{"id":4959,"date":"2008-06-03T05:17:52","date_gmt":"2008-06-03T05:17:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=4959 "},"modified":"2008-06-03T05:17:52","modified_gmt":"2008-06-03T05:17:52","slug":"4959-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=4959","title":{"rendered":"\u91c7\u7528\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u2014\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u89c6\u91ce\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u4e0b\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/FONT><\/STRONG> <\/P>\r\n

<\/FONT> <\/P>\r\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b66\u4f1a<\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

<\/SPAN><\/o:p><\/SPAN><\/STRONG> <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u80af\u5c3c\u601d\u00b7\u8ba9\u8fbe(Kenneth Janda)<\/o:p><\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/SPAN><\/P>\r\n

<\/FONT>\r\n

<\/FONT><\/STRONG> <\/P>\r\n

\u89c4\u5b9a\u578b<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u89c4\u5b9a\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53d1\u51fa\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u3002\u533b\u751f\u5f00\u51fa\u533b\u7597\u5904\u65b9\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u75be\u75c5\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5728\u8fd0\u8f6c\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u578b\u653f\u515a\u7ba1\u5236\u8ba9\u653f\u6743\u53ef\u4ee5\u5439\u5618\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u591a\u515a\u5236\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5374\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u628a\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u6781\u7aef\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8003\u8651\u5b9e\u884c\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\u53ea\u5728\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u641c\u7d22\u653f\u515a\/\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u8bcd\u6761\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9996\u5148\u6ce8\u610f\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u6301\u4e45\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
    \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e8642\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8bcd\u6761\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259(2\u6761)\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u6839\u636e\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6765\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u660e\u786e\u800c\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u6709\u5173\u6761\u6b3e\u5df2\u5728\u4e13\u680f8\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u3002
    \u8461\u8404\u7259\u5baa\u6cd5\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a(\u89c1\u4e13\u680f9)\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\uff1b\u8fd8\u9650\u5236\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u4f55\u547d\u540d\u548c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff08\u539f\u6ce842\uff09\u3002
    \u5bf9\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a(1)\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u5904\u7406\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\uff1b(2)\u5c11\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u9002\u5ea6\u5730\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9002\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4ed638\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff038\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u670911\u4e2a\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u90fd\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u751a\u81f3\u90a3\u4e9b\u5904\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u4e0d\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002
    \u4f46\u5c11\u6570\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u5176\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\u548c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c141990\u5e74\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\uff08\u89c1\u4e13\u680f10\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u767b\u8bb0\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf5\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\u4e00\u6b21\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u8fd8\u9650\u5236\u653f\u515a\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u6807\u5fd7\u3002
    \u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a1984\u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u6b3e(\u89c116\u9875\u4e13\u680f11)\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u52a0\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u5982\u4f55\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u5730\u70b9\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u548c\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u9009\u4e3e\u515a\u5185\u5b98\u5458\u3002
    \u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5728\u82e5\u5e72\u6761\u6b3e\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u3002\u598217\u9875\u7684\u4e13\u680f12\u4e2d\u6240\u4f8b\u8bc1\u7684\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u6761\u6b3e (\u300a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u9650\u5236\u300b) \u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u5730\u5740\u8981\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u515a\u7ae0\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u90fd\u8981\u572830\u5929\u5185\u62a5\u544a\u7ed9\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u603b\u90e8\u5fc5\u987b\u8bbe\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u9996\u90fd\u533a\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u7981\u6b62\u653f\u515a\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5730\u533a\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u5173\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u6216\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u8981\u5b9a\u671f\u9009\u4e3e\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf4\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u6765\u81ea\u81f3\u5c11\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5dde\u3002
    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8be5\u56fd\u591a\u6570\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6c11\u65cf(\u90e8\u65cf\u548c\u5b97\u6559)\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7740\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u4e09\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\uff1a\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u8c6a\u6492\/\u5bcc\u62c9\u5c3c\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u7ea6\u9c81\u5df4\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u4f0a\u535a\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u4e16\u754c\u6982\u51b5\u300b\uff08CIA World Factbook\uff09\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\uff1a
    \u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u51fa\u73b0\u5e76\u4e14\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u662f\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7ec4\u5efa\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u533a\u57df\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u56e2\u4f53\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u5927\u201c\u80a1\u4e1c\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6743\u529b\u5206\u4eab\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7b97\u8ba1\u5c31\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\uff08\u539f\u6ce838\uff09\u3002
    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u786e\u4fdd\u5404\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u653f\u515a\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u628a\u6c11\u65cf\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u9f13\u52b1\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6b63\u5982Benjamin Reilly\u5199\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u90fd\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u7a0b\u80fd\u591f\u6291\u5236\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9f13\u52b1\u201c\u57fa\u7840\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u3001\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff08\u539f\u6ce839\uff09\u3002
    \u65e0\u8bba\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4e13\u680f12\u4e2d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e13\u680f10\u548c\u4e13\u680f11\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u548c\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u8bc1\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u5851\u9020\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u653f\u515a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u2014\u2014\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u3002
    \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5728\u201c\u4e13\u95e8\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5305\u542b117\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6761\u2014\u2014\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u6761\u4e2d\u670913\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300a1964\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b(1994\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2)\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002Wolfgang M\u00fcller\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u201c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6700\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce840\uff09\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\/\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8bcd\u6761\uff08\u672c\u6587\u672a\u663e\u793a\uff09\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e8611\u6761\u51712000\u591a\u5b57\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u3002
