{"id":64454,"date":"2016-06-06T09:01:00","date_gmt":"2016-06-06T09:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=64454 "},"modified":"2016-06-06T09:01:00","modified_gmt":"2016-06-06T09:01:00","slug":"64454-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=64454","title":{"rendered":"\u5218\u745c\uff1a\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u7a33\u56fa"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u6458\u8981\uff1a<\/span>\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5411\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u4e3e——\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u79c1\u57df\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e00\u8d77——\u63a8\u52a8\u8fd9\u573a“\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd”\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5411\u7a33\u56fa\u3002<\/span><\/div>
 <\/div>
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\u3000\u3000\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3000\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3000\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3000\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa?\u6797\u8328(Linz)\u548c\u65af\u8482\u6f58(Stepan)\u66fe\u7ecf\u5c31\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f“\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa”\u505a\u51fa\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u4f01\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u98a0\u8986\u6c11\u4e3b\u6216\u8005\u9000\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8fbe\u6210\u5176\u76ee\u6807;\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f;\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u529b\u91cf\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7528\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u5f53\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e86“\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219”\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u624d\u7b97\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002②\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u90fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u504f\u597d\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u89e3\u51b3\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u8bc9\u8bf8\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219——\u653f\u53d8\u3001\u9769\u547d\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u6218\u4e89——\u6765\u53c2\u653f\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a33\u56fa\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\"\"<\/center>

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\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684“\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa”\u6216“\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u56f0\u5883”?\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u8bc9\u8bf8\u653f\u53d8\u3001\u9769\u547d\u6216\u6218\u4e89\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5219\u80fd\u591f\u6bd4\u8f83\u987a\u5229\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u7a33\u56fa?\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u7814\u7a76\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u8282\u3002\u7b2c2\u8282\u5c06\u5c31\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u732e\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u987e\u548c\u7b80\u8981\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7b2c3\u8282\u5c06\u4ee5“\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u9009\u62e9”\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u672c\u8282\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5(“\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2”\u4e0e“\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2”)\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f(“\u591a\u5143\u5236\u8861\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b”\u4e0e“\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b”)\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u5426\u7a33\u56fa\u5f71\u54cd\u91cd\u5927\u3002\u7b2c4\u8282\u5c06\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u548c\u5357\u975e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5bf9\u7b2c3\u8282\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u7b2c5\u8282\u5c06\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u3001\u6587\u732e\u56de\u987e\u4e0e\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000“\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u8bba”\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u6781\u5ea6\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5962\u4f88\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8fc7\u9ad8\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76f8\u5bf9\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u624d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u9760“\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219”\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u624d\u80fd\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u666e\u6cfd\u6c83\u65af\u57fa(Prezworski)\u7b49\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u8fc7\u7ecf\u5178\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5bf91950\u5e74—1990\u5e74\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c“\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd……\u5728\u4eba\u5747GDP1000\u7f8e\u5143\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6……\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5bff\u547d\u662f8\u5e74\u3002\u57281001—2000\u7f8e\u5143\u4e4b\u95f4……\u662f18\u5e74\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4eba\u5747\u6536\u5165\u8d85\u8fc74000\u7f8e\u5143\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5747GDP\u8d85\u8fc7\u963f\u6839\u5ef71975\u5e74\u7684\u6c34\u5e73(6055\u7f8e\u5143)\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u8fc7”\u3002⑥<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000“\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u8bba”\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u5bf9\u7acb\u65f6(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb)——\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u65cf\u7fa4\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5730\u533a\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u57ce\u4e61\u5bf9\u7acb——\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6295\u673a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u7968\u6700\u4fbf\u6377\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u8fd8\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u66b4\u529b\u538b\u5236\u6765\u63a9\u76d6\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6c11\u4e3b\u5185\u5728\u7684\u52a8\u5458\u673a\u5236\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u6fc0\u6d3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6d3e\u7cfb\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6269\