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        \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6210\u679c \u2013 \u81f3\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bba\u63d0\u9192\u4eba\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e89\u8bba\u8fc4\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u5316\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4ee5\u4e3a\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9—\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49–\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6240\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bdd\u8bed\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u970d\u5c14\u59c6\u65af\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u654f\u9510\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6240\u6784\u5851\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6709\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u51b7\u6218\u670d\u52a1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5bf9\u7acb\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4ee5\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u4e24\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5f97\u5230\u5f70\u663e\uff0c\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u3001\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5374\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b7\u6218\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u7b3c\u7f69\u4e0b\u4e89\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f53\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6a21\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9762\u4e34\u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u534a\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u65e7\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5bb6\u957f\u4e3b\u4e49(paternalism)\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u6700\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8ba9\u5e02\u573a\u5173\u7cfb\u6beb\u65e0\u7f81\u7eca\u5730\u652f\u914d\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u671f\u671b\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u640f\u5f08\u5bfc\u81f4\u7406\u6027\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7136\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\u5316\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u7247\u9762\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u9887\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e5f\u6bd4\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u8be6\u5c3d\u9610\u91ca\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5374\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u6216\u63a9\u76d6\u7684\u539f\u5219\u79f0\u4f5c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9690\u853d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff08hidden agenda\uff09\u3002\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u970d\u5c14\u59c6\u65af\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u57cb\u5728\u571f\u58e4\u4e0b\u9762\u7684(the undersoil)\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u3001\u79fb\u7f6e\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u516c\u5f00\u662d\u793a\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u9690\u853d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u9884\u8bbe\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u3001\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3001\u65e0\u9700\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u3001\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5374\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u751f\u642c\u786c\u5957\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53bb\u540c\u65f6\u521b\u9020\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u6210\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u4e3a\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u7f54\u987e\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5929\u771f\u5730\u4ee5\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u6d88\u9664\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5e72\u9884\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f7f\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f0a\u7aef\u4e1b\u751f\u3002\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u6539\u9769\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u80cc\u666f\u6761\u4ef6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f15\u8fdb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5728\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e76\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6050\u6015\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u628a\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u96f6\u548c\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u7136\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u7247\u9762\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u9887\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u81f3\u5c11\u5305\u542b\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u89c6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u503e\u5411\u662f\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8005\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14•\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\uff08Carl Schmitt\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u6db5\u662f\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u65e0\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e72\u9884\u8fd9\u4e00\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6bcb\u9700\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u884c\u52a8\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5341\u5206\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u660e\u663e\u7279\u5f81\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5927\u5f70\u663e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373\u5f3a\u8c03\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e3b\u5f20\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u6709\u6548\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u4fdd\u969c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c11\u65cf\u5229\u76ca\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u5f81\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u4e0d\u591f\u5f70\u663e\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9690\u853d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u6000\u7591\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5f53\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u73b7\u6c61\u90a3\u4e9b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u52a8\u4e71\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53cd\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bec\u8511\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d5e\u52a9\u548c\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u8868\u793a\u5e78\u707e\u4e50\u7978\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3001\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u6b23\u6b23\u5411\u8363\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7528\u5c11\u6570\u5149\u8363\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u5c31\u9a73\u5012\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60b2\u89c2\u8be1\u8fa9\u3002\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u662f\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u6837\u5927\u53a6\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u800c\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u53a6\u5c06\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u540c\u6837\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7269\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ece\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6240\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u8001\u751f\u5e38\u8c08\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5426\u8ba4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6839\u672c\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
        \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8001\u751f\u5e38\u8c08\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6beb\u65e0\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u5f88\u5c11\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9010\u6b65\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u6de1\u5fd8\u4e86\u3002\u81ea\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5f88\u5c11\u5173\u6ce8\u65af\u5bc6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u653e\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u5e02\u573a\u5931\u7075\u95ee\u9898\uff08market