    \u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5f88\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e8b\u65e0\u5de8\u7ec6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a\u663e\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u963b\u788d\u5f3a\u5927\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7ea6\u65e6\u3001\u4e5f\u95e8\u3001\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u5efa\u548c\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u611f\u5230\u5947\u602a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57282003\u5e74\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u8bc4\u7ea7\u4e2d\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u300a\u7ea6\u65e61992\u5e74\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Jordanian 1992 Political Parties Law\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6761\u6b3e(\u89c1\u4e0b\u9875\u4e13\u680f13)\u3002
    \u4e13\u680f13\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c4\u6761\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u672c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u7ea6\u65e6\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u7ec4\u6210\u653f\u515a\u5e76\u81ea\u613f\u52a0\u5165\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5341\u5206\u5177\u4f53(\u89c1\u4e13\u680f13\u7b2c7\u6761\u548c\u7b2c22\u6761)\u3002\u7ea6\u65e6\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u5305\u62ec\uff09\uff1a(a)\u653f\u515a\u6240\u6709\u652f\u90e8\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u515a\u5c42\u7ea7\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u5176\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1b(C)\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u5c42\u7ea7\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff1b(d)\u628a\u201c\u515a\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u5730\u5740\u548c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u201d\u8bb0\u5f55\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u653f\u515a\u603b\u90e8\u548c (e)\u201c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u652f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u3002
    \u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u300a\u7ea6\u65e6\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b(\u4e13\u680f13)\u2014\u2014\u548c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u4e5f\u95e8\u3001\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5148\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53d1\u8fbe\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u8f6c\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u4f9d\u5176\u4f55\u65f6\u521b\u7acb\u548c\u7531\u8c01\u521b\u7acb\u800c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u5728\u6709\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ec5\u4ec535\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u5f97\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5176\u521b\u7acb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6709\u7740\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6709\u6548\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6a21\u5f0f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u800c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7ea6\u65e6\u3001\u4e5f\u95e8\u3001\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u5c31\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f8\uff1a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u7b2c21\u6761
    \uff081\uff09\u653f\u515a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5faa\u6c11\u4e3b\u539f\u5219\u3002\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u516c\u5f00\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u8d22\u4ea7\u53ca\u5176\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u7b2c6\u6761[\u653f\u515a]
    \u653f\u515a\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u653f\u515a\u6309\u7167\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u81ea\u7531\u6210\u7acb\u548c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8fd0\u8f6c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f9\uff1a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u8461\u8404\u7259<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c51\u6761\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u4e0e\u653f\u515a
    \uff083\uff09\u5728\u4e0d\u635f\u5bb3\u5176\u7eb2\u9886\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e0d\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u5305\u542b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u6559\u4f1a\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u8c61\u5f81\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002
    \uff084\uff09\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ee5\u6697\u793a\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u6d3b\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6240\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u515a\u3002
    \uff085\uff09\u653f\u515a\u5fc5\u987b\u6839\u636e\u900f\u660e\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u539f\u5219\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u3002
    \uff086\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u8be5\u8bbe\u7acb\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u8d22\u653f\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6709\u5173\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u5176\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u8d26\u76ee\u6709\u5173\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f10\uff1a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c113\u6761\uff1a\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u515a\u53c2\u52a0\u7ade\u9009\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u767b\u8bb0\u8981\u6c42
    \uff081\uff09\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3a\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5e0c\u671b\u83b7\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u4f9d\u7167\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6240\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5230\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u767b\u8bb0\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u6240\u63d0\u4ea4\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u4e66\u4e2d\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u660e\u786e\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u6709\u5173\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5176\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u7c7b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u6b64\u7c7b\u7533\u8bf7\u65f6\u5e94\u540c\u65f6\u63d0\u4ea4\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\u548c\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002
    \uff082\uff09\u9664\u4e86\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6761\u6b3e\uff081\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u515a\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u767b\u8bb0\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u7b26\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a
    \uff08a\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\u53ca\u89c4\u7ae0\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff1b
    \uff08b\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\u6216\u89c4\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u62c5\u4efb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u804c\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf\u4e94\u5e74\u9009\u4e3e\u4e00\u6b21\uff1b
    \uff08c\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u7b2c114\u6761\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1b
    \uff08d\uff09\u5728\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u81f3\u5c11\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u9009\u7968\u76843%\uff1a
    \uff083\uff09\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u59d3\u3001\u90e8\u65cf\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u6216\u6027\u522b\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8be5\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u6807\u5fbd\u6216\u65d7\u5e1c\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u793e\u533a\u6027\uff0c\u6216\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5206\u88c2\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e0d\u4e88\u767b\u8bb0\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f11\uff1a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c79\u6761
    \u9664\u975e\u7b26\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4efb\u4f55\u56e2\u4f53\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6765\u8fd0\u8f6c\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u516c\u804c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff1a
    a.\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b26\u5408\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u767b\u8bb0\u8981\u6c42\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u767b\u8bb0\u3002\u767b\u8bb0\u8981\u6c42\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u5411\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e00\u4efd\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u4e8e\u56e2\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u5730\u5740\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6ee1\u8db3\u89c4\u5b9a\u672c\u6761 (b)\u3001(c)\u3001(d)\u3001(e) \u6b3e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u5e94\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6240\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6216\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u4eba\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u4eba\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u62e5\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u52a8\u4ea7\u3001\u52a8\u4ea7\u6216\u6df7\u5408\u6027\u8d22\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u8d77\u8bc9\u3001\u5e94\u8bc9\u548c\u6301\u6709\u8d26\u6237\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62d2\u7edd\u7ed9\u67d0\u4e2a\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u4e88\u4ee5\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u53ef\u8bc9\u81f3\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b
    b.\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\u516c\u6c11\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u80cc\u666f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5baa\u6cd5\u53e6\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002
    C.\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\uff1a