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u65b0\u751f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u683c\u5916\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f6c\u578b\u9636\u6bb5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65e7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u5df2\u7ecf\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bbe\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u578b\uff0c\u6349\u895f\u89c1\u8098\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u5f88\u96be\u5e94\u5bf9\u9ad8\u6da8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u65af\u5948\u5fb7(Snyder)\u548c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7(Mansfield)\u5728\u300a\u4ece\u9009\u4e3e\u5230\u66b4\u529b\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u9009\u4e0a\u53bb\u6253\u300b\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u91cc\u96c6\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e86\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u6fc0\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u3002⑦\u6208\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u901a(Goldstone)\u7b49\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6d3e\u7cfb\u653f\u6cbb——\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u672c\u8eab——\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002⑧\u5728\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u521a\u5347\u4e5f\u5c06\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u88c2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002⑨<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000“\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u8bba”\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u6797\u8328\u4ee5\u53ca\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279(Lijphart)\u3002\u5728\u5176\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u5371\u9669\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6797\u8328\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5408\u6cd5\u6027(\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5404\u81ea\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840)\u3001\u975e\u8d62\u5373\u8f93\u7684\u7ed3\u679c(\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u8f93\u8d62)\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4f0f\u7b14\uff0c\u800c\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5f39\u6027\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53c8\u5f88\u96be\u4e3a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5316\u89e3\u63d0\u4f9b\u53f0\u9636\u3002⑩\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279\u5219\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u7684(consociational)\u548c\u591a\u6570\u5f0f\u7684(majoritarian)\u3002\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u5305\u62ec\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u3001\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u5171\u4eab\u7b49\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u591a\u6570\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u3001\u5355\u4e00\u9009\u533a\u5236\u3001\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u548c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u4e00\u515a\u72ec\u4eab\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6bd4\u591a\u6570\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a33\u56fa\u300211<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000“\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u8bba”\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u7a33\u56fa\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5f53\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6269\u6563\u548c\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5219\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u8870\u843d\u3002\u5361\u6839(Kagan)\u66fe\u7ecf\u8fd9\u6837\u6982\u62ec\uff1a“\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u81ea1950\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6269\u5c55\u5230100\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6e34\u671b\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea1950\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6”\uff0c12“\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u4e2d\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8f6e\u66ff\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u4e86\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9636\u6bb5\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48?\u7b54\u6848\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u683c\u5c40\u6709\u5173\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5374\u6bd4\u4ece\u524d\u66f4\u5927”\u300213\u535a\u4f0a\u514b\u65af(Boix)\u5219\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5728“\u6c11\u4e3b\u9738\u6743”\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u5b58\u6d3b\u300214<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000“\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u8bba”\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u9700\u8981\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5f53\u5236\u5ea6\u660e\u663e\u8d85\u524d\u4e8e\u6216\u8005\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u6709\u529b\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5229\u54c8\u7279(Inglehart)\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u6cfd\u5c14(Welzel)\u3002\u5728\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u5347\u300b\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684“\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u5ff5\u8c03\u67e5”\u6570\u636e\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5a01\u5c14\u6cfd\u5c14\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8868\u73b0\u603b\u7ed3\u4e3a“\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c”\u3002\u5f53“\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c”\u6c34\u5e73\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u80fd\u591f\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u653f\u4f53\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5c06\u8dcc\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u6240\u80fd\u63a5\u7eb3\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u300215<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u65e0\u610f\u4e8e\u5426\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u5c31\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u6216\u52a8\u8361\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u7528\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u4eba\u5747\u8d2d\u4e70\u529bGDP\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\uff0c16\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5728\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u62c9\u7f8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d70\u5411\u7a33\u56fa\u65f6\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5374\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u53e3\u6700\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