doherty\uff09<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u80af\u5c3c\u601d•\u8ba9\u8fbe\u662f\u897f\u5317\u5927\u5b66\uff08Northwestern University\uff09Payson S. Wild\u8363\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u30021995\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u520a\u7269\u300a\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Party Politics\uff09\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4e3b\u7f16\uff0c2000\u5e74\u4ed6\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u4f1a(The American Political Science Association\uff0cAPSA)\u7684Samuel J. Eldersveld\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6210\u5c31\u5956\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u662fAPSA\u6700\u4f73\u6559\u5b66\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5956\u7684\u5e76\u5217\u83b7\u5956\u8005\uff0c1992\u5e74\u4ed6\u4e5f\u66fe\u8363\u83b7\u6b64\u5956\u3002\u8ba9\u8fbe\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u653f\u515a\u8de8\u56fd\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08Political Parties: A Cross National Survey\uff09(1980\u5e74)\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279•\u54c8\u83ab\u5c14\uff08Robert Harmel\uff09\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u53ca\u5176\u73af\u5883\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff1f\u300b\uff08Parties and Their Environments: Limits to Reform?\uff09(1982\u5e74)\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5408\u8457\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6311\u6218\u300b\uff08The Challenge of Democracy\uff09\u4e3a\u5168\u7f8e\u56fd\u51e0\u767e\u6240\u5b66\u9662\u6240\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u5df2\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u6377\u514b\u8bed\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u8bed\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8bed\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u8bed\u548c\u4fc4\u8bed\uff0c\u8ba9\u8fbe\u535a\u58eb\u662f\u4ece\u5370\u5730\u5b89\u7eb3\u5927\u5b66\uff08Indiana University\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u7684\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u91c7\u7528\u653f\u515a\u6cd5<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

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    \u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8c\u96be\u5904\u5883\u4f7f\u4eba\u56de\u5fc6\u8d77\u7ae5\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\u300a\u91d1\u53d1\u59d1\u5a18\u548c\u4e09\u53ea\u718a\u300b\uff08Goldilocks and the Three Bears\uff09\u4e2d\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u653f\u515a\u7ba1\u5236\u624d\u662f\u201c\u6b63\u5408\u9002\u201d\u7684\uff1f\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u4e3a\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\u521b\u9020\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u6559\u8bad\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002
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    \u5728\u8c08\u5230\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5916\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65f6\uff0c\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7•\u5361\u8328\uff08Richard Katz\uff09\u8c08\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff1a
    1. \u786e\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u8c01\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u53c2\u9009\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8c01\u4ece\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\uff08\u5982\u6d25\u8d34\u6216\u5e7f\u64ad\u5a92\u4f53\uff09\uff0c\u8c01\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
    2. \u89c4\u8303\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u6807\u9898\u5305\u62ec\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u52df\u96c6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7eb2\u9886\u6216\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
    3. \u786e\u4fdd\u653f\u515a\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5361\u8328\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u6700\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u6027\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u515a\u5458\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u515a\u6216\u8bb8\u5b81\u613f\u7531\u515a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u6027\u522b\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u533a\u4fdd\u6709\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6765\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u7b56\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u539f\u6ce81\uff09\u3002
    \u6839\u636e\u5361\u8328\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u201c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u201d\uff08party law\uff09\u2014\u2014\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u2014\u2014\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8bf4\u660e\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7ade\u9009\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u653f\u515a\u8d44\u91d1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Party Law\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u2014\u2014\u662f\u6307\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\u548c\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u6807\u9898\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7f16\u7e82\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982 \u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Law on Political Parties\uff09\u6216\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Political Parties Act\uff09\uff08\u539f\u6ce82\uff09\u3002
    \u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e66\u540d\u53f7\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Party Law\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u6587\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e66\u540d\u53f7\u7684\u201c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u201d\uff08party law\uff09\u662f\u6307\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u7ec4\u6210\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5173\u6ce8\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u601d\u8003\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u9664\u4e86\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u97e9\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u8fd8\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u7279\u522b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6709\u6240\u4ea4\u53c9\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u5404\u6709\u4fa7\u91cd\u3002
    \u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u822c\u8981\u6295\u7968\u9009\u4e3e\u6570\u767e\u540d\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u548c\u5927\u91cf\u653f\u515a\u3002\u7136\u540e\u7531\u6570\u5343\u540d\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u6765\u8ba1\u7968\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u800c\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u6307\u5bfc\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u6839\u636e2003\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u653f\u5e9c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8be5\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a