failure\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u5b9e\u884c\u518d\u5206\u914d\uff08redistribution\uff09\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u6de1\u5fd8\u5f97\u8f83\u4e3a\u957f\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u9010\u6e10\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u65ad\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u53d1\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0e\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u640f\u5f08\u6216\u91cd\u590d\u640f\u5f08\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u5404\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u8fbe\u6210\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5c31\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u662d\u793a\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5f15\u4eba\u5165\u80dc\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9053\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u662f\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u7cbe\u8f9f\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u201c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u89e3\u91ca\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b(\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b)\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u753b\u50cf\u3002\u201d<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7b14\u8005\u5e76\u975e\u5728\u6b64\u6279\u8bc4\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u758f\u5ffd\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u90fd\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5173\u3002\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u3002\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8f83\u65e9\u5730\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u601d\u6f6e\u90fd\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u89c6\u4e3a\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5916\u7ef4\u62a4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5bf9\u5185\u63d0\u4f9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u65e0\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u57fa\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6697\u542b\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u5916\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5185\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e09\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e0e\u82f1\u7f8e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u754c\u81ea\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u5173\u6ce8\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c6\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e24\u6781\uff0c\u4ee5\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e43\u81f3\u53cd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5f00\u542f\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u9996\u63a8\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3002\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5bf9\u5185\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u5206\u6743\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u786e\u7acb\u5b98\u65b9\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5728\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u5fb7\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u9610\u91ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fc7\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bfb\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4f2f\u4f26\u77e5\u7406\uff08Johann Kaspar Bluntschi, 1808-1881\uff09\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u300b\uff081876\uff09\u4e2d\u89c6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u8d85\u8d8a\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u51b2\u7a81\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u3002 \u6b64\u5916\uff0cRatzel, Oppenheimer, Gumplowicz, Thurnwald\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fc7\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5fb7\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u60c5\u6709\u72ec\u949f\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u6050\u6015\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5f53\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e9\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\uff08state-building\uff09\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3001\u4ee5\u7edf\u4e00\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u677e\u6563\u7684\u90a6\u8054\u3002\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u7406\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u677e\u6563\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u90a6\u8054\u65e0\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u800c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bb8\u591a\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u5c24\u5176\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u97e6\u4f2f\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7528\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u9610\u91ca\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u5374\u6709\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5c31\u6211\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u60f3\u5f15\u8bc1\u97e6\u4f2f\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u97e6\u4f2f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6240\u6709\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5462\uff1f\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5176\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u7ef4\u6301\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002 \u6839\u636e\u5f53\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u9886\u571f\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u4ee5\u53ca\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u638c\u63e1\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5904\u7f6e\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u5458\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eab\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4eab\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1b\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u638c\u63e1\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5728\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u7684\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u63a2\u8ba8\u97e6\u4f2f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u672a\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002 \u5728\u97e6\u4f2f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc(Michael Mann)\u4e0e\u7ea6\u7ff0•\u8c6a(John A. Hall)\u751a\u81f3\u65ad\u8a00\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5f81\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u97e6\u4f2f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u52a9\u5f53\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\uff08Norbert Elias\uff0c1897\uff0d1990\uff09\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\uff08state formation\uff09\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u9010\u6b65\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u97e6\u4f2f\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a \uff0d\uff0d\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a \uff0d\uff0d \u662f\u4ee5\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4f7f\u7528\u519b\u4e8b\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5229\u7531\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f55\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u6240\u4fdd\u6709\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d22\u4ea7\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u6536\u5165\u5f81\u7a0e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e5f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6d41\u5165\u8be5\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u624b\u6bb5\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u5b83\u5bf9\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e86\u5bf9\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b21\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u65b9\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f1a\u6bd4\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u4ece\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u3001\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u9996\u5148\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f81\u6536\u7a0e\u8d4b\u7684\u6743\u529b\u65e5\u76ca\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f18\u52bf\u5bf9\u5916\u7ef4\u62a4\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5bf9\u5185\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5982\u679c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4fbf\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6781\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6070\u6070\u5728\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u827e\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5728\u5361\u5c14•\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u90a3\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\u9887\u6709\u542f\u8fea\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u76ee\u7779\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u4e0e\u65e0\u5e8f\uff0c\u76ee\u7779\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ece\u672a\u906d\u9047\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6743\u5a01\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u800c\u8fbe\u81f4\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u4ee5\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3001\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u653f\u654c\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u6253\u7b97\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7acb\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u534f\u5546\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u51b3\u6240\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6765\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b2\u7a81\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5185\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7b14\u8005\u65e0\u610f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u533a\u5206\u670b\u53cb\u4e0e\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u6211\u53ea\u60f3\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7f3a\u4e4f\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