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        \uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u5426\u65bd\u4e88\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231
        
        \u9762\u5bf9\u5982\u6b64\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5a5a\u68c0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6b64\u675f\u624b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u9762\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u6240\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u53c8\u80fd\u5426\u5f3a\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u5a5a\u524d\u4f53\u68c0\uff0c\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u65bd\u4e88\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u201c\u7231\u201d\u5462\uff1f\u5c31\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u6743\u5229\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5de5\u4e0e\u8fde\u5e26\u601d\u60f3\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u590d\u6742\u5316\u800c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8fc7\u4e0a\u66f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u884d\u53d1\u51fa\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e49\u52a1\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u66f4\u5bc6\u5207\u3001\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u4ecb\u5165\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53c8\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u81ea\u7531\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u9650\u5236\u3001\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u628a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u57ce\u5821\u4e0a\u7a7a\u98d8\u626c\u7684\u9ad8\u4e66\u201c\u81ea\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u5927\u7e9b\u964d\u4e86\u201c\u534a\u65d7\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba9\u4ee5\u5f80\u9632\u5fa1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u201c\u5b88\u591c\u4eba\u201d\u6447\u8eab\u4e00\u53d8\u800c\u4e3a\u201c\u5bb6\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u547c\u5401\u6240\u81f4[9]\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c88\u5cbf\u5148\u751f\u6240\u8a00\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5c11\u5e74\u70e6\u607c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6b63\u89c6\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5de8\u7855\u65e0\u6bd4\u7684\u2018\u5bb6\u957f\u2019\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e72\u6d89\u6211\u7684\u2018\u604b\u7231\u81ea\u7531\u2019\u3001\u2018\u4fe1\u5ff5\u81ea\u7531\u2019\uff1f\u6211\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u903c\u6211\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u3002\u6211\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u8981\u4e3a\u6211\u8bbe\u8ba1\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u84dd\u56fe\u3002\u6211\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u542c\u8bdd\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u597d\u50cf\u53c8\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u4ed6\u3002\u751f\u8ba1\u6709\u56f0\u96be\u4e86\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u90fd\u8981\u627e\u4ed6\u51fa\u624b[10]\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u65e2\u50cf\u201c\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u201d\u53c8\u50cf\u201c\u5bb6\u957f\u201d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u4f53\u73b0\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5426\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u7684\u5206\u5bf8\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u63e1\uff1f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u201c\u5bb6\u957f\u201d\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u65bd\u4e88\u5f97\u6bd4\u897f\u65b9\u66f4\u201c\u591a\u201d\u4e00\u4e9b\uff1f
        
        \u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u4ece\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u683c\u6743\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u5411\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5bf9\u8c61\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5411\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\u5411\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u5219\u662f\u201c\u4ece\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u610f\u601d\u8868\u793a\u5f3a\u800c\u667a\u7684\u4eba\u5411\u5f31\u800c\u611a\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8[11]\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u4e86\u975e\u201c\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53[12]\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6709\u4eba\u60ca\u547c\u201c\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u9ec4\u660f\u201d\u6765\u4e34\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u65bd\u4e88\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b[13]\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5168\u6c11\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0d\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u65bd\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231\u662f\u540c\u6837\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u540c\u6837\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u7684\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u5e7f\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7231\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u3002
        
        \u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f3a\u5236\u9a91\u6469\u6258\u8f66\u8005\u6234\u5934\u76d4\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u514d\u9664\u96c7\u4e3b\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u89c4\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u4fdd\u9669\u7b49\u2026\u2026\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5219\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u66fe\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u5a5a\u68c0\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u5973\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u68c0\u67e5\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5904\u5973\u4e88\u4ee550\u5143\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5b58\u4e0e\u5e9f\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u7406\u5e94\u5426\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u5e94\u5982\u4f55\u5c55\u73b0\u201c\u5bb6\u957f\u201d\u7684\u6216\u6e29\u67d4\u6148\u7231\u6216\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u8138\u5e9e\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5bb6\u957f\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u201c\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u201d\u800c\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u754c\u9650\u548c\u8303\u56f4\u3002
        