    \u662f\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u4ee5\u96f6\u661f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u300a1695\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Parliamentary Elections Act 1695\uff09\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8e36\u6761\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u300a1983\u5e74\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6cd5\u300b(Representation of the People Act 1983)\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u5408\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u90a3\u4ee5\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8e19\u9879\u65b0\u6cd5\u6848\u548c63\u6761\u8f85\u52a9\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u539f\u6ce83\uff09\u3002
    \u6839\u636eShaheen Mozaffar\u548cAndreas Schedler\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5(\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ba1\u7406\u201d)\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u6784\u6210\uff1a
    \u521b\u5efa\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u4f7f\u6295\u7968\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5236\u5ea6\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5b83\u2026\u2026\u5305\u62ec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u89c4\u5219\u5305\u62ec\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3001\u4ee3\u8868\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4f1a\u8bae\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9009\u533a\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9009\u533a\u754c\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8bae\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u65e5\u7a0b\uff08\u539f\u6ce84\uff09\u3002
    \u6839\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u9610\u660e\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u548c\u201c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u300a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u7528\u6765\u6307\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u8303\u9009\u4e3e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u56e0\u56fd\u800c\u5f02\uff08\u539f\u6ce85\uff09\u3002\u800c\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u201d\u5219\u7528\u6765\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u300b (\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bdd)\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002
    \u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u5f80\u5f80\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002Mozaffar\u548cSchedler\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u8fdb\u5982\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u7ba1\u7406\u6295\u7968\u8005\u3001\u653f\u515a\u53ca\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8d44\u683c\u548c\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\u2026\u2026\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u548c\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6350\u8d60(\u4ed6\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u673a\u4f1a)\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\uff08\u539f\u6ce86\uff09\u3002
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    \u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u4e0e\u7ade\u9009\u6709\u5173\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u89c4\u591a\u534a\u88ab\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u300a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6784\u6210\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u6709\u7740\u4e13\u95e8\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u300a\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u300b\uff1a\u5982\u300a1971\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff081971 U.S. Federal Election Campaign Act\uff09\u548c\u300a2002\u5e74\u8de8\u515a\u6d3e\u7ade\u9009\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u300b(Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002)\u3002
    \u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u7ade\u9009\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u54ea\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6295\u7968\u4e4b\u524d\u516c\u5e03\u6c11\u610f\u6d4b\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ade\u9009\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u539f\u6ce87\uff09\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e24\u90e8\u300a\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u300b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u4f55\u52df\u96c6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u8d22\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002
    \u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u3002Karl-Heinz Nassmacher\u7528\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u653f\u515a\u8d22\u653f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7ade\u9009\u8d22\u653f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u539f\u6ce88\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u90fd\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u5982\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\uff08Transparency International\uff09\u2014\u2014\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u91d1\u94b1\u5728\u8d2d\u4e70\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u670d\u52a1\u548c\u7269\u8d44\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u91d1\u94b1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u6da6\u6ed1\u5242\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u539f\u6ce89\uff09\u3002\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u72ed\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\u3002
    \u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6765\u81ea\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u628a\u653f\u515a\u3001\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5185\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u57fa\u91d1\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff08Political Fund Act\uff09\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u6807\u6709\u201c\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u5708\u662f\u6307\u867d\u7136\u5728\u540d\u4e49\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5355\u72ec\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u89c4\u5b9a\uff08\u539f\u6ce810\uff09\u3002\u6807\u6709\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u5927\u5708\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u4e0e\u7b79\u96c6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u8d44\u91d1\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7531\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u7ec4\u6210\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e0e\u4e4b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u533a\u522b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u3001\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u76f8\u4e92\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u5145\u5f53\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7279\u522b\u503c\u5f97\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002