    i.\u6709\u5173\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ade\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u90e8\u5e94\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\uff1b
    ii.\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ade\u9009\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u90e8\u5e94\u4f4d\u4e8e\u53bf\u603b\u90e8\uff1b
    iii.\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ade\u9009\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u516c\u804c\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u90e8\u5e94\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9009\u533a\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002
    d.\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u3001\u6807\u5fd7\u6216\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u6db5\u4e49\u6216\u5206\u88c2\u6027\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u5f97\u9650\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u662f\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u8bdd\u2014\u2014\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5730\u533a\u3002
    e.\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u81f3\u5c11\u6bcf\u516d\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b98\u5458\u9009\u4e3e\u6765\u81ea\u6211\u56fd\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u5730\u533a\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fee\u8ba2\u5e94\u5728\u4fee\u8ba2\u751f\u6548\u540e\u5341\u65e5\u5185\u5230\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u767b\u8bb0\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f12\uff1a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c222\u6761\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u9650\u5236
    \u9664\u975e\u7b26\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4efb\u4f55\u56e2\u4f53\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u540d\u79f0\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6765\u8fd0\u8f6c\u2014\u2014
    \uff08a\uff09\u5176\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u5730\u5740\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Independent National Electoral Commission\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u767b\u8bb0\uff1b
    \uff08b\uff09\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u516c\u6c11\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u5206\u7c7b\u5982\u4f55\uff1b
    \uff08c\uff09\u5176\u7ae0\u7a0b\u7684\u526f\u672c\u5e94\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u767b\u8bb0\uff1b
    \uff08d\uff09\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u5baa\u7ae0\u505a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u4e8e\u505a\u51fa\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u65e5\u4e4b\u5185\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u603b\u90e8\u767b\u8bb0\uff1b
    \uff08e\uff09\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u8c61\u5f81\u6216\u6807\u5fd7\u4e0d\u5f97\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u6db5\u4e49\uff0c\u6216\u7ed9\u4eba\u4ee5\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff1b
    \uff08f\uff09\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u9996\u90fd\u533a\u963f\u5e03\u8d3e\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c223\u6761\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0
    \uff081\uff09\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0\u5e94\u2014\u2014
    \uff08a\uff09\u89c4\u5b9a\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5b9a\u671f\u9009\u4e3e\u4e3b\u8981\u5b98\u5458\u53ca\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff1b
    \uff08b\uff09\u786e\u4fdd\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53cd\u6620\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u7279\u5f81\u3002
    \uff082\uff09\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u2014\u2014
    \uff08a\uff09\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5b9a\u671f\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u95f4\u9694\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u56db\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u624d\u5e94\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5b9a\u671f\u4e3e\u884c\uff1b
    \uff08b\uff09\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u6210\u5458\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5dde\uff0c\u5360\u6240\u6709\u8054\u90a6\u5dde\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8054\u90a6\u9996\u90fd\u533a\u963f\u5e03\u8d3e\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u6216\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6210\u5458\u624d\u5e94\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f13\uff1a\u7528\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u7ea6\u65e6<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c4\u6761
    \u6839\u636e\u672c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u7ea6\u65e6\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u653f\u515a\u5e76\u81ea\u613f\u52a0\u5165\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c7\u6761
    A.\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u4e66\u5e94\u7531\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7b7e\u540d\u5e76\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u9644\u6709\u4e0b\u5217\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a
    1.\u7531\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5927\u7eb2\u7684\u526f\u672c\u4e09\u4efd\u3002
    2.\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7684\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u5206\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bcf\u4f4d\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u548c\u51fa\u751f\u65e5\u671f\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5730\u5740\u3002
    3.\u6bcf\u4f4d\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u590d\u5370\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u6237\u53e3\u7c3f\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u8bc1\u590d\u5370\u4ef6\u3002
    4.\u6bcf\u4f4d\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7684\u65e0\u72af\u7f6a\u8bb0\u5f55\u8bc1\u660e\u3002
    5.\u7531\u4e94\u4f4d\u521b\u529e\u8005\u5728\u90e8\u957f\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u9762\u524d\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u4e66\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u6240\u6709\u521b\u529e\u8005\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\u548c\u6709\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e94\u4f4d\u521b\u529e\u8005\u5e94\u5728\u8bc1\u660e\u4e66\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6295\u9012\u8be5\u90e8\u6240\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u901a\u77e5\u6216\u4fe1\u51fd\u7684\u5730\u5740\u6216\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u70b9\u3002
    B.\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5e94\u53d1\u51fa\u6536\u5230\u5efa\u7acb\u653f\u515a\u7533\u8bf7\u4e66\u7684\u901a\u77e5\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u7533\u8bf7\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u548c\u6240\u9644\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c22\u6761
    \u653f\u515a\u5e94\u5728\u5176\u603b\u90e8\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u5217\u8bb0\u5f55\u548c\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a
    \uff08a\uff09\u653f\u515a\u5927\u7eb2\u3002
    \uff08b\uff09\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u3001\u521b\u529e\u8005\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u6210\u5458\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u5730\u5740\u548c\u4f4f\u6240\u3002
    \uff08c\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u5386\u6b21\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002
    \uff08D\uff09\u653f\u515a\u6536\u652f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u8be5\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u3002Wolfgang M\u00fcller\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u5173\u4e8e\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u653f\u515a\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6784\u6210\u4e86
    \u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u515a\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\uff08\u5982\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6c11\u4e3b\u79e9\u5e8f) \u548c\u201c\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\uff08\u5982\u6210\u6587\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff09\uff08\u539f\u6ce841\uff09\u3002
    \u5728\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6784\u6210\u5176\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u7684\u76f8\u5b9c\u6027\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u516c\u6c11\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e48\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u6b63\u5982\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5148\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u5148\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5f53\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u840c\u82bd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u653f\u515a\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u6210\u957f\u58ee\u5927\u5e76\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u7ba1\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6765\u652f\u6301\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u6216\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
    \u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5df4\u5217\u7ef4\u56fd\u738b\uff08Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6b22\u8fce\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u4ed6\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u904f\u5236\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f0a\u6717\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u4f0a\u6717\u56fd\u738b\u5b9e\u884c\u5e1d\u738b\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f3a\u5c11\u80fd\u4f7f\u5176\u897f\u65b9\u76df\u53cb\u66f4\u52a0\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5916\u8863\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u66fe\u7ecf\u5199\u5230\u7684\uff1a