        \u4e8c\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5
        
        \u63d0\u8d77\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u60f3\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\u6216\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb6\u7236\u6743\u5236\u3002\u7236\u6743\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u7236\u6743\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7236\u6743\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u7956\u7236\u5bf9\u5b59\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff1b\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bb6\u7236\u662f\u81ea\u6743\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5bb6\u7236\u624d\u662f\u6700\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u6700\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5bb6\u7236\u7edf\u8f96\u4e0b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5bb6\u5b50\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u6743\u4eba\uff0c\u5bb6\u5b50\u7684\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7531\u5bb6\u7236\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u652f\u914d\u3002\u5bb6\u7236\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u914d\u5bb6\u5b50\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u4eba\u8eab\u4e43\u81f3\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb6\u7236\u6743\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\u4e2d\u7236\u6743\u8fd8\u8981\u201c\u53cd\u52a8\u201d[14]\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u7236\u4e3a\u5b50\u7eb2\u201d\u201c\u541b\u4e3a\u81e3\u7eb2\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7236\u6743\u8fd8\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb6\u7236\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e2d\u90fd\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u5728\u63d0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u4e0d\u8ba8\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u548c\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u4e86\u5462\uff1f
        
        \uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u4e0e\u7279\u5f81
        
        \u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Paternalism\uff09\u53c8\u79f0\u7236\u7231\u4e3b\u4e49[15]\uff0c\u5b83\u6765\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u8bedpater\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u6307\u50cf\u7236\u4eb2\u90a3\u6837\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\u50cf\u5bf9\u5f85\u5b69\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u5206\u5316\u548c\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u5e26\u6709\u201c\u5584\u610f\u201d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49[16]\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5c06\u5e26\u6709\u201c\u5584\u610f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u201d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90fd\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u62ec\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u52a0\u7ec6\u5206[17]\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u5e76\u4e88\u4ee5\u7ec6\u5316[18]\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u518d\u5206\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\uff08\u5373\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0a\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u6b20\u7f3a\uff09\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd[19]\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u5bf9\u53d7\u5230\u524a\u5f31\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u3001\u865a\u5047\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u5174\u594b\u6216\u51b2\u52a8\u3001\u88ab\u906e\u853d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u6216\u6b20\u7f3a\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u548c\u5e72\u9884[20]\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8303\u4f2f\u683c\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u201c\u4e0d\u771f\u5b9e\u53cd\u6620\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5371\u9669\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u201d\u7684\u5371\u5bb3[21]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u963b\u788d\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u63d0\u5347\u81ea\u6cbb[22]\u3002\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u81ea\u5bc6\u5c14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8981\u8fc7\u4e00\u5ea7\u88ab\u6bc1\u574f\u3001\u6709\u5371\u9669\u7684\u6865\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u6293\u4f4f\u4ed6\u628a\u4ed6\u62c9\u56de\u6765\u800c\u4e0d\u771f\u6b63\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u60f3\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u60f3\u5815\u5165\u6c34\u4e2d\u201d[23]\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5173\u4e8e\u6865\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6216\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u8fc7\u6865\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u80fd\u53cd\u5e94\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u613f\u671b\u548c\u504f\u597d\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3001\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u6216\u4e0d\u81ea\u613f\u90fd\u80fd\u963b\u788d\u613f\u671b\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0[24]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u81f3\u4e0a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005 (Libertarianist)\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u548c\u5e72\u9884[25]\u3002\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u51fa\u4e8e\u589e\u52a0\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u4f7f\u5176\u514d\u4e8e\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u5584\u610f\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e0d\u987e\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u6765\u9650\u5236\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5584\u610f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u9650\u5236\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u9650\u5236\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u5bf9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u987e\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206 [26]\u3002\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u5f3a\u5236\u6234\u5b89\u5168\u5e3d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
        
        \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\u3001\u9700\u8981\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u81ea\u6211\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u589e\u8fdb\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u7231\u201d\u3002
        
        \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5730\u9650\u5236\u76f8\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u5f3a\u5236\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u95f4\u63a5\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5bf9\u53d7\u76ca\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u53f8\u673a\u7cfb\u5b89\u5168\u5e26\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0e\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u603b\u662f\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7981\u6b62\u628a\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u540c\u610f\u5f53\u4f5c\u63a8\u62d6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u65bd\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5374\u662f\u5fc3\u7518\u60c5\u613f\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002
        