    \u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u628a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5f53\u4f5c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u653f\u515a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u91cc\u514b•\u5df4\u4f26\u7279\uff08Eric Barendt\uff09\u5199\u9053:
    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u671b\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6846\u67b6\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u5b83\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u634d\u536b\u5176\u6210\u5458\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u89c6\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u653f\u515a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e0d\u8c0b\u800c\u5408\uff08\u539f\u6ce811\uff09\u3002
    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5df4\u4f26\u7279\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4ed6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6b3e\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5f53\u7136\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff08\u539f\u6ce812\uff09\u3002
    \u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5df4\u4f26\u7279\u5728\u58f0\u79f0\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u201c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u9519\u7684\u30021976\u5e74\u4e00\u9879\u9488\u5bf9142\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u515a\uff08\u539f\u6ce813\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982Jorge Laguardia\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u6240\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u515a\u9996\u5148\u4ece1945\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u5f00\u59cb\u2026\u2026\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u5176\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce814\uff09
    \u628a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7eb3\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u65b0\u4e00\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6258\u9a6c\u65af•\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\uff08Thomas Carothers\uff09\u6240\u5199\u5230\u7684\uff1a
    20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u8f6c\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u5199\u8001\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u64b0\u5199\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u2026\u2026\u8ba9\u67d0\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e\u8fdb\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5220\u9664\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e\u2014\u2014\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u7126\u70b9\uff08\u539f\u6ce815\uff09\u3002
    \u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u503e\u5411\u59cb\u4e8e\u4f55\u65f6\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u73b0\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u7ecf\u5e38\u5927\u7bc7\u5e45\u5730\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8c03\u67e5<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u8de8\u56fd\u8c03\u67e5\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7•\u5361\u8328\u548c\u76ae\u5f97•\u6885\u5c14\uff08Peter Mair\uff09\u5728\u5176\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5927\u578b\u624b\u518c\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\u4e8612\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6ce816\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8de8\u56fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5c31\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cFritz Plasser\u548cGunda Plasserr\u6574\u7406\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5927\u7ea670\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ade\u9009\u76d1\u7ba1\u4f53\u5236\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6ce817\uff09\u3002Michael Pinto-Duschinsky\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4e86104\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u6d25\u8d34\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6ce818\uff09\u3002Pinto-Duschinsky\u7684\u6210\u679c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5f00\u53d1\u7f72\u5173\u4e8e118\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff08\u539f\u6ce819\uff09\u3002
    \u6700\u8fd1\u548c\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u9645\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u534f\u52a9\u673a\u6784\uff08International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance\uff0cIDEA\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff08\u539f\u6ce820\uff09\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u534f\u52a9\u673a\u6784\u5173\u4e8e111\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5927\u6982\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6536\u96c6\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4fe1\u606f\u6700\u591a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u8150\u8d25\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u91d1\u95ee\u9898\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u51762004\u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8150\u8d25\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6ce821\uff09\u3002
    \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u5bf9\u8bc4\u4f30\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6587\u732e\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u6765\u6e90\uff08origin\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u6307\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u6765\u5386\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4ee5\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u8fd8\u662f\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u79f0\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2aPlasser\u6c47\u603b\u4e86\u628a\u7ade\u9009\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u89c4\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7531Pinto-Duschinsky\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5f00\u53d1\u7f72\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u534f\u52a9\u673a\u6784\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6c47\u7f16\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u653f\u515a\u8d44\u91d1\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u3002\u653f\u515a\u8d44\u91d1\u4e5f\u662f\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u5173\u6ce8\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u6c47\u603b\u5bf9\u4ed8\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u6c47\u603b\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u8d44\u91d1\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec1\uff0c101\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u9884\u671f\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u67e5\u627e\u3002\u6b32\u4e86\u89e3\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u89c125-28\u9875\u7684\u9644\u5f55\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5176\u653f\u515a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u6000\u7591\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u4e71\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u6210\u5458\u7684\u540d\u5355\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4f1a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u5c40\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u540d\u5355\u3002