u59cb\u7ec8\u6447\u6447\u6643\u6643\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u4eba\u5747\u8d2d\u4e70\u529bGDP\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u660e\u663e\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u548c\u52a0\u7eb3(\u4ee52010\u5e74\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\u662f5230\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u52a0\u7eb3\u548c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5206\u522b\u662f3430\u7f8e\u5143\u548c3381\u7f8e\u5143)——\u4e24\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u54ea\u6015\u662f“\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e4b\u6625”\uff0c\u4ece\u4eba\u5747GDP\u6765\u770b\uff0c2011\u5e74\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u6210\u529f\u7387\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u5374\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6218\u7565\u6027\u5927\u56fd)\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u529b\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u5b83\u6765\u505a\u51fa\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u8bba\u4e5f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u83f2\u5c14\u4f26(Fearon)\u548c\u96f7\u6c40(Laitin)\u5728\u5176\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u79cd\u65cf\u6027\u3001\u8d77\u4e49\u4e0e\u5185\u6218\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u63a7\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5316\u4e43\u81f3\u4e24\u6781\u5316\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u51b2\u7a81\u7206\u53d1\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u300217\u56fa\u7136\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u52a8\u8361\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u65af\u5948\u5fb7\u548c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6240\u5fae\u5999\u63ed\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u88c2\u75d5\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u88c2\u75d5\u7684\u6269\u5927\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u7cbe\u82f1\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u3001\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7b49\u5730\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u5206\u88c2\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u5176\u4e34\u5e8a\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u88c2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u8bba\u4e5f\u906d\u9047\u5f88\u591a\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6797\u8328\u548c\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u8bba\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6709\u5176\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u683c\u5c14\u6797(Gerring)\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u786e\u53d1\u73b0\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u6bd4\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765“\u826f\u6cbb”;18\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u585e\u5c14\u6587(Selwyn)\u548c\u5766\u666e\u66fc(Templeman)\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9101\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u5229\u666e\u54c8\u7279\u7684\u9884\u8ba1\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f53\u793e\u4f1a\u65cf\u7fa4\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u88c2\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u8c13“\u534f\u4f5c\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b”(\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236)\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6076\u5316\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7f13\u89e3\u5b83\u300219\u4ece\u6848\u4f8b\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u90fd\u6ca1\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236(\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57)\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236(\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b)\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u7684\u6cf0\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6301\u7eed\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u5374\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u91c7\u53d6\u6df7\u5408\u5f0f\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u6837\u91c7\u53d6\u6df7\u5408\u5f0f\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5374\u96be\u4ee5\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u5f53\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u6fc0\u5316\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5f88\u96be\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8d77\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000“\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u8bba”\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5219\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u8d8b\u52bf\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u6216\u5730\u533a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u6240\u8c13“\u6c11\u4e3b\u9738\u6743”\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e00\u534a\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6848\u4f8b\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5229\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u5219\u5386\u7ecf\u574e\u5777\u3002“\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u8bba”\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002“\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u8bba”\u5177\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8d70\u5411\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u8f6c\u578b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u6ce2\u4e09\u6298\u30022011\u5e74\u57c3\u53ca\u4eba\u6c11\u98ce\u8d77\u4e91\u6d8c\u5730\u8d70\u4e0a\u8857\u5934\u63a8\u7ffb\u7a46\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f2013\u5e74\u5374\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u519b\u4eba\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u56de\u5f52——\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u5728\u4e24\u5e74\u95f4\u4f1a\u6709\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53d8\u5316\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0e\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u9274\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53bb\u8865\u5145\u3001\u5f25\u5408\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f“\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u4e3a”\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4f1a\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u5426\u7a33\u56fa\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u524d\u8ff0\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5927\u591a\u8fc7\u4e8e\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u9759\u6001\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6025\u5267\u53d8\u9769\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d“\u4eba”——\