        \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u4ea6\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u516c\u5171\u798f\u7949\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fde\u5e26\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u526a\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u7406\u8fd8\u4e71\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\u662f\u516c\u5171\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u5982\u53f0\u6e7e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u7b2c472\u53f7\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u5f3a\u5236\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u5408\u5baa\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u798f\u7949\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fde\u5e26\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u6210\u8be5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5176\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u60f3\u6d88\u9664\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u53d6\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u975e\u5e38\u4ee4\u6211\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u90a3\u4e48\u70ed\u5fc3\u5730\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ece\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e2d\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u8be5\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca[27]\u201d\u3002
        
        \uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e
        
        \u4f69\u96f7\u5c14\u66fc\u5728\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u60ef\u6027\u539f\u7406\u201d\uff08Prinzip der Trägheit\uff09\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u65e2\u5b58\u4e4b\u5b9e\u52a1\u201c\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u8bc1\u6210\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u8005\u624d\u9700\u8981\u8bc1\u6210[28]\u3002\u81ea\u8fd1\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u8bba\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5f53\u7136\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bc1\u6210\u7406\u7531\u3002\u652f\u6301\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6709\u4e09\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4ece\u4ef7\u503c\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2a\u4eba\u672a\u5fc5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5916\u6765\u5e72\u9884\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u800c\u53c2\u52a0\u68cb\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8d5b\u7684\u68cb\u624b\u5728\u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u68cb\u65f6\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8f93\u6389\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u573a\u6bd4\u8d5b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u603b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u5229\u76ca\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u81ea\u6cbb\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\uff08all-or-nothing\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff08more or less\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5[29]\u3002\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5e76\u975e\u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u7070\u8272\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e2d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u7531\u5e74\u8001\u3001\u8d2b\u7a77\u3001\u67d4\u5f31\u3001\u8ff7\u60d1\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5c06\u5176\u653e\u5230\u8d34\u6709\u81ea\u6cbb\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u6216\u5e16\u6709\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u6148\u5584\uff09\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\u53bb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5373\u4fbf\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u770b\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5bf9\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u3002\u5728\u9650\u5236\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u5185\u5728\u56fa\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u7531\u6b64\u6269\u5927\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u6548\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u7684[30]\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u4f9d\u7167\u62c9\u5fb7\u5e03\u9c81\u8d6b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u6a21\u4eff\u7740\u59cb\u7ec8\u8ffd\u6c42\u548c\u6253\u7b97\u7740\u5229\u6da6\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u50cf\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d7\u5229\u76ca\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u6781\u5176\u5229\u5df1\u3001\u72e1\u733e\u81f3\u6781\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u5229\u5df1\u7684\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u7740\u7684\u201d\u3001\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u7684\u4eba[31]\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u548c\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7b7e\u5b9a\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u51b3\u5b9a\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8d22\u7269\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u603b\u662f\u5f3a\u8005\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5f31\u800c\u611a\u201d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4eba\u7531\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u683c\u5373\u6743\u5229\u80fd\u529b\u8005\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u5766\u7387\u5730\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u5728\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u53ca\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u5bcc\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u906d\u53d7\u7a77\u4eba\u3001\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u7684\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6839\u636e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u628a\u63e1\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u5f31\u8005\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ece\u628a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3001\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u3001\u5f3a\u800c\u667a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5411\u4ee5\u5f31\u800c\u611a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53bb\u628a\u63e1\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8f6c\u6362[32]\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002
        
        \uff08\u4e09\uff09\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528
        
        \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5e94\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u5341\u5206\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u9650\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u6b64\u5904\u4ec5\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5728\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u7c97\u7565\u7684\u68b3\u7406\u3002
        