    \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u6709\u7740\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388Samuel Issacharoff\u548cRichard Pildes\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f5c\u51fa\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u800c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5c0f\u515a\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff08\u539f\u6ce822\uff09\u3002\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u548c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u201c\u9501\u5b9a\u201d\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bba\u8bc1\u9053\uff1a
    \u5f53\u4e24\u515a\u4f18\u52bf\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u5728\u4e8e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e24\u515a\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9650\u5236\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5f3a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u515a\u5e02\u573a\u5bf9\u4fdd\u8bc1\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u6311\u6218\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u6709\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u51c6\u5165\u673a\u4f1a\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\uff08\u539f\u6ce823\uff09\u3002
    \u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388Gregory Magarian\u5c06\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5176\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08Normative Belief\uff09\uff1a
    \u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e24\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u6700\u5927\u5316\u2026\u2026\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8981\u6bd4\u5c0f\u515a\u8868\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff08\u539f\u6ce824\uff09\u3002
    \u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u5176\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff1b\u5b83\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u610f\u5916\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u7269\u5728\u4ee5\u591a\u515a\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u64cd\u7eb5\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u300a2002\u5e74\u4e24\u515a\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff082002 Bipartisan Campaign Financing Reform Act\uff09\u672c\u6765\u5e94\u8be5\u6291\u5236\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u671f\u95f4\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u8f6f\u94b1\u201d\uff08soft money\uff09\u4ece\u7279\u6b8a\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u6d41\u5411\u653f\u515a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6848\u6700\u521d\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u51cf\u5c11\u7279\u6b8a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\uff08REDUCTION OF SPECIAL INTEREST INFLUENCE\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c2004\u5e74\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u53d7\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u975e\u653f\u515a\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6d41\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\uff0c\u7ec4\u5efa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u975e\u653f\u515a\u96c6\u56e2\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u56fd\u5185\u6536\u5165\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Internal Revenue Code\uff09\u7b2c527\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u514d\u7a0e\u7684\u3002\u636e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\u76d1\u7763\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684527\u6761\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ec5\u57282004\u5e74\u5c31\u52df\u96c6\u4e86\u51714.34\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143(\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u82b1\u6389\u4e86)\uff0c\u6bd4\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e09\u5e74\u52df\u96c6\u7684\u603b\u989d\u8fd8\u8981\u591a6000\u4e07\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff08\u539f\u6ce825\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u5199\u5230\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7ed9\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ba1\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce826\uff09
    \u5982\u679c\u5728\u8bf8\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\u8fd8\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8f6c\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5219\u662f\u78b0\u8fd0\u6c14\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u5728\u5199\u5230\u56fd\u5916\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u626e\u6f14\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff1a(1)\u805a\u5408\u5e76\u8868\u8fbe\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff1b(2)\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9009\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u5f62\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u524d\u666f\uff1b(3)\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u539f\u6ce827\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u201d\uff1a
    \u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u56f4\u7ed5\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5730\u57df\u8ba4\u540c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5dee\u5f02\u5e94\u8be5\u72ec\u7279\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e94\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5c16\u9510\uff1b\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u6709\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u739b\u7684\u9886\u8896\u81ea\u6211\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u8f7d\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u52aa\u529b\u4ece\u4e8b\u516c\u5f00\u3001\u8d1f\u8d23\u548c\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u57f9\u517b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u60c5\u51b5\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u613f\u610f\u8054\u5408\u884c\u52a8\uff08\u539f\u6ce828\uff09\u3002
    \u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u666e\u904d\u3002Richard Gunther\u548c\u62c9\u91cc•\u6234\u8499\u5fb7\uff08Larry Diamond\uff09\u5728\u300a\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08Political Parties and Democracy\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u5185\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u670915\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u67095\u79cd\u4e0e\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u653f\u515a\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u662f\uff1a(1)\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\uff08class-mass\uff09\u3001(2)\u591a\u5143\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08pluralist-nationalist\uff09\u3001(3)\u5b97\u6d3e\u7fa4\u4f17\u653f\u515a\uff08denominational-mass\uff09\u3001(4)\u5168\u6c11\u515a\uff08catch-all\uff09\u548c(5)\u6709\u7eb2\u9886\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff08programmatic parties\uff09\u3002\u8d85\u51fa\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\uff1a(6)\u5730\u65b9\u540d\u4eba\u653f\u515a\uff08local notables\uff09\u3001(7)\u4f8d\u4ece\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08clientelistic\uff09\u3001(8)\u79cd\u65cf\u653f\u515a\uff08ethnic\uff09\u3001(9)\u5927\u4f1a\u578b\u653f\u515a\uff08congress\uff09\u3001(10)\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u653f\u515a\uff08personalistic\uff09\u3001(11)\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08Leninist\uff09\u3001(12)\u6781\u7aef\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08ultranationalist\uff09\u3001(13)\u5b97\u6559\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08religious-fundamentalist\uff09\u3001(14)\u5de6\u7ffc\u81ea\u7531\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\uff08left libertarian\uff09\u548c(15)\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\uff08post-industrial extreme-right\uff09\uff08\u539f\u6ce829\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u6240\u5199\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u6216\u5f31\u5c0f\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce830\uff09