    \u5230\u4e861957\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4e24\u515a\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u3002\u4ed6\u9080\u8bf7\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u603b\u7406Manuchehr Eqba\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a(MELLIYUN)\uff0c\u53c8\u9f13\u52b1\u524d\u603b\u7406\u963f\u8428\u675c\u62c9•\u963f\u62c9\u59c6\uff08Assadollah Alam\uff09\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u515a\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11(Mardom)\u515a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u4e3b\u8981\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u7cbe\u82f1\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u6717\u8bae\u4f1a(Majlis)\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u529b\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e24\u515a\u57281960\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u8be5\u9009\u4e3e\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u638c\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u821e\u5f0a\u800c\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u30021961\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4e5f\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u738b\u5bf9\u628a\u4f0a\u6717\u653f\u6cbb\u5851\u9020\u6210\u4eff\u7167\u82f1\u56fd\u4e24\u515a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u611f\u5230\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u89e3\u6563\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08\u539f\u6ce842\uff09\u3002
    \u56fd\u738b\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0e\u4e24\u515a\u5236\u7684\u8c03\u60c5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u653f\u515a\u7ade\u4e89\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u80ae\u810f\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4e3a\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6839\u636eIngrid van Biezen\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6b63\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u515a\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u201c\u5728\u516c\u804c\u5c97\u4f4d\u4e0a\u4ece\u515a\u5185\u88ab\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5728\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e4b\u540e\u51e0\u4e4e\u7acb\u5373\u5c31\u83b7\u5f97\u8bae\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u6743\uff08\u5f80\u5f80\u8fd8\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u8d23\u4efb\uff09\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce843\uff09\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5c31\u4e0d\u9f13\u52b1\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002
    \u521b\u5efa\u653f\u515a\u662f\u4e00\u6869\u6709\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u751f\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u55bb\u662f\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cIssacharoff\u548cPildes\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8fd8\u662f\u963b\u788d\u515a\u6d3e\u63a7\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u6765\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff08\u539f\u6ce844\uff09\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5728\u521b\u529e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u80fd\u6536\u56de\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u62db\u81f4\u8d22\u52a1\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u5728\u521b\u529e\u653f\u515a\u65f6\u65e2\u4f1a\u62db\u81f4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u62db\u81f4\u653f\u6cbb\u635f\u5931\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u91d1\u94b1\u4e0a\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u521b\u529e\u8005\u8fd8\u5192\u7740\u5931\u53bb\u540d\u8a89\u751a\u81f3\u906d\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u590d\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u521b\u529e\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7ec4\u5efa\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a\u5c31\u50cf\u5168\u9762\u800c\u4e8b\u65e0\u5de8\u7ec6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u963b\u788d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u800c\u4e8b\u65e0\u5de8\u7ec6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u653f\u6cbb\u4f01\u4e1a\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u653f\u515a\u3002
    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8d77\u8349\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u95ee\u4e00\u95ee\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u201dSimon Chesterman\u544a\u8beb\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff1a\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u2014\u2014\u6709\u65f6\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u2014\u2014\u5411\u5f53\u5730\u7cbe\u82f1\u63d0\u4f9b\u83b7\u5f97\u6267\u653f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u5bf9\u539f\u6765\u4ece\u4e8b\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u96c6\u56e2\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u5305\u88c5\u5f3a\u4e0d\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\uff08\u539f\u6ce845\uff09\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0d\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u3002Chesterman\u8b66\u544a\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u7269\u4e3b\u5bb0\uff1a\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u2018\u65e0\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u2019\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7ea6\u97e6\u91cc•\u7a46\u585e\u97e6\u5c3c\uff08Yoweri Museveni\uff09\u7684\u4e4c\u5e72\u8fbe\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce846\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff1a\u4ece\u4e0a\u5c42\u5f00\u59cb\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u5047\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u7740\u5e74\u8f7b\u4f46\u5bcc\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u591a\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u518d\u5047\u5b9a\u90a3\u4e9b\u638c\u6743\u8005\u6216\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u65bd\u52a0\u5916\u90e8\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u592a\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u5728\u7ade\u9009\u4e2d\u4e0d\u592a\u65af\u6587\uff1b\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u74dc\u5206\u5927\u4f17\u9009\u7968\u7684\u653f\u515a\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u80fd\u591f\u8fbe\u5230\u8bae\u4f1a\u591a\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u5236\u5b9a\uff1f\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662f\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u9881\u5e03\uff1f
    \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7528\u5baa\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4fee\u6539\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u628a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u628a\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u51bb\u7ed3\u6210\u7b28\u62d9\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6bd4\u5baa\u6cd5\u66f4\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u627f\u8f7d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u805a\u5408\u8fd8\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5229\u76ca\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u653f\u515a\u5b66\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u7528\u201c\u805a\u5408\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8868\u8fbe\u201d\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u653f\u515a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u6e05\u6670\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cGunther\u548c\u6234\u8499\u5fb7\u8c08\u5230\u653f\u515a\u662f\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u805a\u5408\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u540e\u4ec5\u628a\u5229\u76ca\u805a\u5408\u5217\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4e03\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u804c\u80fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff08\u539f\u6ce847\uff09\u3002\u9700\u8981\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u5e38\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u4f46\u5f88\u5c11\u505a\u51fa\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002
    \u8868\u8fbe\u5229\u76ca\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u805a\u5408\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u96c6\u5408\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff08\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\uff09\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6709\u7740\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u805a\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e00\u822c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u805a\u5408\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u539f\u6ce848\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u653f\u515a(\u5982\u6b27\u6d32\u7eff\u515a\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u515a\u6d3e)\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u66f4\u52a0\u6ce8\u91cd\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u800c\u4e0d\u592a\u91cd\u89c6\u5229\u76ca\u805a\u5408\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u628a\u8868\u8fbe\u6c11\u65cf\u5229\u76ca\u653e\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u5207\u524d\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48Reilly\u4f1a\u5199\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u540c\u6837\u5e38\u5e38\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u907f\u514d\u65cf\u9645\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5de9\u56fa\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u57fa\u7840\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u3001\u805a\u5408\u6027\u7684\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce849\uff09\u3002\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u52a9\u957f\u56fd\u5185\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u5371\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff08\u539f\u6ce850\uff09\u3002