        1\u3001\u5408\u540c\u6cd5
        
        \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e00\u662fLochner v. New York\u6848\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u7684\u7f18\u8d77\u662f\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u7b2c10\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u9762\u5305\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bcf\u5468\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc76\u5929\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc710\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002Lochner\u662f\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e00\u9762\u5305\u623f\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d77\u8bc9\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5408\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u591a\u6570\u6cd5\u5b98\u5224\u5b9a\u4ed6\u80dc\u8bc9\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u65f6\u5373\u906d\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e4b\u4e00\u970d\u59c6\u65af\uff08Oliver Holmes\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5176\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9759\u529b\u5b66[33]\u201d\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u76f4\u52301937\u5e74\u624d\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u7981\u6b62\u5356\u8eab\u4e3a\u5974[34]\u3001\u5728\u5a5a\u7ea6\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5f97\u63d0\u51fa\u79bb\u5a5a\u7684\u6761\u6b3e[35]\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u79df\u8d41\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u623f\u5c4b\u6700\u4f4e\u53ef\u5c45\u4f4f\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u653e\u5f03[36]\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u653e\u5f03\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d88\u8d39\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u201c\u51b7\u9759\u671f\u201d[37]\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u7b2c53\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u514d\u8d23\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u7b2c81\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7684\u4e13\u5c5e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c233\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5371\u5bb3\u627f\u79df\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u79df\u8d41\u5408\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u9664\u6743\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c44\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u6b63\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u6807\u51c6\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u7b2c44\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e5f\u90fd\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002
        
        2\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5
        
        \u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u653f\u4e3b\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u4eba\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002
        
        \u7f8e\u56fd1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u82e6\u674f\u4ec1\u82f7\uff08Laetrile\uff09\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u662f\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5065\u5eb7\u89c4\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50[38]\u3002\u82e6\u674f\u4ec1\u82f7\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u764c\u75c7\u7684\u836f\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u6709\u4e34\u5e8a\u6548\u679c[39]\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u91cd\u75c7\u75c5\u4eba\u52aa\u529b\u594b\u4e89\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u81f3\u5c11\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u75c5\u4eba\u4eec\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e86\u5176\u7f3a\u70b9\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0cFDA(Food and Drug Administration \u98df\u54c1\u4e0e\u836f\u54c1\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40)\u8fd8\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u82e6\u674f\u4ec1\u82f7\u7684\u4e0a\u5e02\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u60a3\u8005\u670d\u7528\u82e6\u674f\u4ec1\u82f7\u7684\u6743\u5229[40]\u3002
        
        \u6b64\u5916\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8bb8\u53ef\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5173\u4e8e\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46FDA\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u836f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89c4\u5236\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u529b\u56fe\u8fbe\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u7981\u6b62\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\uff1b\u9650\u5236\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u88c1\u91cf\u8303\u56f4\u5185[41]\u3002\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u836f\u54c1\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u7b2c25\u6761\u5bf9\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u914d\u5236\u5236\u5242\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u4ec5\u80fd\u5728\u672c\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u9500\u552e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u7b2c37\u6761\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u5b9e\u884c\u5904\u65b9\u836f\u4e0e\u975e\u5904\u65b9\u836f\u5206\u7c7b\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7b49\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002
        