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    \u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u90fd\u5c06\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u793a\u4f8b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u77e5\u9053\u5f97\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8d8a\u4e86\u89e3\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7981\u6b62\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3002\u5728\u201c\u653f\u515a\u201d\/\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u201d\u7684\u6761\u76ee\u4e4b\u4e0b\u641c\u7d22\u201c\u7981\u6b62\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u8377\u5170\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u8c61\u7259\u6d77\u5cb8\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u7531\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u515a\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u504f\u89c1\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5217\u4e3e\u5728\u300a\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c42\u6761\u4e2d(\u89c1\u4e13\u680f2)\u3002
    \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c12\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u7981\u6b62\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u91cd\u7ec4\u5df2\u7ecf\u89e3\u6563\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u515a\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u4ee4\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6216\u653f\u515a\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u7981\u6b62\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f1\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848
    \u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u5236\u5b9a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0b\u5217\u4e8b\u9879\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u786e\u7acb\u56fd\u6559\u6216\u7981\u6b62\u4fe1\u6559\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u5265\u593a\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u6216\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u5e73\u96c6\u4f1a\u548c\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u8bf7\u613f\u4f38\u51a4\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c39\u6761\uff08\u8868\u8fbe\uff09\uff1a
    \u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u4f20\u5a92\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u8c26\u606d\u7684\u8a00\u8bed\u5e76\u9075\u5b88\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f5c\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u6240\u6709\u9f13\u5439\u5206\u88c2\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u717d\u52a8\u53db\u4e71\u3001\u5371\u5bb3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u8d2c\u4f4e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e94\u4e88\u4ee5\u7981\u6b62\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u660e\u786e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f2\uff1a\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7c7b\u578b\u2014\u2014\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c42\u6761
    \u4f9d\u636e\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u6216\u5730\u533a\u6765\u7ec4\u5efa\u3002
    \u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u6d89\u53ca\u524d\u4e00\u6bb5\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002
    \u7981\u6b62\u653f\u515a\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u3002
    \u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u5f3a\u5236\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653e\u4efb\u578b<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u653e\u4efb\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u3002\u653e\u4efb\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u515a\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bf9\u515a\u5458\u7684\u6784\u6210\u3001\u653f\u515a\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b79\u63aa\u8d44\u91d1\u505a\u51fa\u5177\u4f53\u89c4\u5b9a(\u5211\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u9664\u5916)\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u653e\u4efb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002
    \u5927\u6982\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u653e\u4efb\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u4f4e\u7ba1\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728\u5c0f\u56fd\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\uff08\u89c1\u4e0a\u9875\u7684\u4e13\u680f3\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u7684\u653e\u4efb\u4e5f\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9650\u5236\u2014\u2014\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b26\u5408\u653e\u4efb\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u51c6\u519b\u4e8b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u6240\u8b66\u60d5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6761\uff0c\u5373\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7ed3\u793e\u6743\u201d\u7684\u7b2c48\u6761\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bbe\u4e86\u9650(\u89c1\u4e13\u680f3)\u3002
    \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5176\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b26\u5408\u653e\u4efb\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5236\u5b9a\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5305\u62ec\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u3001\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u6709\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff08\u539f\u6ce833\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f3\uff1a\u653e\u4efb\u578b\u7ba1\u5236\u2014\u2014\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u4e0e\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a
<\/STRONG> 
\u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c26\u6761
    \u5b89\u9053\u5c14\u4eba\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8fd0\u8f6c\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u5408\u6cd5\u3002\u505c\u6b62\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u89e3\u6563\u653f\u515a\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c48\u6761
    \uff081\uff09\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u975e\u76c8\u5229\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u56e2\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u3002