u786e\u5b9e\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u8bc4\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u516c\u5f00\u662d\u793a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5c65\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u5e76\u975e\u603b\u662f\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u80fd\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u4e00\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u5f00\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8c1c\u56e2\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u540c\u6837\u5949\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5bf9\u5916\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5bf9\u5185\u7ef4\u62a4\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e1d\u6beb\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8f6f\u5f31\u6027\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u56db\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6096\u8bba<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u89e3\u5f00\u3002\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u4e0e\u7ea6\u7ff0•\u8c6a\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5411\u4eba\u4eec\u63ed\u793a\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e49\u8bed\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e13\u65ad\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9887\u6709\u6096\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\uff0c\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\uff08despotic power\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u96c6\u56e2\u8fdb\u884c\u4f8b\u884c\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u81ea\u884c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff08range\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff08infrastructural power\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u6307\u7684\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u6e17\u900f\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5185\u6709\u6548\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff08capacity\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u754c\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u9887\u51fa\u4e4e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u6599\uff1a\u5c31\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u6743\u529b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u591f\u6c72\u53d6\u6bd4\u6cd5\u56fd\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u52a8\u5458\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6784\u5efa\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5ffd\u7565\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5c31\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u4e13\u65ad\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u6709\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5f3a\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u6c34\u706b\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u822c\u5e38\u8bc6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8005\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e38\u8bc6\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7ea6\u7ff0•\u8c6a\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837, \u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c \u201c\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u9884\u8bbe\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5f3a\u5236\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5c06\u6b8b\u5fcd\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6709\u6548\u7387\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u540c\u610f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d7\u5230\u5236\u8861\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u524a\u5f31\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u9996\u5148\u5ed3\u6e05\u201c\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5341\u5206\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5ed3\u6e05\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\uff08Machael Mann\uff09\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u65f6\u66fe\u5f15\u5165\u201c\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u201c\u8d28\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d(qualitative total state)\u4e0e\u201c\u91cf\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d(quantitative total state)\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6307\u5728\u884c\u4f7f\u804c\u80fd\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6307\u5728\u6743\u529b\u754c\u57df\u65b9\u9762\u6beb\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u754c\u9650\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u5e0c\u671b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u201c\u8d28\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u91cf\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e0e\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\uff08despotic power\uff09\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u6743\u529b\uff08infrastructural power\uff09\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5229\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u5c06\u8fc8\u53ef•\u66fc\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u5f97\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u660e\u663e\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u53cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u662d\u793a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5927\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6709\u9650\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5c55\u793a\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u5c31\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5927\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u754c\u57df\u5bbd\u6cdb\u800c\u65e0\u9650\u5236\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u53d7\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5c31\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6(total state)\u6216\u66f0\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6(totalitariani state) \u3002\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u6bd4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u884c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8d2f\u5f7b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6743\u529b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ea\u80fd\u7ba1\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d8a\u96f7\u6c60\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8d77\u63a8\u6572\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u518d\u6b21\u5f15\u8bc1\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5f53\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee5\u201c\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d(total state)\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53f7\u53ec\u65f6\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\uff0c\u5374\u654f\u9510\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u65af\u5bc6\u7279\u6050\u6015\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5206\u6790\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9886\u57df\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u53d7\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u3002\u201c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fdd\u9f84\u7403\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u201d<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b(autonomous)\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3001\u72ec\u7acb(independent)\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u6070\u6070\u5728\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u5341\u5206\u6709\u9650\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5185\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e4b\u4e00\u5728\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6839\u636e\u5206\u6b8a(differentiation)\u539f\u5219\u5c65\u884c\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6b8a\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4e8c\u4e3a\u4e00\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5377\u5165\u672c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u4e0e\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4ece\u957f\u8fdc\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u8eab\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
         <\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
        \u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u4f53\u4e4b\u540e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u3002\u9887\u5177\u6096\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5374\u4ee5\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u5c40\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eab\u6709\u65e0\u9650\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5341\u5206\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u80cc\u540e\u5374\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5e76\u4e0d\u590d\u6742\uff1a\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u9700\u8981\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u5e9e\u5927\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u5668\u9700\u8981\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d22\u653f\u6536\u5165\u3002\u8d22\u653f\u4e0d\u8db3\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u96be\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u7684\u987d\u75be\u3002\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u9650\u592a\u5927\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u8d44\u6e90\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u626d\u66f2\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f7f\u7279\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u8d25\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6216\u6291\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5bfb\u79df\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9020\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ea7\u6743\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u65b9\u9762\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u80fd\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