        \u5728\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u548c\u9000\u4f11\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5de5\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u798f\u7279\u4e8e1974\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u96c7\u5458\u9000\u4f11\u6536\u5165\u5b89\u5168\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u5408\u4e4e\u8be5\u6cd5\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u8ba1\u5212\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5408\u683c\u8ba1\u5212\uff08Qualified plans\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u8ba1\u5212\u3001401\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u4e3a\u96c7\u5de5\u5229\u76ca\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u514d\u7a0e\u6216\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u8ffd\u52a0\u9000\u4f11\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u8ba1\u5212\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\u5e10\u6237\u8ba1\u5212\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8054\u90a6\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\uff08IRS\uff09\u6216\u8005\u8054\u90a6\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\uff08Department of Labor\uff09\u7684\u5907\u6848\u548c\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u9075\u5b88\u201c\u5408\u683c\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u96c7\u4e3b\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eab\u53d7\u5305\u62ec\u62b5\u7a0e\u548c\u5ef6\u7a0e\u7b49\u6700\u591a\u7684\u7a0e\u52a1\u4f18\u60e0\u3002\u5c31\u96c7\u5de5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u524d\u4ece\u5408\u683c\u9000\u4f11\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u652f\u53d6\u91d1\u94b1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ea4\u7a0e\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e[42]\u3002\u6cd5\u5178\u672c\u4e0d\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u6b8b\u75be\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u4e4b\u524d\u652f\u53d6\u8be5\u6b3e\u9879\uff0c\u4f46IRS\u89c4\u5b9a\u9664\u4e86\u4e94\u79cd\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u63d0\u524d\u652f\u53d6\u5e76\u8981\u8ffd\u52a0\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e[43]\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u79c1\u4eba\u9000\u4f11\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f3a\u5236\u96c7\u5458\u50a8\u84c4\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6d88\u8d39\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u73b0\u5728\u50a8\u84c4\u4ee5\u4e3a\u80fd\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u6536\u5230\u9000\u4f11\u91d1[44]\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u8d39\u5f81\u7f34\u6682\u884c\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u7b2c4\u6761\u3001\u7b2c7\u6761\u3001\u7b2c12\u6761\u3001\u7b2c13\u6761\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u8d39\u7684\u7f34\u7eb3\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u7f5a\u5219\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u300a\u5931\u4e1a\u4fdd\u9669\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5de5\u4f24\u4fdd\u9669\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5236\u4fdd\u9669\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ea6\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002
        
        3\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5
        
        \u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\u548c\u7537\u5973\u5e73\u7b49\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\uff08commercial speech\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\uff08expression freedom\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5386\u6765\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6240\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002Puerto Rico\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d4c\u573a\u56e0\u4e3a\u505a\u5e7f\u544a\u800c\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u7f5a\u6b3e\uff0c\u8be5\u8d4c\u573a\u4e0d\u670d\uff0c\u63d0\u8d77\u4e86\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u7ef4\u6301\u539f\u5904\u7f5a\u51b3\u5b9a[45]\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u5bf9\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u9650\u5236\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u963b\u788d\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4ece\u4e8b\u5408\u6cd5\u4f46\u4e0d\u53d7\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6cd5\u9662\u66fe\u7ecf\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u7684\u6700\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u9650\u5236[46]\u3002
        
        \u81ea1985\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9650\u5236\u70df\u8349\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\uff08American Medical Association\uff09\u6295\u7968\u8868\u51b3\u63d0\u8bf7\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\u7981\u6b62\u70df\u8349\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u8bae\u6848\u3002\u5728\u8f9b\u8f9b\u90a3\u63d0\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7981\u6b62\u70df\u8349\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u548c\u4fc3\u9500\u7981\u4ee4\u7684\u5408\u5baa\u6027\u8ba8\u8bba\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c Lowenstein\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u7981\u4ee4\u662f\u5408\u5baa\u7684[47]\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5373\u4fbf\u5728Posadas\u4e00\u6848\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\uff0cPosadas\u4e00\u6848\u66f4\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898[48]\u3002\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5426\u51b3\u5bf9\u70df\u8349\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdd\u53cd\u5148\u4f8b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u770b\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u770b\u5176\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u9664\u975e\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\u771f\u6b63\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd8\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5426\u51b3\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u79cd\u771f\u6b63\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5546\u4e1a\u8a00\u8bba\u539f\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6[49]\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u5e7f\u544a\u6cd5\u300b\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u548c\u89c4\u7ae0\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u7ecf\u5e38\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u5982\u5bf9\u7b2c14\u6761\u3001\u7b2c15 \u6761\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u533b\u7597\u5668\u68b0\u5e7f\u544a\u67d0\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7981\u6b62\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u836f\u54c1\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u987b\u4ee5\u6709\u5173\u536b\u751f\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u4e66\u4e3a\u51c6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u533b\u751f\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u6027\u836f\u54c1\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6ce8\u660e\u201c\u6309\u533b\u751f\u5904\u65b9\u8d2d\u4e70\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u7b2c16\u6761\u7981\u6b62\u9ebb\u9189\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u6bd2\u6027\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u836f\u54c1\u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u836f\u54c1\u505a\u5e7f\u544a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u7b2c18\u6761\u5bf9\u70df\u8349\u5e7f\u544a\u9650\u5236\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u70df\u8349\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u6807\u660e\u201c\u5438\u70df\u6709\u5bb3\u5065\u5eb7\u201d\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\u7b49\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u98df\u54c1\u836f\u54c1\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u5370\u53d1\u7684\u300a\u4fdd\u5065\u98df\u54c1\u5e7f\u544a\u5ba1\u67e5\u6682\u884c\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\u4ece17\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u89c4\u5b9a\u4fdd\u5065\u98df\u54c1\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f97\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f15\u5bfc\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5408\u7406\u4f7f\u7528\u4fdd\u5065\u98df\u54c1\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u660e\u786e\u4fdd\u5065\u98df\u54c1\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u8bf4\u660e\u6216\u8005\u6807\u660e\u201c\u672c\u54c1\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u66ff\u836f\u7269\u201d\u7684\u5fe0\u544a\u8bed\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u4fdd\u5065\u98df\u54c1\u6807\u8bc6\u548c\u5fe0\u544a\u8bed\u5fc5\u987b\u59cb\u7ec8\u51fa\u73b0\u3002
        