    \uff082\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u62e5\u6709\u6b66\u5668\u6216\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u64cd\u7ec3\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u56e2\u5fc5\u987b\u4e8b\u5148\u5f97\u5230\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u53d1\u653e\u8bb8\u53ef\u5e94\u8be5\u6309\u7167\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c\u3002
    \uff083\uff09\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u6539\u53d8\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e6\u72af\u5211\u6cd5\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u6216\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u4e88\u7981\u6b62\u3002
    \uff084\uff09\u5728\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u6216\u653f\u515a\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7ec8\u6b62\u6216\u6682\u505c\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4fc3\u8fdb\u578b<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u4fc3\u8fdb\u662f\u63a8\u8fdb\u3001\u5e2e\u52a9\u6216\u9f13\u52b1\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7acb\u6cd5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u653f\u515a\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u6765\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u8bae\u5e2d\u9009\u533a\u6839\u636e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8981\u6bd4\u5728\u5355\u8bae\u5e2d\u9009\u533a\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u5355\u591a\u6570\u6295\u7968\u6765\u8d62\u5f97\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u7f16\u7e82\u673a\u6784\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u81f3\u5c1112\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u628a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u3002
    \u4e00\u4e9b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u6240\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5b83\u6240\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u653f\u515a\u90a3\u6837\u591a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u653f\u515a\u4e32\u901a\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4efd\u989d\uff08\u539f\u6ce834\uff09\u3002
    \u8003\u8651\u632a\u5a01\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8be5\u56fd\u57281814\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6bd4\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\u665a25\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u653f\u515a\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u90fd\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u3002\u632a\u5a01\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba8\u8bba\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u57281995\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u65f6\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u529e\u6cd5(\u89c1\u4e13\u680f4)\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u8bae\u5e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u9009\u7968\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7ea6\u6570\u3002\u628a\u9009\u4e3e\u529e\u6cd5\u5199\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u4fdd\u6301\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u589e\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002
    \u8bb8\u591a\u516c\u6c11\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u7ed9\u653f\u515a\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u68c0\u7d22\u653f\u515a\/\u56fd\u5bb6\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u7d22\u523047\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6e90\u81ea\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u6709\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u6e90\u81ea\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u4e0a\u9875\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u680f5\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u3001\u521a\u679c(\u5e03\u62c9\u67f4\u7ef4\u5c14)\u3001\u8428\u5c14\u74e6\u591a\u3001\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\u548c\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u7b49\u56fd\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u627f\u8bfa\u3002
    \u7406\u67e5\u5fb7•\u5361\u8328\u548c\u76ae\u5f97•\u6885\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e32\u901a\u4e00\u6c14\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u800c\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u69a8\u53d6\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff1a
    \u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u653f\u515a\u6240\u4fb5\u8680\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u81ea\u5df1\u62b5\u6297\u65b0\u52a8\u5458\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6311\u6218\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u539f\u6ce835\uff09\u3002
    \u5361\u8328\u548c\u6885\u5c14\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u6001\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u653f\u515a\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u201d\u653f\u515a\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u6765\u751f\u5b58\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f4\uff1a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u2014\u2014\u632a\u5a01<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c59\u6761
    \u6bcf\u4e2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e02\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9009\u533a\u3002
    \u6295\u7968\u5e94\u5206\u522b\u5728\u5404\u9009\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u6295\u7968\u65f6\u5e94\u76f4\u63a5\u6295\u7ed9\u4ee3\u8868\u5168\u4f53\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u632a\u5a01\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u3002
    \u9009\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6839\u636e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5e2d\u4f4d\u6309\u7167\u5982\u4e0b\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u5404\u653f\u515a\u4e2d\u5206\u914d\u3002
    \u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u9009\u533a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6295\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9009\u7968\u7684\u603b\u6570\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u9664\u4ee51.4\u30013\u30015\u30017\uff0c\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u9664\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5404\u515a\u5e0c\u671b\u8d62\u5f97\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u4e3a\u6b62\uff09\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5546\u6570\u6700\u5927\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5546\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6240\u6709\u8bae\u5e2d\u5206\u914d\u5b8c\u6bd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u82e5\u5e72\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5546\u6570\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5219\u62bd\u7b7e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u3002\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u540d\u5355\u8054\u76df\u3002