         <\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
        \u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5927\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5206\u6743\u4e0e\u5236\u8861\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
         <\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
        \u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u65af\u8482\u6587•\u970d\u5c14\u59c6\u65af\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e0e\u5236\u7ea6\uff1a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u66fe\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u6709\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u6bd4\u65e0\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u66f4\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u3002\u5236\u7ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6e0a\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5145\u6ee1\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c1\u89e3\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u7ecf\u5e38\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u65e0\u529b\u89e3\u51b3\u56fd\u5185\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u6cae\u4e27\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4fbf\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5206\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u89c6\u4e3a\u963b\u788d\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8fc7\u65f6\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8d23\u5907\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u6cbb\u65e0\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5386\u53f2\u611f\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u9650\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u5bb6\u89e3\u51b3\u7279\u5b9a\u95ee\u9898\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4e86\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u52a8\u5458\u96c6\u4f53\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
         <\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
        \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5206\u6743\u4e0e\u5236\u8861\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u6050\u6015\u9996\u5148\u4e0e\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027(legitimacy)\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002 \u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u65ad\u800c\u968f\u610f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4eba\u6c11\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4eba\u6c11\u4fe1\u4efb\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\u529b\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u53f7\u53ec\u529b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u5927\u68d2\u6765\u9a71\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f88\u96be\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0•\u8c6a\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u5baa\u653f\u589e\u52a0\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e2d\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u4e0e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u66f4\u52a0\u9065\u8fdc\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u5168\u9762\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u6839\u672c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u76ca\u4e3b\u4f53\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5404\u7ea7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fbf\u6108\u6765\u6108\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u8eab\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u964d\u5230\u6b21\u8981\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u5c5e\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9887\u5177\u6096\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u592a\u5927\u9020\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8870\u5f31\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u5e9e\u7136\u5927\u7269\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5c65\u884c\u3001\u6216\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5c65\u884c\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u804c\u80fd\u673a\u6784\u6b63\u5728\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u5404\u81ea\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u804c\u8d23\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6743\u5a01\u6b63\u5728\u5f31\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u6108\u6765\u6108\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8981\u7b80\u5355\u63d0\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u5c65\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u3001\u5408\u540c\u7684\u5c65\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u3001\u5546\u6807\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u60c5\u51b5\u3001\u6d77\u5173\u4e0e\u7a0e\u6536\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u5784\u65ad\u5408\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6743\u5a01\u6b63\u9762\u4e34\u5371\u673a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u6548\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u53cc\u91cd\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7f29\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u589e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u65ad\u6743\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f3a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u89e3\u6784\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6(de-totalization)\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u5b9e\u73b0\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa(state building)\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8fd9\u79cd\u96c6\u89e3\u6784\u4e0e\u6784\u5efa\u53cc\u91cd\u4efb\u52a1\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4ec5\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u4efb\u52a1\u5e76\u63a2\u7d22\u6539\u9769\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u8425\u517b\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u8bba\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u501f\u9274\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8d44\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e89\u8bba\u5c31\u4f1a\u6beb\u65e0\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cc\u91cd\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u8bc6\u6027\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u6446\u8131\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6a21\u5f0f\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u6539\u9769\u5b9e\u8df5\u6709\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e2d\u80af\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u9650\u7684\u5bbd\u6cdb\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4e13\u65ad\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u9676\u9189\u4e8e\u72ec\u88c1\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5927\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u80fd\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u68a6\u5e7b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e5f\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u542f\u8fea\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u6ce8\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u660e\u786e\u662d\u793a\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u63ed\u793a\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u8001\u751f\u5e38\u8c08\u800c\u6401\u7f6e\u4e0d\u8c08\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u9690\u853d\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u201d\u3002\u5c31\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9664\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u514d\u53d7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ee5\u7528\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3001\u6709\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5bb9\u7eb3\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5c65\u884c\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5185\u804c\u80fd\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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        \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u4ece\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u770b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6784\u6210\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8ffd\u6c42\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b6a\u751f\u5144\u5f1f\u3002 \u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u540d\u4e49\u4e0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u79e9\u5e8f\u65e2\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7279\u6b8a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u878d\u5165\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/FONT><\/DIV>\r\n
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