        \u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5065\u5eb7\u751f\u80b2\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u80fd\u591f\u6392\u9664\u5987\u5973\u4ece\u4e8b\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ece\u4e8b\u5f85\u9047\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u591c\u73ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u52a0\u73ed[50]\u3001\u91cd\u52b3\u52a8 [51]\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u751f\u80b2\u5b8c[52]\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5987\u5973\u6bd4\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5987\u5973\u4eab\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5987\u5973\u5e94\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u91cc\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u5973\u6027\u5de5\u8d44\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5973\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u9650\u5236\u5987\u5973[53]\u3002\u800c\u6cd5\u9662\u4f9d\u7136\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u96c7\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u4ee5\u6027\u522b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684[54]\u3002\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u300a\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u9488\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u7279\u522b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c25\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4f4d\u5747\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u5987\u5973\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5987\u5973\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u5b89\u6392\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5987\u5973\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u3002\u5987\u5973\u5728\u7ecf\u671f\u3001\u5b55\u671f\u3001\u4ea7\u671f\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u671f\u53d7\u7279\u6b8a\u4fdd\u62a4\uff1b\u7b2c26\u6761\u4efb\u4f55\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3001\u6000\u5b55\u3001\u4ea7\u5047\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u7b49\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u8f9e\u9000\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u6216\u8005\u5355\u65b9\u89e3\u9664\u52b3\u52a8\u5408\u540c\uff1b\u5e76\u5728\u7b2c50\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f5a\u5219\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5207\u5b9e\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u8bf7\u5341\u5c4a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u5ba1\u8bae\u7684\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8349\u6848\uff0c\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u969c\u5987\u5973\u4f9d\u6cd5\u4eab\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u9669\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6551\u52a9\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u548c\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u7b49\u6743\u76ca\u3001\u9632\u6b62\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u5f3a\u5316\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u7279\u6b8a\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5982\u52b3\u52a8\uff08\u8058\u7528\uff09\u5408\u540c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5f97\u89c4\u5b9a\u9650\u5236\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3001\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1b\u5728\u5987\u5973\u5728\u5b55\u671f\u3001\u4ea7\u671f\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u671f\u671f\u95f4\u52b3\u52a8\uff08\u8058\u7528\uff09\u5408\u540c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u534f\u8bae\u671f\u6ee1\u7684\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\uff08\u8058\u7528\uff09\u5408\u540c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u5173\u670d\u52a1\u534f\u8bae\u671f\u9650\u5e94\u5f53\u81ea\u52a8\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u54fa\u4e73\u671f\u671f\u6ee1\u4e3a\u6b62\u7b49\u3002
        
        \uff08\u56db\uff09\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u89c4\u5b9a
        
        \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6709\u8f6f\u786c\u4e4b\u5206\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u95f4\u63a5\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u5f85\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\u5206\u6790\uff1a
        