    \u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0e\u963f\u4f26\u5fb7•\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279\uff08Arend Lijphart\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279\u8d5e\u6210\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u4f53\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u201c\u534f\u548c\u5f0f\u201d\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u539f\u6ce851\uff09\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cKanchan Chandra\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f97\u5408\u9002\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u73af\u5883\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4f4f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u539f\u6ce852\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u591a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u6b63\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u9ed8\u987f•\u963f\u5e03\u62c9\u9ed8\u8328\uff08Morton Abramowitz\uff09\u5199\u5230\uff1a
    \u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d77\u8349\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4eec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u7981\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7981\u6b62\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5149\u5f69\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u964d\u4f4e\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\uff08\u539f\u6ce853\uff09\u3002
    \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u8003\u8651\u81f3\u5c11\u5e94\u8be5\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u628a\u9632\u6b62\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u515a(\u598217\u9875\u4e13\u680f12\u4e2d\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u5baa\u6cd5)\u89c6\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5584\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u603b\u7edf\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u4e48\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5728\u5404\u56fd\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u65e2\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u53c8\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996(\u4e3b\u8981\u5145\u5f53\u793c\u4eea\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u8272)\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u3002\u5982\u679c\u603b\u7edf\u786e\u5b9e\u9886\u5bfc\u7531\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u9884\u671f\u603b\u7edf\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u3002
    \u5047\u5982\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u9884\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u60ca\u8bb6\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u5927\u7ea620\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u603b\u7edf\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u515a\u6d3b\u52a8\u300211\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u7c7b\u63aa\u8f9e\u2014\u2014\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a(1998\u5e74)\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af(1996\u5e74)\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a(2003\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2)\u3001\u4e4d\u5f97(1996)\u3001\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a (1992\u5e74)\u3001\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766(1998\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2)\u3001\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af(2003\u4fee\u8ba2)\u3001\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b(1992)\u3001\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14(1999)\u3001\u571f\u8033\u5176(2002\u4fee\u8ba2)\u3001\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d(1996\u5e74\u4fee\u6539)\u2014\u2014\u89c1\u4e0b\u4e00\u9875\u7684\u4e13\u680f14\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5168\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u9762\u7981\u6b62\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u3002(1996\u5e74\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u3016\u672a\u663e\u793a\u3017\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u79f0\u603b\u7edf\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u6709\u5173\u6216\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\u4efb\u547d\u987e\u95ee\uff08\u539f\u6ce854)\u3002
    \u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5730\u4f4d\u5bf9\u5baa\u6cd5\u7981\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5168\u9762\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e4d\u5f97\u548c\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u603b\u7edf\u65e2\u62c5\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\uff0c\u4e5f\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u603b\u7edf\u90fd\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7528\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u201d\u6765\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u7981\u4ee4\u8fa9\u62a4\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e13\u680f14\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u603b\u7edf\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4f01\u56fe\uff08\u539f\u6ce855\uff09\u3002(\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf\u9c8d\u91cc\u65af•\u53f6\u5229\u94a6\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53e6\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\uff09\u5c31\u5baa\u6cd5\u8ba9\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u5426\u8ba4\u653f\u515a\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u91cd\u89c6\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e13\u680f14: \u7981\u6b62\u603b\u7edf\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u7b2c89\u6761
    \u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e0d\u5f97\u62c5\u4efb\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u804c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u6210\u5458\u6216\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u7b2c86\u6761
    \u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u804c\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5e94\u6682\u505c\u5176\u653f\u515a\u515a\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8ffd\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u516c\u5171\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7b2c95\u6761
    \uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6216\u53c2\u52a0\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u5171\u6216\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6216\u53c2\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e4d\u5f97\uff0c\u7b2c71\u6761
    \u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7ecf\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u3001\u516c\u804c\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u5b83\u4e13\u4e1a\u6216\u8425\u5229\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002
    \u603b\u7edf\u804c\u52a1\u4e5f\u4e0e\u515a\u6d3e\u3001\u653f\u515a\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u5de5\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u7b2c84\u6761
    \u4e0a\u4efb\u540e\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5e94\u7ed3\u675f\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u5f53\u9009\u548c\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u5e94\u4e2d\u6b62\u5176\u653f\u515a\u515a\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u7b2c43\u6761
    2.\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5728\u5176\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u671f\u95f4\u5e94\u505c\u6b62\u5176\u653f\u515a\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u7b2c43\u6761
    5.\u5728\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5e94\u4e2d\u6b62\u5176\u5728\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u65b0\u4e00\u5c4a\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\uff0c\u7b2c83\u6761
    \u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08Seimas\uff09\u8bae\u5458\u6216\u62c5\u4efb\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u9664\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u85aa\u8d44\u548c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u62a5\u916c\u3002
    \u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e2d\u6b62\u5176\u5728\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u7ade\u9009\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14\uff0c\u7b2c44\u6761
    \u5728\u5176\u804c\u52a1\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e0d\u5f97\u62c5\u4efb\u653f\u515a\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u6216\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff0c\u7b2c101\u6761
    \u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u5982\u679c\u662f\u653f\u515a\u515a\u5458\uff0c\u5e94\u5207\u65ad\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5927\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08Grand National Assembly of Turkey\uff09\u8bae\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5e94\u4e2d\u6b62\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d\uff0c\u7b2c77\u6761
    5.\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e0d\u5f97\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u62c5\u4efb\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u6cbb\u9009\u4e3e\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u5728\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u7684\u8fd0\u8f6c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u8003\u8651\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6765\u5851\u9020\u653f\u515a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u5dee\u5f02\u300250\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u83ab\u91cc\u65af•\u8fea\u97e6\u5c14\u70ed(Maurice Duverger)\u5728\u5176\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Les Partis politiques\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u5199\u5230\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u4e0b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u5272\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff08\u539f\u6ce856\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6700\u8fd1\uff0cDavid Samuels\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u5b66\u8005\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a
