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\u4e25\u683c\u70b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5371\u673a\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300211 \u514b\u670d\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8fd4\u56de\u4ee5\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u53ca\u963f\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u6027\u6216\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684\uff08natural end\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u5b9e\u8df5\u4eba\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u800c\u300c\u6240\u8c13\u7f8e\u5584\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u7b26\u5408\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u300d12 \u800c\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\u548c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u300213 \u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff08the best regime\uff09\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u666e\u4e16\u7686\u51c6\uff0c\u90a3\u4fbf\u662f\u6700\u80fd\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u53ca\u5b8c\u5584\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u300214 \u7528\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u300c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fbe\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6700\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6700\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u300d15 \u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u4eba\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u8df5\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u5148\u5929\u5730\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u9002\u5408\u505a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u4e43\u662f\u667a\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u4e86\u89e3\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\uff08aristocracy\uff09\u3002\u667a\u8005\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0d\u667a\u8005\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u667a\u8005\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u6700\u597d\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u53ea\u6709\u533b\u751f\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u4eba\u6cbb\u75c5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u662f\u6700\u4e0d\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u300216 \u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u7ed9\u4e88\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6bcb\u5b81\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5815\u843d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u6d3b\u300d\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u591a\u5143\u7684\u3002\u63a5\u53d7\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u5f53(natural right)\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300217<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7518\u9633\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u4eba\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5c06\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u548c\u4ee5\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\uff08John Rawls\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a0\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u300218 \u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c(\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af)\u5bf9\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4ee5\u6765\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u300e\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u300f\u8bf4\u6216\u300e\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u8bf4\u300f\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u65e9\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\u548c\u9ea6\u91d1\u592a\u5c14\u7b49\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6279\u5224\u540e\u6765\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7b49\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u300e\u6743\u5229\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5584\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u300f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6279\u5224\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8c13\u300e\u6743\u5229\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\u300d19 \u3002\u7518\u9633\u53c8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u4f1a\u662f\u300c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8fde\u6839\u62d4\u8d77\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u300e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\u624d\u80fd\u5960\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u52a8\u6447\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u300d20 \u7518\u9633\u663e\u7136\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u5c06\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5e26\u5165\u5f53\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u51f8\u663e\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u8981\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de6\u7ffc\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u540c\u6e90\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7a81\u73b0\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6279\u5224\u3002\u300d21<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u53ca\u7518\u9633\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u7136\u9762\u5bf9\u6781\u5927\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5371\u673a\u3002\u9053\u7406\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u4fbf\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u53ca\u4f18\u5148\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u5b83\u4fbf\u4f1a\u81ea\u6211\u63a8\u7ffb(self-defeating)\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u524d\u540e\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u8bc1\u6210\u5b83\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u4f18\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08non-liberal\uff09\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7528\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u98df\u4eba\u65cf\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u540c\u6837\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300222 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u6700\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4fbf\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u300d23<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6211\u5728\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u53ca\u7518\u9633\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u6211\u5c06\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u6709\u5b83\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5b83\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4ef7\u503c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u788d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63a5\u53d7\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6700\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u300224<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u6574\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c06\u73af\u7ed5\u4e24\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u548c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\uff1b\u4e8c\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u5bbd\u5bb9\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4ef7\u503c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u754c\u5b9a\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6307\u51fa\u4e24\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u517c\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d1b\u514b(John Locke)\u53ca\u7a46\u52d2(J.S.Mill) \u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u548c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\u5219\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u7a46\u52d2\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u548c\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u627f\u63a5\u7b2c\u56db\u8282\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u53ca\u7b2c\u516d\u8282\u5c06\u63a2\u8ba8\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8bc1\u6210\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u662f\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u53cd\u9a73\u7518\u9633\u5bf9\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6211\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u65e2\u53ef\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u54cd\u5e94\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u548c\u7518\u9633\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u85c9\u6b64\u9610\u660e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u54cd\u5e94\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u300d(the paradox of