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1——\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5de6\u53f3\u5c40\u52bf\u6240\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u5272\u88c2\uff0c\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7ea6\u675f\u4e2d\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7“\u4eba”\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u624d\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c“\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u52a8”\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u5b66\u5f53\u4e2d\u5e76\u975e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u72ec\u521b\u3002\u5965\u5f53\u7eb3(O’Donnel)\u548c\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279(Schmmitter)\u5728\u300a\u4ece\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u8f6c\u578b\u300b\u4e2d\u548c\u9ed1\u683c\u529b(Higley)\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u57fa\u7840\u300b\u4e2d\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u300220\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0“\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u52a8”\u7406\u8bba\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684“\u53d1\u751f\u5b66”\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u540e\u7684“\u7a33\u56fa\u5b66”\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u66f4\u5c11\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6790\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u672c\u6587\u89c6\u89d2\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6885\u97e6\u6797(Mainwaring)\u7b49\u7684\u300a\u62c9\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u300b\u300221\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6“\u662f\u5426\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316”\u6765\u5206\u6790\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u5426\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9“\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u5426”\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06“\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e0e\u5426”\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u5206\u6790\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0e\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u4e09\u3001\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa<\/strong><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b58\u5728\u7740“\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u7684”\u548c“\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684”\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e26\u6765\u591a\u5143\u5236\u8861\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e26\u6765\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u6bd4\u540e\u8005\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5f62\u5851\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7528\u56fe\u8868\u6765\u8868\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8ff0\u5982\u56fe1\u3002\u3000\u3000<\/span><\/p>

\"\"<\/center>

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\u3000\u3000\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a“\u5206\u53c9”?\u5927\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u91c7\u53d6\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a“\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u7406\u89e3”\u548c“\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u7406\u89e3”\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5206\u6b67\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3“\u6c11\u4f17\u7edf\u6cbb”(rule by the people)\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u542b\u4e49\uff1a\u5230\u5e95“\u6c11\u4f17\u7edf\u6cbb”\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u754c\u6e05\u6670\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5148\u5929\u4f18\u52bf\u7684“\u4eba\u6c11”\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6307\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u4f17\u90fd\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u573a“\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd”\u6784\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u7840?\u524d\u8005\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e“\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u6c11”\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u4e3a“\u4eba\u6c11”\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4f18\u52bf\u800c\u5c06\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\u4e0d\u65ad\u653e\u5927\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b;\u540e\u8005\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u771f\u8c1b\u5728\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u573a\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u4f46\u4ece\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5316\u7684“\u4eba\u6c11”\u7fa4\u4f53(“\u963f\u7f57\u6096\u8bba”\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u63a8\u8bba)\uff0c23\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u53cd\u5bf9\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7bc7\u5e45\u548c\u4e3b\u9898\u6240\u9650\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u65e0\u6cd5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6839\u6e90\u4e0e\u6f14\u53d8(\u7b14\u8005\u5c06\u53e6\u6587\u5206\u6790)\uff0c\u53ea\u5c06\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u540e\u679c\u8fa8\u6790\u4e00\u4e8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\u3001\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5851\u9020\u3001\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5baa\u653f\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u3002\u88682\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u8868\u73b0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6c47\u603b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u88682\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e“\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b”\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6848\u4f8b\u5f80\u5f80\u5904\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6709\u6240\u504f\u5411\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u5206\u4eab\u7740“\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5e95\u7ebf”\uff1a\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5176\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u6709\u65e0“\u7ed3\u679c\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e”\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5171\u540c\u533a\u5206\u4e8e\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\"\"<\/center>