    \u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u771f\u6b63\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u5360\u636e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5baa\u653f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4ece\u897f\u6b27\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5173\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u5206\u5272\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u5047\u8bbe\uff08\u539f\u6ce857\uff09\u3002
    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u957f\u671f\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u5728\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u3002Terry Clark\u548cJill Wittrock\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u5728\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0a\u6295\u5165\u7684\u201c\u5b66\u672f\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5341\u5206\u6709\u9650\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5176\u6b27\u6d32\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u8de8\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u201c\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u6216\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u548c\u89e3\u6563\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce858\uff09\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\uff0c\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u539f\u6ce859\uff09\u3002
    \u65e0\u8bba\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u300a\u653f\u515a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\uff08Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f16\u8005\u5728\u5f00\u5934\u9648\u8ff0\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e2d\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u4fdd\u6301\u6709\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u6295\u7968\u96c6\u56e2\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce860\uff09\u8fd9\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u515a\u9645\u8fd8\u662f\u515a\u5185\uff1f<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u89c4\u5b9a\u578b\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f24\u8111\u7b4b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u515a\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u515a\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u653f\u515a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u7968\u4ee5\u4fbf\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u804c\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6269\u5927\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u5176\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u8bdd\u2014\u2014\u666e\u901a\u515a\u5458\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\u548c\u653f\u515a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u515a\u5185\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u6392\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u515a\u5411\u9009\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u4e0a\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u5cfb\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8d77\u8349\u65e2\u4fc3\u8fdb\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u515a\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e48\uff1f
    \u653f\u515a\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u7531\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u591a\u6837\u5316\u548c\u6743\u529b\u5206\u6563\u5316\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u548c\u5916\u754c\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u515a\u5185\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u3002\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u635f\u5bb3\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7ed3\u8bba<\/FONT><\/STRONG><\/P>\r\n

    \u672c\u6587\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898:\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u4e48\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\u201d\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u7528\u91d1\u53d1\u59d1\u5a18\u5bd3\u8a00\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u662f\u6b63\u5408\u9002\u7684\u201d\uff1f\uff08\u539f\u6ce861\uff09\u6211\u5bf9\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u65bd\u3001\u4f55\u65f6\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u9605\u8bfb\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a
    1.\u5728\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u653f\u515a\u3002
    2.\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3001\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u8bae\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002
    3.\u591a\u6570\u6709\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5728\u5176\u653f\u515a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u6709\u653f\u515a\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u300b\u3002
    4.\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u653f\u515a\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u524d\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6765\u7ba1\u5236\u653f\u515a\u3002
    5.\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u6765\u89c4\u5b9a\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002
    6.\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662f\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u653f\u515a\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u4ea7\u751f\u5bd2\u8749\u6548\u5e94\u3002
    7.\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e1a\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u653f\u515a\u548c\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u3002
    8.\u901a\u8fc7\u6839\u636e\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u5236\u5b9a\u201c\u592a\u591a\u201d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002
    9.\u901a\u8fc7\u6839\u636e\u201c\u653e\u4efb\u201d\u6a21\u5f0f\u5236\u5b9a\u201c\u592a\u5c11\u201d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u5c0f\u515a\u8fc7\u591a\u4e4b\u82e6\u3002
    10.\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u592a\u5c11\u201d\u7684\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e34\u65f6\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u6709\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u653f\u515a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u6240\u7ea0\u6b63\u3002
    11.\u201c\u653e\u4efb\u578b\u201d\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6bd4\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u578b\u201d\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u66f4\u80fd\u9f13\u52b1\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u515a\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u3002
    \u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u6709\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e5f\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u7ba1\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5341\u5206\u654f\u611f\u3002Magarian\u5bf9\u201c\u79c1\u6743\u201d\u548c\u201c\u516c\u6743\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u5206\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u79c1\u6743\u7406\u8bba
    \u4e0e\u660e\u786e\u7684\u653f\u515a\u591a\u5143\u5316\u89c2\u70b9\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u5f15\u5bfc\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u788e\u7247\u5316\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u9020\u6210\u591a\u6570\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u89c4\u7ae0\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff08\u539f\u6ce862\uff09\u3002
    Magarian\u8d5e\u6210\u5c06\u56e2\u4f53\uff08\u516c\u4f17\uff09\u5229\u76ca\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\uff08\u79c1\u4eba\uff09\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6743\u7ba1\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u66f4\u52a0\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u7528\u591a\u515a\u5236\u7ed3\u675f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e24\u515a\u5784\u65ad\u3002Magarian\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u76ee\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ba1\u5236\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u6700\u4f4e\u7ba1\u5236\u6d3e\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u6d41\u884c\uff08\u539f\u6ce863\uff09\u3002
\u9884\u6d4b\u653f\u515a\u5c06\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u662f\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u56de\u987e\u5728\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u4e0a\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0cReilly\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u662f\u53ef\u5851\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u4e00\u6837\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b83\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce864\uff09\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u5e38\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u653e\u5f03\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u6765\u63a8\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u614e\u91cd\u5904\u7406\u548c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8be2\u95ee\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5e94\u8be5\u5c0a\u91cd\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u5173\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u201c\u65ad\u8a00\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u9884\u77e5\u672a\u6765\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u5f85\u75be\u75c5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e24\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e60\u60ef\u2014\u2014\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u8981\u52a0\u5bb3\u3002\u201d\uff08\u539f\u6ce865\uff09<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u9644\u5f55\uff1a\u653f\u515a\u6cd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u7565\uff09<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e
1. Richard S. Katz, \u201cDemocracy and the Legal Regulation of Political Parties,\u201d paper prepared for the USAID conference on \u201cChanges in Political Parties: United States Agency for International Development,\u201d Washington, D.C., October 1, 2004, 2.