        \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8f6f\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u597d\u5904\u9650\u5236\u5176\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u5a5a\u68c0\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u6a21\u7cca\u6216\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6216\u8005\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5a5a\u68c0\u5bf9\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u514d\u4e8e\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u9884\u9632\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u7528\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u7528\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u805a\u96c6\u800c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e2a\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5404\u5927\u7f51\u7ad9\u8bba\u575b\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u56de\u907f\u5a5a\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f53\u73b0\u76f8\u4e92\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u4e0d\u613f\u82b1\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5a5a\u68c0\u6ca1\u6548\u679c\u3001\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u4f53\u68c0\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ee3\u5a5a\u68c0\u3001\u5bf9\u5a5a\u68c0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u5bb3\u6015\u533b\u751f\u66b4\u9732\u81ea\u5df1\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u9879\u7684\u8003\u8651\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5a5a\u68c0\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u591a\u52a0\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5ba3\u4f20\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002[55]
        
        \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u798f\u7949\u8fdd\u53cd\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6216\u8005\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5728\u62d2\u7edd\u5a5a\u68c0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\u4e0d\u5a5a\u68c0\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u613f\u610f\u627f\u62c5\u62d2\u7edd\u5a5a\u68c0\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ece2000\u5e74\u81f32002\u5e74\u7684\u4f53\u68c0\u7ed3\u679c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u751f\u6b96\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u4ecd\u9010\u5e74\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u5df2\u5c06\u8fbe\u523010%\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u88ab\u4f20\u67d3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u7231\u6ecb\u75c5\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u5371\u5bb3\u6027\u53c8\u6781\u5927\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u96be\u4ee5\u6cbb\u6108\u800c\u5371\u5bb3\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6781\u53ef\u80fd\u5371\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u82e5\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5728\u62d2\u7edd\u5a5a\u68c0\u540e\u751f\u80b2\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u5176\u5b50\u5973\u60a3\u75c5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e5f\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u53c8\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u82ac\u4f2f\u683c\u5728\u5bf9\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e0e\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u5408\u7406\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u5192\u98ce\u9669\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u4ece\u4e8b\u5192\u98ce\u9669\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u81ea\u613f\u201d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u6240\u5192\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u663e\u5f97\u201c\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002
        
        \u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u95f4\u63a5\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5219\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u798f\u7949\u800c\u9650\u5236\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5c31\u62d2\u7edd\u5a5a\u68c0\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u60a3\u4e25\u91cd\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u589e\u9ad8\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u81ea\u8eab\u5371\u5bb3\u6781\u5927\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5176\u914d\u5076\u548c\u5b50\u5973\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u62d2\u7edd\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u60a3\u75c5\u7684\u6982\u7387\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5f3a\u5236\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5a5a\u68c0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5176\u914d\u5076\u548c\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u786c\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u635f\u5bb3\u539f\u5219\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u7ade\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u65f6\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u52a0\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u5e94\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u963b\u6b62\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u5a5a\u524d\u4f53\u68c0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u9884\u9632\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e43\u81f3\u793e\u533a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u201c\u9632\u706b\u5899\u201d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u4e5f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u60f3\u8c61\u51fa\u751f\u80b2\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b8b\u75be\u5b50\u5973\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u201c\u8d1f\u5916\u90e8\u6027\u201d\u3002
        
        \u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u300a\u5a5a\u59fb\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u7981\u6b62\u4e09\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5185\u76f4\u7cfb\u8840\u4eb2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u66f4\u751a\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5374\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u300a\u5a5a\u59fb\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u9650\u5236\u7684\u662f\u5a5a\u59fb\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u662f\u4f18\u751f\u4f18\u80b2\u3002\u800c\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u6240\u6536\u83b7\u7684\u9664\u4e86\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4f18\u751f\u4f18\u80b2\u4e4b\u5916[56]\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4f7f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u95f4\u63a5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5747\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
        ——————————————————————————-
        