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\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u65b0\u751f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u88682\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e94\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e94\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b“\u6c11”\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fb9\u754c\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u5316\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u88c2\u75d5\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ee5“\u4eba\u6c11-\u654c\u4eba”\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d“\u5212\u5206\u654c\u6211”\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u52a8\u5458\u673a\u5236\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u795e\u5723\u5316“\u4eba\u6c11”\u5e76\u8f85\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5996\u9b54\u5316“\u654c\u4eba”\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u654c\u6211\u5212\u5206\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u540c(\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u8005\u90e8\u843d\u7b49)\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\u90e8\u843d\u5c5e\u6027\u7684“\u6211\u4eec”\u624d\u6784\u6210“\u6c11\u4e3b”\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684“\u6c11”\uff0c\u800c\u88ab“\u9009\u4e2d”\u7684“\u6c11”\u5177\u6709\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5929\u7136\u4f18\u52bf\u3002“\u4ed6\u4eec”\u5219\u662f“\u654c\u4eba”\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88“\u539f\u7f6a”\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u5458“\u6211\u4eec”\u5bf9\u6297“\u4ed6\u4eec”\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5148\u5929\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u3001\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5185\u90e8\u5229\u76ca\u4e00\u81f4\u7684“\u4eba\u6c11”\u5b9e\u4f53——\u9274\u522b\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5728\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u5219\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u3002“\u6c11\u4e3b”\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684“\u6c11”\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5143\u7684\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5728\u4e8e\u5851\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684“\u8bba\u575b”\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a“\u8bba\u575b”\u8d8a\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u8d8a\u6301\u7eed\uff0c\u8d8a\u5177\u6709\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f“\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219”\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b3\u7b56\u6280\u672f\u6709\u5176\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9760\u5176\u4ed6\u7b56\u7565\u6765\u7f13\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3——\u7b56\u7565\u4e00\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u535a\u5f08\u6700\u7ec8\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06“\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219”\u5f15\u5411“\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5219”;\u7b56\u7565\u4e8c\uff0c\u7a00\u91ca\u9009\u4e3e\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u91cd\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u4f46\u7edd\u975e\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee5\u653f\u515a\u4e3a\u8f74\u5fc3\u7684\u7279\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5177\u6709\u6d3e\u7cfb\u6027\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u719f\u7684\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u4e5f\u6709\u5de6\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u53f3\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6216\u65cf\u7fa4\u6027\u653f\u515a\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u904d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u6d3e\u7cfb——\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u672c\u8eab——\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u907f\u514d\u4ece\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u5996\u9b54\u5316\u5bf9\u624b——\u5373\u4f7f\u5426\u5b9a\u5bf9\u624b\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e“\u6c11”\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u683c\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u610f\u613f\u4e0e\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5176\u56fa\u5316\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u5c3d\u91cf\u4ee5\u89c2\u5ff5\u8ba4\u540c\u800c\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u6765\u52a8\u5458\u6c11\u4f17——\u6211\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u56fe\u897f\u65cf\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5de6\u6d3e\u5219\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u4ee5\u89c2\u5ff5\u800c\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u4e3a\u52a8\u5458\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u548c\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\uff0c“\u5212\u5206\u654c\u6211”\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\u4f9d\u8d56\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6269\u5927\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u52a8\u6447\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\u521a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u5c06\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u529b\u91cf\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\u975e\u6d32\u4eba\u6c11\u8054\u76df(ZAPU)\u79f0\u4e3a“\u654c\u4eba”\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u9886\u8896\u6069\u79d1\u83ab(NKomo)\u8d76\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5728\u90e8\u961f\u4e2d\u6e05\u6d17\u5176\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u53d1\u52a8\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u88ad\u51fb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u9020\u62101983\u5e74—1987\u5e74\u7684\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e07\u4eba\u5728\u5185\u6218\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684“\u654c\u4eba”\u3002\u5f531985\u5e74\u767d\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee4\u5176\u4e0d\u6ee1\u65f6\uff0c\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\u53d1\u8a93\uff1a“\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6740\u6b7b\u90a3\u4e9b\u6bd2\u86c7\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ed9\u5f7b\u5e95\u6253\u70c2\u3002”24\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u571f\u6539\u66f4\u662f\u7528\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u52a8“\u5f7b\u5e95\u6253\u70c2”\u4e86“\u90a3\u4e9b\u6bd2\u86c7”\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5e03\u9686\u8fea\u7684\u80e1\u56fe\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u5c06\u56fe\u897f\u65cf\u79f0\u4e3a“\u87d1\u8782”\uff0c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u8428\u8fbe\u59c6\u653f\u6743\u5012\u53f0\u540e\u900a\u5c3c\u6d3e\u88ab\u5168\u9762\u6e05\u6d17\u51fa\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5c06\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5a92\u4f53\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d70\u72d7”\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd“\u654c\u6211\u5212\u5206”\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u6216\u52a8\u8361\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6e05\u6670\u7684“\u80dc\u8d25”\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u9009\u4e3e\u548c“\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743”(electoral