toleration)\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e2\u575a\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6bcb\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6709\u51e0\u70b9\u8bf7\u8bfb\u8005\u987b\u5148\u7559\u610f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\uff0c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u8bf4\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u662f\u6307\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ea6\u6307\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4f53\u73b0\u5bbd\u5bb9\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4ee4\u5f97\u5bbd\u5bb9\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u300225<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u8eab\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\uff08from a first-person point of view\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u65e2\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u6301\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e3a\u4f55\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u300c\u7edd\u5bf9\u300d\u5730\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff08philosophical ethics\uff09\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u867d\u7136\u6709\u6240\u89e6\u53ca\uff08\u7b2c\u516d\u8282\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u975e\u672c\u6587\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u62d2\u7edd\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u540e\u8bbe\u4f26\u7406\u89c2\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u300226 \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u50cf\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u822c\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u300227 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ea\u662f\u54cd\u5e94\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u300228 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u9700\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u81ea\u52a8\u53ca\u4e0d\u52a0\u5206\u8fa8\u5730\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ea6\u987b\u5c06\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u300d\uff08liberal theories\uff09\u548c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u300d(liberal societies)\u4f5c\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u3002\u524d\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u79cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u672a\u80fd\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1b\u800c\u540e\u8005\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u95ee\u60c5\u7531\u7684\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u300229 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u77e5\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u6709\u529b\u6279\u5224\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u30002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u5982\u5176\u5b83\u54f2\u5b66\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u300c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u6d89\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u300230 \u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6240\u6307\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5927\u62b5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u95f4\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5584\u6076\u3001\u5bf9\u9519\u3001\u597d\u574f\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u90fd\u662f\u53d8\u52a8\u4e0d\u5c45\uff0c\u56e0\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u63a8\u5230\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u5219\u300c\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u539f\u5219\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u559c\u597d\u4e4b\u5916\u522b\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u300d\u300231 \u5b83\u5f70\u663e\u4e86\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65e0\u529b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u5f15\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u6108\u662f\u57f9\u690d\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4fbf\u6108\u591a\u5730\u57f9\u690d\u8d77\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u300d32 \u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u62d2\u7edd\u4e16\u95f4\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e8b\u7269\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u53e3\u5473\u53ca\u559c\u597d\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u7f62\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u63d0\u4e0d\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u53bb\u652f\u6301\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u300233 \u4e27\u5931\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u51c6\uff0c\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5371\u673a\u7684\u75c7\u7ed3\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u300c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08radical historicism\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u90fd\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u4e16\u754c\u300d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u300c\u6587\u5316\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6587\u660e\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u300d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u6ce8\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u8d8a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u7a7a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8de8\u5386\u53f2\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5728\u6052\u5e38\u53d8\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u89c6\u4e4e\u5176\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u5173\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6709\u5173\u5168\u90e8\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u80fd\u591f\u53f7\u79f0\u662f\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u666e\u904d\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3002\u300d34\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53bb\u5230\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u7ec8\u70b9\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u7eaf\u5c5e\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u5916\u522b\u65e0\u5176\u5b83\u6839\u636e\u3002\u4ece\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u597d\u7684\u4e0e\u574f\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u522b\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u51c6\u53ef\u8a00\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u5c31\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300235<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5219\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08fact\uff09\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c(value)\u7684\u5206\u91ce\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\u90fd\u62bd\u7ece\u4e0d\u51fa\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u8d4b\u4e88\u7ed9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\uff1b\u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u67d0\u7269\u4e4b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6216\u53ef\u6b32\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u65ad\u51fa\u5b83\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f11\u59c6\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff08David 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liberals\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u597d\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u77e5\u8bc6\uff08genuine knowledge of what is intrinsically good or right\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u300c\u597d\u6216\u5bf9\u300d\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u7ed9\u4e88\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u6240\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u6837\u597d\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08liberal relativism\uff09\u4e4b\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u4e8e\u53ea\u8bb2\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u6743\u5229\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u5929\u8d4b\u6743\u5229\u53bb\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u662f\u7a46\u52d2\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u4e2d\u9996\u5148\u5960\u5b9a\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7b49\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u5c0a\u91cd\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u548c\u4e2a\u522b\u6027\uff08diversity and