    \u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u5404\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u6839\u636e\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u6295\u7ed9\u5404\u653f\u515a\u7684\u603b\u7968\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u5206\u914d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u914d\u3002\u5404\u653f\u515a\u62e5\u6709\u632a\u5a01\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u603b\u6570\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u628a\u5173\u4e8e\u9009\u533a\u8bae\u5e2d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5404\u653f\u515a\u5f97\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u9009\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u653f\u515a\u6309\u7167\u524d\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u632a\u5a01\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u6570\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u540c\u6837\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u5219\u4f18\u5148\u7d66\u4e88\u5f97\u7968\u6570\u6700\u591a\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f97\u7968\u6570\u4e5f\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u5219\u7ed9\u4e88\u62bd\u7b7e\u5f97\u80dc\u8005\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e00\u653f\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u5206\u914d\u8f83\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6bd4\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\u6240\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u5206\u914d\u5e94\u8be5\u4ec5\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u8be5\u653f\u515a\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u9009\u7968\u6570\u548c\u9009\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002
    \u9664\u975e\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u83b7\u5f97\u9009\u7968\u603b\u6570\u7684\u81f3\u5c114%\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002
    \u653f\u515a\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5728\u8be5\u515a\u53c2\u52a0\u9009\u533a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u9009\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u5b8c\u6bd5\u4e4b\u540e\u540d\u5355\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5546\u6570\u6700\u5927\u8005\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u540d\u5355\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u5546\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5c06\u4e0d\u5206\u533a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5206\u914d\u5b8c\u6bd5\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f5\uff1a\u7528\u8865\u8d34\u6765\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u2014\u2014\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u627f\u8bfa<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\uff0c\u7b2c38\u6761
    \u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u548c\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e88\u4ee5\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u516c\u5f00\u5176\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51c0\u503c\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u7b2c109\u6761 
    \u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u5bf9\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fd0\u8f6c\u8d44\u91d1\u548c\u7ade\u9009\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e88\u4ee5\u8d44\u52a9\u3002
    \u5176\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5f97\u7968\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u53d7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f85\u9047\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u521a\u679c\u5171\u548c\u56fd(\u5e03)\uff0c\u7b2c54\u6761 
    \u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u969c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u7531\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u8d44\u52a9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u8428\u5c14\u74e6\u591a\uff0c\u7b2c210\u6761
    \u56fd\u5bb6\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u6cbb\u8d37\u6b3e\u662f\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u9644\u5219\u5c06\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0e\u6b64\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\uff0c\u7b2c17\u6761
    \u653f\u515a\u5c06\u57281985\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u5927\u9009\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\u5f97\u5230\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u4e8b\u52a1\u5c06\u7531\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Constitutional Electoral Law\uff09\u505a\u51fa\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\uff0c\u7b2c40\u6761 
    (92)\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u5f00\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u672c\u5c4a\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5168\u56fd\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9009\u7968\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u9009\u6c11\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4fdd\u62a4\u578b<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u6307\u4fdd\u62a4\u653f\u515a\u907f\u514d\u4f24\u5bb3\u548c\u635f\u5931\u3002\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6700\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5176\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u5ba3\u5e03\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u590d\u5174\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\uff08Ba\u2019th Party\uff09\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u515a (\u89c1\u4e13\u680f6)\u3002
    \u9664\u4e86\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e00\u515a\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u6709\u610f\u7279\u8bb8\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u578b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4fc3\u8fdb\u578b\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u653f\u515a\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u548c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53c2\u9009\u673a\u4f1a\u3002
    \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8003\u8651\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9009\u4e3e\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u2014\u2014\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8d23\u4efb\u5728\u4e8e\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5dde\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed9\u4e0a\u6b21\u5728\u7ade\u9009\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u516c\u804c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u8d62\u5f97\u7684\u9009\u7968\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u53c2\u9009\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u81ea\u52a8\u7ed9\u5df2\u786e\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u548c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4ee5\u53c2\u9009\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c0f\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u53ea\u6709\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u8bf7\u613f\u4e66\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u53c2\u9009\u6743\u3002\u300a\u53c2\u9009\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\uff08Ballot Access News\uff09\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u524d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e862004\u7eff\u515a\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4ebaDavid Cobb\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u53c2\u9009\u5c40\u9762\uff1a