mandate)\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u5851\u9020“\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u3001\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c”\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b“\u4eba\u6c11”\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u4e3e\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a“\u53d1\u73b0\u4eba\u6c11”\u751a\u81f3“\u52a0\u5195\u4eba\u6c11”\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9009\u4e3e\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6b7b\u6538\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u7684“\u4eba\u6c11”\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u653e\u5927\u5176\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199\u4e00\u5207\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0d\u4f46\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u6b21\u653f\u6cbb\u53d7\u632b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027——\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u4ece\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6709\u65e0\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u662f\u533a\u5206\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u9009\u4e3e\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u538b\u529b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a“\u4e3b\u6743\u8005”\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u548c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u673a\u5236——\u6b63\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c“\u5f3a\u8feb”\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u5728\u6743\u529b\u5784\u65ad\u4e2d\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u6362\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5c06\u9009\u4e3e\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5316\u5b66\u800c\u975e\u6570\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u7968\u8ba1\u7b97\u51b3\u5b9a\u80dc\u8d1f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5e26\u52a8\u9009\u4e3e\u524d\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fa9\u8bba\u548c\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fa9\u8bba\u548c\u534f\u5546\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5c06\u9009\u4e3e\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a“\u52a0\u5195\u4e3b\u6743\u8005”\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u53cd\u5bf9\u65e0\u9650\u6269\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\u5212\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u5f84\uff0c\u5c06\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u516c\u5171\u6743\u529b——\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229——\u5212\u5b9a\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d“\u4e00\u8d62\u7686\u8d62\u3001\u4e00\u8f93\u7686\u8f93”\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8d4b\u4e88\u8fc7\u91cd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6e05\u6670\u7684“\u8f93\u8d62”\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u653e\u5927\uff0c\u540e\u679c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u821e\u5f0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d25\u9009\u540e\u5931\u8d25\u65b9\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u5c31\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u540e\u679c\u90fd\u4e25\u91cd\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u3001\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\u7b49\u56fd\u989c\u8272\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a;\u800c1993\u5e74\u5e03\u9686\u8fea\u7684\u5c60\u6740\u30012007\u5e74\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u548c2010\u5e74\u79d1\u7279\u8fea\u74e6\u7684\u5185\u4e71\uff0c\u5219\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d25\u9009\u65b9\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b80\u5316\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5373\u4f7f\u8f93\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u8d25\u9009\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u53c2\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u53ea\u5f3a\u8c03\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u6fc0\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5728“\u4eba\u6c11\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23”\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5f3a\u8c03“\u5782\u76f4\u7684\u8d23\u4efb”\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ee5“\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23”\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u53d6\u6d88\u4e0d\u540c\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5219\u9690\u542b\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u536b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6700\u6709\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7531\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u5f3a\u8c03\u5782\u76f4\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u541e\u566c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6c11\u9009\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a“\u4eba\u6c11”\u7684\u5316\u8eab\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e43\u81f3\u9053\u5fb7\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784——\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784(\u6bd4\u5982\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7535\u89c6\u53f0)——\u5f88\u96be\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u6743\u529b\u6784\u6210\u6709\u6548\u5236\u8861\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u9009\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f18\u52bf;\u800c\u8bae\u5458——\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u7684“\u5168\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6027”\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u603b\u7edf\u4eec(\u6216\u9996\u76f8\u4eec)\u5e38\u5e38\u6253\u7740“\u5fe0\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11”\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u62c6\u9664\u788d\u624b\u788d\u811a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5236\u8861\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u675c\u9a6c\u6210\u4e86\u666e\u4eac\u7684\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0;\u5728\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u901a\u8fc7“\u6388\u6743\u6cd5”\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u603b\u7edf\u672a\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c“\u653f\u4ee4\u7edf\u6cbb”;\u5728\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\uff0c\u5f53\u767d\u4eba\u8bc9\u8bf8\u6cd5\u9662\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u5f3a\u5f81\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