        [1]\u5b59\u7acb\u4e91,\u300a\u4e13\u5bb6\u8c08\u5a5a\u59fb\u767b\u8bb0\u6761\u4f8b\u4fee\u6539\uff1a\u4e3a\u4f55\u53d6\u6d88\u5a5a\u524d\u68c0\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u5916\u6ee9\u753b\u62a5 2003-08-14\uff1b\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u201c\u5a5a\u68c0\u201d\u6682\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c96%\u5e02\u6c11\u613f\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u201c\u300b\u5317\u4eac\u65e5\u62a5\uff1b\u8d75\u6653\u79cb\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u613f\u5a5a\u68c0\u201d\u51f8\u73b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u96be\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u89c1 NEWS.SOHU.COM\uff0c2003\u5e7411\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6d4f\u89c8\u65e5\u671f2004\u5e7412\u67088\u65e5\u3002\u6c11\u653f\u90e8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u300a\u5a5a\u59fb\u767b\u8bb0\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u3002\u800c\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u5219\u8868\u6001\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u5a5a\u68c0\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u6d88\uff0c\u4ee5\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6bcd\u5a74\u4fdd\u5065\u6cd5\u300b\u5c06\u5a5a\u524d\u68c0\u67e5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u767b\u8bb0\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u5fc5\u7ecf\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e3a\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u4f9d\u636e\u3002
        
        [2] \u82cf\u529b\uff0c\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8c31\u7cfb\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c3\u671f\u7b2c290\u9875\u3002
        
        [3]\u300a\u6bcd\u5a74\u4fdd\u5065\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u3001\u5341\u4e8c\u5206\u522b\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u673a\u6784\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u5a5a\u524d\u4fdd\u5065\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u51c6\u5907\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u7537\u5973\u53cc\u65b9\u53ef\u80fd\u60a3\u5f71\u54cd\u7ed3\u5a5a\u548c\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u8fdb\u884c\u533b\u5b66\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u7537\u5973\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u7ed3\u5a5a\u767b\u8bb0\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u6301\u6709\u5a5a\u524d\u533b\u5b66\u68c0\u67e5\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u8005\u533b\u5b66\u9274\u5b9a\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u53e6\u89c1\u300a\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u4e13\u5bb6\u6f84\u6e05\u8206\u8bba\u8bef\u8bfb\uff1a\u51c6\u5907\u7ed3\u5a5a\u8005\u65e0\u5a5a\u68c0\u4e49\u52a1\u300b\u83ab\u7eaa\u5b8f\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7f51\uff0c<\/FONT>www.people.com.cn<\/FONT><\/A>, 2003\u5e7410\u670814\u65e5\u3002
        
        [4] \u4e2d\u56fd\u7f51<\/FONT>www.china.com.cn<\/FONT><\/A> \u5e7f\u897f\u5a5a\u68c0\u903c\u8fd1\u96f6\u6c34\u5e73\u65b0\u751f\u513f\u7f3a\u9677\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u5448\u4e0a\u5347\u8d8b\u52bf.2004\u5e743\u67087\u65e5\u3002
        
        [5] \u6709\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u53ef\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u7f51\u7edc\u7248\u300a\u5a5a\u68c0\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\uff1f\u300b2003\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u3002
        
        [6]\u6c11\u653f\u90e8\u7f51\u7ad9<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.mca.gov.cn\/news\/content\/recent\/2004212131608.html<\/FONT><\/A>\u3002
        
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        [12]\u8c22\u9e3f\u98de \u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bc4\u7f51\uff0c<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.china-review.com\/<\/FONT><\/A>
        
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        [14]\u6768\u7acb\u65b0\uff1a\u4ece\u5951\u7ea6\u5230\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u56de\u5f52\u2014\u2014\u8eab\u4efd\u6743\u82e5\u5e72\u524d\u6cbf\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u6768\u7acb\u65b0\u6c11\u5546\u6cd5\u7f51\uff0c<\/FONT>http:\/\/www.yanglx.com\/index.asp<\/FONT><\/A>
        
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        [56] \u4ece\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u60a3\u6709\u7231\u6ecb\u75c5\u3001\u6027\u75c5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u60a3\u75c5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u751a\u81f3\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e09\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5185\u76f4\u7cfb\u8840\u4eb2\u7ed3\u5a5a\u6240\u751f\u80b2\u5b50\u5973\u75c5\u53d8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u8005\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6240\u751f\u80b2\u5b50\u5973\u75c5\u53d8\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\u3002
         
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