2. Gesetz \u00fcber die politischen Parteien in German. The Korean translation was furnished by Lee Ki Sun, Director General of Public Information
of the Republic of Korea\u2019s National Election Commission. I am indebted to Mr. Lee for providing English translations of all the Korean laws cited herein.
3. Electoral Commission (U.K), Voting for Change: An Electoral Law Modernisation Programme (London: Electoral Commission, 2003), 28.
4. Shaheen Mozaffar and Andreas Schedler, \u201cThe Comparative Study of Electoral Governance\u2014Introduction,\u201d International Political Science
Review 25 (January 2002): 7.
5. The German Bundewahlgesetz translates simply as the \u201cFederal Electoral Law.\u201d The South Korean Election Law is the \u201cAct on the Election
of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices.\u201d
6. Shaheen Mozaffar and Andreas Schedler, \u201cThe Comparative Study of Electoral Governance\u2014Introduction,\u201d 7.
7. Fritz Plasser with Gunda Plasser, Global Political Campaigning: A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign Professionals and Their Practices (Westport,
Conn.: Praeger, 2002), 137\u201375.
8. Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, \u201cComparative Political Finance in Established Democracies\u201d (Introduction), in Karl-Heinz Nassmacher, ed.,
Foundations for Democracy: Approaches to Comparative Political Finance (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgellschaft, 2001), 10.
9. Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004 (Berlin, 2004), 12. The report is available in PDF at
<\/FONT>www.globalcorruptionreport.org\/gcr2004.html<\/FONT><\/A>.
10. For example, the South Korean Election Law is the \u201cAct on the Election of Public Officials and the Prevention of Election Malpractices.\u201d
11. Eric Barendt, An Introduction to Constitutional Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 149.
12. Eric Barendt, An Introduction to Constitutional Law, 26\u201329.
13. Hence van Maarseveen and Ger van der Tang, Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1978), 71\u201372.
14. Jorge Mario Garc\u00eda Laguardia, \u201cConstitutional Framework for Political Parties in Central America: From Exclusion to Participation,\u201d in
Louis W. Goodman, William M. LeoGrande, and Johanna Mendelson Forman, eds., Political Parties and Democracy in Central America
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), 82.
15. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
1999), 160\u201361.
16. Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, eds., Party Organizations: A Data Handbook in Western Democracies, 1960\u201390 (London: SAGE, 1992).
17. Fritz Plasser with Gunda Plasser, \u201cRegulatory Frameworks of Campaigns,\u201d Global Political Campaigning: A Worldwide Analysis of Campaign
Professionals and Their Practices, 137\u201379.
18. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, \u201cFinancing Politics: A Global View,\u201d Journal of Democracy 13 (October 2002): 69\u201386.
19. Office of Democracy and Governance, Money in Politics Handbook: A Guide to Increasing Transparency in Emerging Democracies, Bureau for Democracy,
Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, Document PN-ACR-223, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2003).
20. Reginald Austin and Maja Tjernström, eds., Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm: International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2003). Available in PDF at <\/FONT>www.idea.int\/publications\/funding_parties\/index.cfm<\/FONT><\/A>.
21. Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2004 (Berlin, 2004). Available in PDF at <\/FONT>www.globalcorruptionreport.org\/gcr2004.html<\/FONT><\/A>.
22. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, \u201cPolitics as Markets: Partisan Lockups of the Democratic Process,\u201d Stanford Law Review 50
(February 1998): 643\u2013717.
23. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, \u201cPolitics as Markets: Partisan Lockups of the Democratic Process\u201d: 669.
24. Gregory P. Magarian, \u201cRegulating Political Parties under a \u2018Public Rights\u2019 First Amendment,\u201d William and Mary Law Review 44 (April 2003): 1944.
25. Center for Public Integrity, \u201c527s in 2004 Shatter Previous Records for Political Fundraising,\u201d December 16, 2004. See <\/FONT>www.bop2004.org\/<\/FONT><\/A>
527\/report.aspx?aid=435.
26. Elizabeth Garrett, \u201cIs the Party Over? Courts and the Political Process,\u201d Supreme Court Law Review (2002): 96.
27. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, 142.
28. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, 142\u201343.
29. Richard Gunther and Larry Diamond, \u201cTypes and Functions of Parties,\u201d in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther, eds., Political Parties and
Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 3\u201339.
30. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, 153.
31. Fritz Plasser with Gunda Plasser, Global Political Campaigning, 151.
32. See <\/FONT>www.freedomhouse.org<\/FONT><\/A>.
33. Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, User Friendly, Not Abuser Friendly: Report of the Inquiry into the Integrity of the Electoral Roll
(Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 2001), 81.
34. Josep M. Colomer, \u201cIt\u2019s the Parties that Choose Electoral Systems (or Duverger\u2019s Laws Upside Down),\u201d Political Studies 53 (March 2005): 1\u2013
21.