individuality\uff09\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u786e\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u6709\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u5f53\u4ee3\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u300d37<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7531\u5f15\u6587\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c1\u5230\uff0c\u5bf9\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bc1\u6210\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u63a5\u53d7\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4e4b\u95f4\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u597d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u7528\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5bf9\u9519\u597d\u574f\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u300c\u53ea\u6709\u6beb\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u624d\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u300d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u300238 \u800c\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53d7\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u4e43\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u5b83\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u865a\u5047\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5584\uff08good\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6700\u6df1\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cdb\u6ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u4e88\u4eba\u4eec\u5f88\u5927\u7a7a\u95f4\u53bb\u9009\u62e9\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7edd\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u8981\u6f2b\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u5730\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u548c\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u900f\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u5f97\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u90a3\u4e9b\u80cc\u79bb\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u672c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u300239 \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u9650\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u751f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5bb9\u8bb8\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4e0d\u88ab\u9f13\u52b1\u4e43\u81f3\u8981\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u300c\u6b63\u5f53\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u5584\u300d\uff08the right is prior to the good\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u610f\u601d\uff1a\u300c\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u6027\uff0c\u90e8\u4efd\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u8fdd\u53cd\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\uff08interests\uff09\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u51cc\u9a7e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u300d40 \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u60f3\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4fbf\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ee5\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4fbf\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u4eba\u4eec\u4eab\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5206\u914d\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u8005\u6700\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u5219\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u300241 \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\u7684 \u300c\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u662f\u4e0e\u5bbd\u5bb9\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u300d\u300242<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e2a\u522b\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u751f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u597d\u574f\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u56e0\u4e3a\u51e1\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u548c\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u575a\u6301\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bc1\u6210\u5bbd\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\uff09\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u8bba\u5927\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6309\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4f5c\u4ef7\u503c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u5173\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u597d\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u77e5\u8bc6\u300d\u63a8\u8bba\u51fa\u300c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u6837\u597d\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08equally respectable\uff09\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u300c\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u300d\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5747\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5408\u7406\u7684\u63a8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e94\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e92\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff08incomparable\uff09\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u662f\u300c\u540c\u6837\u597d\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u300d\u4e86\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u300c\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u300d\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5982\u679c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u300c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u504f\u597d\u548c\u6587\u660e\u540c\u6837\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u547d\u9898\u5462\uff1f\u8981\u8bc1\u6210\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ef7\u503c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4efd\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u53d7\u5230\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u300243 \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u54cd\u5e94\u7b49\u4e8e\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u300c\u9009\u62e9\u300d\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5185\u5728\u5730\u597d(intrinsically good)\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e0d\u51fa\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u8bbe\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bef\u89e3\u4e86\u300c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u300c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u300d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u65b9\uff08\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\uff09\u867d\u7136\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\uff08\u88ab\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\uff09\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6216\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u88ab\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u514b\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u52a8\u300244\u3000\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u5815\u80ce\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4fbf\u88ab\u6d88\u89e3\u4e86\uff0c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8005\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e24\u96be\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u4ece\u7406\u89e3\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u53cd\u9a73\uff1a\u300c\u867d\u8bf4\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u793a\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u611f\u3002\u6b63\u6b63\u7531\u4e8e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u81ea\u89c9\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53cd\u611f\u53ea\u662f\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fbf\u6ca1\u7406\u636e\u5e72\u9884\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002\u300d45 \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4fbf\u5f88\u96be\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53cd\u611f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7406\u7531\u652f\u6301\u3002\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u53cd\u611f\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u5bb9\u8bb8\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6108\u591a\u65e0\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u52aa\u529b\u514b\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5219\u4ed6\u53d8\u5f97\u6108\u6709\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u5947\u602a\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\uff09\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u81ea\u89c9\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u63a8\u4e0d\u51fa\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4fbf\u662f\u6700\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e5f\u8bf4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u9519\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u4ee4\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4fbf\u9700\u52a0\u5165\u4e0b\u8ff0\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff1a\u300c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53cd\u611f\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8be5\u53d7\u5230\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002\u300d\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u540e\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff08consistent\uff09\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6216\u4f1a\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u5bbd\u677e\u5730\u7528\u300c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u300d\u6765\u6307\u6d89\u4e00\u79cd\u653e\u4efb\u4e0d\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u89c6\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c06\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\uff08a