    David Cobb\uff0c\u7eff\u515a\uff0c54.3%\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u9009\u7968\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u9009\u7968\uff1a13\u4e2a\u5dde\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u592a\u96be\u8fbe\u5230(\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u3001\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u3001\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u3001\u80af\u5854\u57fa\u3001\u65b0\u7f55\u5e03\u4ec0\u5c14\u3001\u5317\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u3001\u5317\u8fbe\u79d1\u4ed6\u3001\u4fc4\u514b\u62c9\u8377\u9a6c\u3001\u5357\u8fbe\u79d1\u4ed6\u3001\u5f97\u514b\u8428\u65af\u3001\u7ef4\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u897f\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u6000\u4fc4\u660e)\uff0c\u57288\u4e2a\u5dde\u8be5\u515a\u5c3d\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4ecd\u8fbe\u4e0d\u5230\u8981\u6c42(\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u3001\u7231\u8fbe\u8377\u3001\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u3001\u582a\u8428\u65af\u3001\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u3001\u7530\u7eb3\u897f)\uff0c\u57282\u4e2a\u5dde\u8be5\u515a\u4e0a\u4e86\u9009\u7968\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\uff08\u539f\u6ce836\uff09\u3002
    \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5df2\u786e\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u52a0\u5927\u5bf9\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u81ea\u5df1\u515a\u5458\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\uff1a\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5982\u679c\u201c\u53cd\u6c34\u201d\u6216\u6295\u5954\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u5c06\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u4e13\u680f7\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u6b64\u7c7b\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002
    \u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ed9\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u515a\u56e2\u4e2d\u7684\u515a\u5185\u5f02\u8bae\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u653f\u515a\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u5931\u53bb\u8bae\u5e2d\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u53cd\u8df3\u69fd\u201d\u6761\u6b3e\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u52a0\u5f3a\u653f\u515a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u5f97\u5230\u634d\u536b\uff08\u539f\u6ce837\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u6cd5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u751f\u6548\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c2001\u5e74\u4f5b\u8499\u7279\u5dde\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u8a79\u59c6\u65af•\u6770\u4f5b\u5179\uff08James Jeffords\uff09\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u79bb\u5f00\u5171\u548c\u515a\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5357\u65b9\u8bae\u5458\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5458\u53d8\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u515a\u5458\u3002\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8131\u515a\u662f\u201c\u8fdd\u5baa\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u53bb\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f8b\u8bc1\u4e86\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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\u7b2c8\u6761
    \u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u653f\u515a\u662f\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u590d\u5174\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u3002\u5b83\u5c06\u9886\u5bfc\u52aa\u529b\u7edf\u4e00\u4eba\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u9635\u7ebf\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \uff081\uff09\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5404\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5c06\u5728\u5f53\u9009\u540e\u4e0b\u6b21\u56fd\u4f1a\u89e3\u6563\u65f6\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002
    \uff082\uff09\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e5f\u5c06\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u2014\u2014
    \uff08e\uff09\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e00\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u515a\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u88ab\u9009\u5165\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8be5\u8bae\u5458\u9000\u51fa\u8be5\u515a\u6216\u53cd\u6c34\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \uff081\uff09\u5728\u4e0b\u5217\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5c06\u7ec8\u6b62\uff1a
    \uff08b\uff09\u63d0\u540d\u8be5\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u653f\u515a\u901a\u77e5\u8bae\u957f\uff1a\u8be5\u8bae\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8be5\u653f\u515a\u515a\u5458\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\uff0c\u7b2c49\u6761\u3002\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62
    \uff081\uff09\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5c06\u7ec8\u6b62\uff1a
    \uff08f\uff09\u8bae\u5458\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u65f6\u6240\u96b6\u5c5e\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u9610\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u77e5\u8be5\u4eba\u9000\u51fa\u8be5\u515a\u65f6\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \uff08g\uff09\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f53\u9009\u8fdb\u5165\u8bae\u4f1a\u65f6\u5f97\u5230\u67d0\u4e00\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8d5e\u52a9\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u4efb\u671f\u5c4a\u6ee1\u4e4b\u524d\u6210\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u515a\u5458\uff1a<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u585e\u820c\u5c14\uff0c\u7b2c81\u6761\u3002\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7684\u7ec8\u6b62
    \uff081\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u505c\u6b62\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u8be5\u4eba\u6240\u5360\u636e\u7684\u8bae\u5e2d\u5e94\u4e88\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002
    27\uff08h\uff09\u5982\u679c\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u8bae\u5458
    \uff08i\uff09\u63d0\u540d\u8be5\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u653f\u515a\u63d0\u540d\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f53\u8bae\u5458\u66ff\u4ee3\u5148\u524d\u63d0\u540d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee5\u4e66\u9762\u5f62\u5f0f\u901a\u77e5\u8bae\u957f\u65b0\u7684\u63d0\u540d\uff1b
    \uff08ii\uff09\u8be5\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u65f6\u6240\u96b6\u5c5e\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u515a\u5458\uff1b<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \uff081\uff09\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bae\u5458\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5c06\u7ec8\u6b62\u2014\u2014
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