35. Richard S. Katz and Peter Mair, \u201cChanging Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party,\u201d Party
Politics 1 (January 1995): 16.
36. Ballot Access News, November 2004.
37. Benjamin Reilly, \u201cPolitical Engineering of Parties and Party Systems,\u201d paper prepared for delivery at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the
American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, Pa., August 28-31, 2003.
38. See <\/FONT>www.photius.com\/countries\/nigeria\/government\/nigeria_government_government_and_polit~10019.html<\/FONT><\/A>.
39. Benjamin Reilly, \u201cPolitical Engineering of Parties and Party Systems.\u201d
40. Wolfgang M\u00fcller, \u201cParties and the Institutional Framework,\u201d in Kurt Richard Luther and Ferdinand M\u00fcller-Rommel, eds., Political Parties
in the New Europe: Political and Analytical Challenges (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 262.
41. Wolfgang C. M\u00fcller, \u201cThe Relevance of the State for Party System Change,\u201d Journal of Theoretical Politics 5 (October 1993): 419\u201354.
42. Kenneth Janda, Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey (New York: Free Press, 1980), 861.
43. Ingrid van Biezen, \u201cOn the Theory and Practice of Party Formation and Adaptation in New Democracies,\u201d European Journal of Political
Research 44 (January 2005): 154, 165.
44. Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, \u201cPolitics as Markets: Partisan Lockups of the Democratic Process,\u201d 643.
45. Simon Chesterman, You, the People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-Building (New York: Oxford University Press,
2004), 221.
46. Simon Chesterman, You, the People: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-Building, 223.
47. Richard Gunther and Larry Diamond, \u201cTypes and Functions of Parties,\u201d 3, 8. Presumably, Gunther and Diamond would include interest
articulation under the \u201csocietal representation\u201d function.
48. Kenneth Janda, \u201cComparative Political Parties: Research and Theory,\u201d in Ada W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II
(Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1993), 163\u201391.
49. Benjamin Reilly, \u201cPolitical Engineering of Parties and Party Systems,\u201d 4.
50. For example, see Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory in Democratic Instability (Columbus, Ohio:
Charles E. Merrill, 1972).
51. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).
52. Kanchan Chandra, \u201cEthnic Parties and Democratic Stability,\u201d Perspectives on Politics 3 (June 2005): 235\u201352.
53. Morton Abramowitz, Establishing a Stable Democratic Constitutional Structure in Iraq: Some Basic Considerations (New York and Washington:
Century Foundation, 2003), 50.
54. Article 58c.
55. Ivan Doherty, \u201cDemocracy out of Balance: Civil Society Can\u2019t Replace Political Parties,\u201d Policy Review (April\u2013May 2001): 25\u201335.
56. Maurice Duverger, Les Partis politiques (Paris: Seuil, 1992).
57. David J. Samuels, \u201cPresidentialized Parties: The Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior,\u201d Comparative Political Studies
35 (May 2002): 461\u201362.
58. Terry Clark and Jill Wittrock, \u201cPresidentialism and the Effect of Electoral Law in Postcommunist Systems: Regime Type Matters,\u201d Comparative
Political Studies 38 (March 2005), 172\u201373.
59. Luigi Manzetti, \u201cKeeping Accounts: A Case Study of Civic Initiatives and Campaign Finance Oversight in Argentina,\u201d Washington, D.C.:
USAIDPCE-I-00-97-00042-00, Working Paper No. 248, November 2000; Todd A. Eisenstadt, \u201cCatching the State Off Guard: Electoral
Courts, Campaign Finance, and Mexico\u2019s Separation of State and Ruling Party,\u201d Party Politics 10, no. 6 (2004): 723\u201345; Matthijs Bogaards,
\u201cCounting parties and identifying dominant party systems in Africa,\u201d European Journal of Political Research 43 (2004), 173\u201397.
60. Shaun Bowler, David M. Farrell, and Richard S. Katz, Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government (Columbus: Ohio State University
Press, 1998), 3.
61. For other treatments of this question, see Gary Johns, \u201cDesirability of Regulating Political Parties,\u201d Agenda 8 (December 2001); Richard
Cullen, \u201cRegulating Parties in Hong Kong,\u201d paper prepared for the Panel on Constitutional Affairs, Legislative Council of the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region Meeting, The Role and Development of Political Parties, February 2005; Elizabeth Garrett, \u201cIs the Party
Over? Courts and the Political Process\u201d; Scott Bennett, \u201cAustralia\u2019s Political Parties: More Regulation?\u201d Australian Department of the
Parliamentary Library, Research Paper Number 21, 2002; and Fabrice E. Lehoucq, \u201cCan Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance
and Democratization,\u201d International Political Science Review, 25 (January 2002): 29\u201346.
62. Gregory P. Magarian, \u201cRegulating Political Parties under a \u2018Public Rights\u2019 First Amendment,\u201d 1966.
63. Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, User Friendly, Not Abuser Friendly, 81; Scott Bennett, \u201cAustralia\u2019s Political Parties: More
Regulation?\u201d 14.
64. Benjamin Reilly, \u201cPolitical Engineering of Parties and Party Systems,\u201d 20.
65. Translation of Epidemics, Book I, Section XI. See <\/FONT>www.geocities.com\/everwild7\/noharm.html<\/FONT><\/A>.
66. This program runs on both Windows and Macintosh computers and can also be run from a server over the Internet.
67. See <\/FONT>www.oceanalaw.com<\/FONT><\/A>. (There is a hefty fee to subscribe to the online service. The parent printed source is Albert P. Blaustein and Gisbert.H. Flanz, eds., Constitutions of the Countries of the World (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 1971). The online source is regularly updated.)<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

<\/FONT><\/P>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b66\u4f1a   \u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u80af\u5c3c\u601d\u00b7\u8ba9\u8fbe(Kenneth Jan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4959"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4959\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}