moral ideal\uff09\u548c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5(a political practice) \u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u300246 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u662f\u8bf4\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u514b\u5236\u548c\u5bb9\u5fcd\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u514b\u5236\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u540c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7531\u4e8e\u53cc\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u76f8\u82e5\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u89c6\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e3a\u8feb\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u7684\u6682\u65f6\u59a5\u534f\uff08modus vivendi\uff09\u6216\u67d0\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\uff08rational choice\uff09\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5374\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5f53\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u65e6\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4fbf\u6709\u968f\u65f6\u7834\u88c2\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u9519\u7684\u300247 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u5bbd\u5bb9\u53ea\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fa9\u8bba\u8d77\u89c1\uff08for the sake of argument\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u95ee\uff0c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5426\u4fbf\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5bb6\u5fb7\u514b\uff08Richard Tuck\uff09\u4fbf\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u516d\u53ca\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u8d5e\u6210\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u300248 \u6839\u636e\u5fb7\u514b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u845b\u5b66\u6d3e\uff08neo-Stoicism\uff09\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u79cd\u300c\u5e73\u9759\u6c89\u7a33\u300d\uff08imperturbability\uff09\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u771f\u7406\u300249 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right\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53c8\u600e\u4f1a\u5bb9\u8bb8\u591a\u5143\u548c\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u300c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u8981\u89c6\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff1f\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5728\u5c0a\u91cd\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\u548c\u4e2a\u522b\u6027\u4e0e\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u7136\u6b63\u5f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u8bc1\u6210\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u4fbf\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\u5373\u4f7f\u4ef7\u503c\u6709\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u5bf9\u9519\u597d\u574f\u7684\u5224\u51c6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ecd\u8981\u8d5e\u6210\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fbf\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u300d\uff08The paradox of toleration\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\uff08Bernard Williams\uff09\u66fe\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6096\u8bba\u523b\u753b\u5f97\u5165\u6728\u4e09\u5206\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6781\u96be\u5316\u89e3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4fbf\u60df\u6709\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u7aef\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u548c\u5e73\u5730\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6700\u9700\u8981\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u6700\u96be\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u8bbe\u60f3\u4f60\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4f60\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6df1\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u89c6\u793e\u4f1a\u53e6\u4e00\u6559\u6d3e\u4e3a\u4eb5\u6e0e\u795e\u660e\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u3002\u4f60\u4ea6\u77e5\u9053\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u9f13\u52a8\u5176\u5b83\u4eba\u5165\u6559\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7834\u574f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u660e\u660e\u662f\u9519\uff0c\u660e\u660e\u4e0d\u8be5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55\u8fd8\u8981\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff1f\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e3a\u4f55\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u6027\uff1f\u8fd9\u662f\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u300250 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is not faith without believing\uff09\u3002\u300d54 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Mill, 1806-73\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u4e3a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u6d1b\u514b\uff0c\u7a46\u52d2\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6269\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5173\u6ce8\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u80fd\u6b63\u5f53\u5730\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u6743\u529b\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u53ca\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300257 \u7a46\u52d2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6781\u4e3a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u300c\u4f24\u5bb3\u539f\u5219\u300d\uff08Harm Principle\uff09\uff1a<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4e00\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u8fdd\u53cd\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u5931\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u529b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u3002\u82e5\u8bf4\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u597d\u2500\u2500\u65e0\u8bba\u7269\u8d44\u4e0a\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u2500\u2500\u7406\u7531\u90fd\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5f3a\u8feb\u505a\u6216\u4e0d\u505a\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8f83\u597d\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4ee4\u4ed6\u66f4\u52a0\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0e\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u660e\u667a\u7684\u6216\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u624d\u987b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7edd\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u300258<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u4f24\u5bb3\u539f\u5219\u300d\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u4f24\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4fbf\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u601d\u60f3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8a00\u8bba\u53ca\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u8be5\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u2500\u2500\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u62e9\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u79bb\u7ecf\u53db\u9053\u548c\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u7a46\u52d2\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Alexis de Tocqueville\uff09\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u300c\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u8650\u300d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u66b4\u8650\u6700\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u8206\u8bba\u538b\u529b\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f3a\u52a0\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u7a46\u52d2\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u66b4\u8650\u8f83\u90a3\u79cd\u79cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u8feb\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u6015\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u867d\u4e0d\u5e38\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u4e3a\u540e\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6df1\u5165\u6e17\u900f\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5974\u5f79\u4eba\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u9003\u907f\u3002\u300d59 \u8981\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u9996\u8981\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u5728\u53ea\u5173\u6d89\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u7531\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4f24\u5bb3\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7406\u636e\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff1f\u7a46\u52d2\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u5f00\u9996\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d2a\u5821\u7279\uff08Wilhelm von Humboldt\uff09\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u9996\u8981\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u4e3a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u591a\u5143\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u800c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u300d60 \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u4fdd\u4eba\u80fd\u591a\u5143\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u662f\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u800c\u4f24\u5bb3\u539f\u5219\u5219\u80fd\u6700\u6709\u6548\u8fbe\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u4f46\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u591a\u5143\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\uff1f\u793e\u4f1a\u5355\u4e00\u56fa\u7136\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6108\u591a\u5143\u4fbf\u6108\u597d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u793e\u4f1a\u5145\u65a5\u5404\u79cd\u4f4e\u4fd7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u7d20\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u5347\u53cd\u964d\uff1f\u793e\u4f1a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\u548c\u8c10\uff1f\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u53f2\u63d0\u82ac\uff08Fitzjames. J. Stephen\uff09\u4fbf\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eba\u6e05\u9192\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f1a\u66f4\u5feb\u4e50\u66f4\u7f8e\u597d\u548c\u66f4\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u8f83\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u534a\u56fd\u6c11\u6e05\u9192\u4e00\u534a\u56fd\u6c11\u662f\u957f\u671f\u9152\u9b3c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u300d61<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7a46\u52d2\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u63d0\u5021\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u591a\u5143\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u624d\u6700\u5408\u7b26\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u662f\u6839\u636e\u540c\u4e00\u6a21\u578b\u94f8\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5343\u7bc7\u4e00\u5f8b\u7684\u673a\u5668\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3001\u559c\u597d\u3001\u6f5c\u8d28\u5747\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9002\u5408\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08mode of life\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6d3b\u5f97\u4e30\u76db\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u5bb9\u8bb8\u4ed6\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u6700\u9002\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6d3b\u51fa\u771f\u6211\u3002\u7a46\u52d2\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u8868\u8fbe\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u8be6\u5f15\uff1a<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u76f8\u5f53\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u5e38\u8bc6\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u50cf\u7f8a\uff1b\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\u7f8a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4ef6\u79f0\u8eab\u7684\u5927\u8863\u6216\u4e00\u53cc\u5408\u811a\u7684\u9774\u5b50\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u90a3\u662f\u5ea6\u8eab\u8ba2\u9020\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5546\u5e97\u4e2d\u968f\u610f\u6311\u9009\u3002\u96be\u9053\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8f83\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u4ef6\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5927\u8863\u6765\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\uff1f\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f7c\u6b64\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u53ca\u7cbe\u795e\u6784\u9020\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f83\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u811a\u5f62\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1f\u53ea\u9700\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u591a\u5143\u7684\u55dc\u597d\uff0c\u4fbf\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u4e0d\u8981\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u94f8\u6210\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u5bf9\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u8d28\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u3002\u9664\u975e\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6027\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5ba1\u7f8e\u65b9\u9762\u6210\u957f\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u672c\u6027\u6240\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5883\u754c\u300262<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u7a46\u52d2\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8d5e\u6210\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4eba\u6027\u662f\u591a\u5143\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u53e4\u5178\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4eba\u6027\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u4fbf\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5bbd\u5bb9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u6765\u96be\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d77\u7554\u6709\u9010\u81ed\u4e4b\u592b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f60\u6765\u8bf4\u96be\u4ee5\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eba\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u7518\u4e4b\u5982\u9974\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u5bf9\u978b\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5408\u7a7f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u5bf9\u978b\u662f\u6211\u6700\u5408\u7a7f\u7684\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u978b\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7a46\u52d2\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6bcb\u5b81\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u6027\u591a\u5143\u8bba\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u7a46\u52d2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u591a\u5143\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u7a77\u5c3d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u597d\uff08\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u300c\u505a\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\uff0c\u8f83\u505a\u4e2a\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u8822\u4eba\u4e3a\u597d\u300d\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b63\uff09\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u30004<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u5374\u4f1a\u9762\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u6027\u591a\u5143\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5408\u7406\uf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autonomy\uff09\u300265 \u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u652f\u6301\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u8bc1\u300266<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u300267 \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u7531\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6b66\u529b\u7684\u5e72\u6d89\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u7b49\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u6240\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e8f\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff08first-order desire\uff09\u4f5c\u51fa\u540e\u8bbe\u7684\u53cd\u7701\u8bc4\u4f30\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u300268 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being\uff09\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6765\u7acb\u8bba74\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u9760\u800c\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u6709\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u300d75 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of equal basic liberties\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4f53\u7cfb\u517c\u5bb9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u300d76 \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7ed3\u793e\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u95f4\u96be\u514d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e92\u76f8\u4f5c\u51fa\u8c03\u6574\u5747\u8861\u3002\u8fd9\u6761\u539f\u5219\u610f\u5473\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fbf\u6709\u6743\u5229\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9f13\u52b1\u6216\u538b\u5236\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5b83\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u627f\u7ee7\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u7a46\u52d2\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5982\u4f55\u8bc1\u6210\u4ed6\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u79f0\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49(Kantian Constructivism)\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u900f\u8fc7\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5219\u51b3\u5b9a\u9996\u8981\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u300d77 \u987e\u540d\u601d\u4e49\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\uff08moral realist\uff09\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8bc1\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u900f\u8fc7\u5b9e\u8df5\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u800c\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5efa\u6784\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u300c\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u300d\uff08original position\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u6570\u636e\u6392\u9664\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u300c\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\u300d(the veil of ignorance)\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5219\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u516c\u5e73\u5408\u7406\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u70b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u626e\u6f14\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08a conception of moral person as free and equal\uff09\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e\u5951\u7ea6\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u900f\u8fc7\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e43\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\uff0c\u4e43\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u6784\u6210\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ca\u5f62\u6784\u7406\u60f3\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u4f9d\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u5b83\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4f5c\u51fa\u81ea\u4e3b\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u613f\u5c0a\u91cd\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5f62\u6784\u7406\u60f3\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u53ca\u7406\u6027\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u751f\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u4ee4\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u7406\u6027\u5b89\u6392\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bbe\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5e8f\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff08highest-order interests\uff09\u53bb\u5b9e\u8df5\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u300278 \u6240\u8c13\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u62e5\u6709\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f7c\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6743\u5229\u53bb\u51b3\u5b9a\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u6709\u4e09\u91cd\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u4ee5\u81f3\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f5c\u51fa\u7406\u6027\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u653e\u5f03\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u5bf9\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7acb\u7ea6\u6761\u4ef6\u8bbe\u4e0b\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u900f\u8fc7\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u53ca\u5929\u8d4b\u80fd\u529b\u7b49\u8d44\u6599\u6392\u9664\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bae\u4ef7\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u4e3a\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u300d\uff08reasonable\uff09\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u4efd\u5219\u662f\u5728\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u4eba\uff08rational autonomy\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6700\u6709\u5229\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u4efd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u300d\uff08rational\uff09\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u300d\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u5373\u8868\u793a\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ea6\u662f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u6b63\u5f53\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u5584\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u770b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u81ea\u5229\u8005\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u8bae\u4ef7\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u7ea6\u675f\u4e86\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u8303\u56f4\u3002 \u300c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ea6\u675f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u6761\u6b3e\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u539f\u521d\u7acb\u573a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u89c6\u5176\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\u6027\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08expository device\uff09\uff0c\u7edf\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5e76\u534f\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5bfc\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u679c\u300d79\u3002\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u516c\u5e73\u5f0f\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8bc1\u6210\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5229\u8005\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u539f\u521d\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u652f\u6301\u5f97\u51fa\u4e24\u6761\u539f\u5219\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u636e\u3002\u300c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u610f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5df2\u7531\u5bf9\u7acb\u7ea6\u73af\u5883\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u504f\u597d\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u300d80\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u79f0\u7531\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u63a8\u51fa\u4e24\u6761\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5f77\u5982\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6f14\u7ece\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u300c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7559\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6216\u6982\u7387\u7684\u731c\u6d4b\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u539f\u521d\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9009\u62e9\u300d\u300281<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6709\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e00\u4e0b\u7518\u9633\u5bf9\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u7518\u9633\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u5047\u7136\u6027\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u5728\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u7518\u9633\u4e8e\u662f\u95ee\uff1a<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4f55\u4ee5\u89c1\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f7b\u5e95\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u6709\u6cd5\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\uff1f\u4f55\u4ee5\u89c1\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f7b\u5e95\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u9009\u62e9\u628a\u4eba\u5f53\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u4f1a\u504f\u504f\u628a\u4eba\u5f53\u624b\u6bb5\uff1f\u4f55\u4ee5\u89c1\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88ab\u300c\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\u300d\u641e\u5f97\u8fde\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u7537\u662f\u5973\u90fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u300e\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u300f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u504f\u504f\u9009\u62e9\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\u5462\uff1f82<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8868\u9762\u770b\u6765\u662f\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u5df2\u53d7\u5230\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u5404\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u627e\u5230\u6700\u80fd\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ca\u8868\u73b0\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u6709\u6cd5\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u5e0c\u671b\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u5229\uff08reciprocity \uff09\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u89c6\u4eba\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\u5f31\u8089\u5f3a\u98df\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee4\u5f97\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4e00\u516c\u5e73\u65e0\u79c1\uff08impartial\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u601d\u8003\u3002\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u56e0\u6b64\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u6781\u7aef\u9009\u62e9\uff08radical choice\uff09\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u5e38\u548c\u5c3c\u91c7\u53ca\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5e73\u5f0f\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7acb\u7ea6\u5404\u65b9\u6700\u4e3a\u6e34\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u6709\u7528\u7269\u54c1\uff08primary goods\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c6\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u80fd\u529b\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u5e8f\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7acb\u7ea6\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4ea6\u53d7\u9650\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u300d83\u3000\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u7518\u9633\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u300d\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5229\u8005\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u5374\u662f\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u6574\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4fbf\u5960\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e0a\u300284 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u6279\u8bc4\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u8d28\u7591\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7518\u9633\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u4e5f\u671d\u8fd9\u65b9\u5411\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u8d28\u7591\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5c06\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u300c\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u300d\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u7f6e\u4e8e\u300c\u865a\u65e0\u300d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u865a\u65e0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002\u7518\u9633\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u5960\u5b9a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u56e0\u6b64\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u90a3\u6837\u5148\u628a\u4eba\u90fd\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u300e\u7edd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u300f\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b49\u4e8e\u628a\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8fde\u6839\u62d4\u8d77\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u300e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\u624d\u80fd\u5960\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u52a8\u6447\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u300d85 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u5389\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6ca1\u9519\uff0c\u7518\u9633\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6307\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u7684\u9650\u5236\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u900f\u8fc7\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u5207\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6027\u522b\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5076\u7136\u6027\u6392\u9664\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u300c\u5149\u79c3\u79c3\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u300d\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0d\u7b26\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e00\u65e6\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u6253\u8fdb\u79c1\u4eba\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08Sandel\uff09\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u300c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u627f\u8f7d\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u300d\uff08unencumbered self\uff09\u4fbf\u53d8\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u7a7a\u6d1e\uff0c\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7518\u9633\u624d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u300c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u300e\u81ea\u7531\u300f\u6b63\u662f\u300e\u865a\u65e0\u4e3b\u4e49\u300f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u300d86<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6279\u8bc4\u5bf9\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5e76\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u987b\u7559\u610f\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u300c\u52a0\u8bf8\u4e8e\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u7acb\u7ea6\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u5982\u6b64\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u5e8f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u300d87 \u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u653e\u5f03\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5149\u79c3\u79c3\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6bcb\u5b81\u662f\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u5957\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u53bb\u89c4\u8303\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff08materials\uff09\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5b83\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u4ece\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u6682\u65f6\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u79cd\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e2d\u62bd\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53ea\u4ece\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u53bb\u8003\u8651\u6b63\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u79cd\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u300d(abstraction)\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5982\u679c\u5bb9\u8bb8\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df2\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u51fa\u8eab\u53ca\u5929\u8d4b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4fbf\u65e0\u6cd5\u786e\u4fdd\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5546\u8bae\u73af\u5883\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6682\u65f6\u300c\u62ec\u53f7\u300d\uff08bracket\uff09\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u6216\u653e\u5f03\u5b83\u4eec\u300288\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u300d\uff08idealization\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u503e\u5411\u5c06\u67d0\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u5938\u5f20\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u626d\u66f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e2d\u5c06\u4eba\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u5229\u8005\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u4e49\u5047\u5b9a\u4eba\u603b\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5229\u4ed6\u52a8\u673a\u670d\u4ece\u6548\u76ca\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4fbf\u5e38\u906d\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u300289<BR><BR>\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u300d\u662f\u5426\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7406\u60f3\u5316\uff1f\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4ece\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u6392\u9664\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6697\u91cc\u627f\u8ba4\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u6700\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u91cd\u8003\u8651\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u548c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u5173\u3002\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u591a\u5143\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6301\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ea6\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u4fe1\u5949\u67d0\u79cd\u6574\u5168\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2(comprehensive conception of the good)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u540c\u610f\u300290 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u91cd\u8003\u8651\u5219\u548c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u76ee\u6807\u53ca\u4ef7\u503c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f5c\u51fa\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u6216\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002\u7acb\u7ea6\u8005\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\uff08personal autonomy\uff09\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u300291 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