u65f6\uff0c\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279•\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u62fd\u5230\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002”25<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u3002\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u65e2\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e“\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb”(\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u662f“\u4e24\u6743\u5206\u7acb”)\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb(\u519b\u961f\u3001\u592e\u884c\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u3001\u5927\u578b\u56fd\u4f01\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4f53\u7cfb\u7b49\u7b49)\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u6743\u529b\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e38\u5e38\u80dc\u8d25\u5206\u660e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u4e0e\u5f00\u653e\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u8d25\u9009\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684“\u653f\u6cbb\u4fdd\u7559\u5730”\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u7684“\u591a\u6570\u610f\u5fd7”\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5173\u95ed“\u80dc\u5229\u8005”\u4e0e“\u5931\u8d25\u8005”\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u662f\u5426\u4fdd\u7559\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8“\u541e\u566c”\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d“\u8d70\u6295\u65e0\u8def”\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u8bc9\u8bf8“\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b”\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u52a8\u6447\u751a\u81f3\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u57c3\u53ca\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002“\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e4b\u6625”\u540e\uff0c2011\u5e7412\u6708\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u6d3e(\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a[\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0“\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a”]\u548c\u8428\u62c9\u83f2\u65af\u7279[Salafists]\u52a0\u8d77\u6765)\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\u30022012\u5e745\u6708\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a\u7684\u83ab\u897f\u53c8\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd“\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403”\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6d3e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bc4\u671b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u529b\u91cf\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662——\u4e00\u65e6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662“\u5931\u5b88”\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u6d3e\u5c31\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5236\u8861\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u800c\u8d70\u5411“\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u624b\u6bb5”\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u30022012\u5e7411\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u83ab\u897f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662(\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\u4e4b\u524d\u88ab\u6cd5\u9662\u89e3\u6563)\u548c\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u634d\u536b\u6c11\u9009\u673a\u6784\u7684\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u6d3e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4fb5\u541e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6743\u529b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6700\u540e\u7684\u5730\u76d8\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f7b\u5e95\u8d76\u51fa“\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6e38\u620f”\u3002\u7fa4\u60c5\u6fc0\u594b\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6297\u8bae\u7206\u53d1\u4e86——\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e3e\u4e16\u7686\u77e5\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u83ab\u897f\u62c6\u6bc1\u4e86\u57c3\u53ca\u65b0\u751f\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u62c6\u6bc1\u4e86\u57c3\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5265\u593a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6076\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5728“\u4eba\u6c11-\u654c\u4eba”\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u751a\u81f3\u5265\u593a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5265\u593a“\u654c\u4eba“\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4fdd\u62a4“\u4eba\u6c11”\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c“\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b”\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u83ab\u52d2(Moller)\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d“\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236”\u53ea\u670940\u4e2a(\u4ee52012\u5e74\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6)\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53(“\u591a\u5143\u653f\u4f53”\u3001“\u9009\u4e3e\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b”\u548c“\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b”\u4e09\u4e2a\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u52a0\u603b)\u5219\u6709\u4e94\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u300226<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7531\u4e8e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u88ab\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u503e\u659c\u7684\u64c2\u53f0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u538b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5f53\u9009;\u5f53\u9009\u5219\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684“\u5408\u6cd5\u6027”\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u7406\u76f4\u6c14\u58ee\u5730\u6253\u538b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a“\u9009\u4e3e\u9738\u6743”\u4e0e“\u81ea\u7531\u4fb5\u8680”\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\uff1a\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u57fa\u7840\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u5374\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6076\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6076\u6027\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6b65\u5230\u4f4d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u901f\u7684\u6f29\u6da1\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03“\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531”\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9650\u5b9a\u8bed\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6027\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed\u3001\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4ece\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a“\u653f\u6cbb\u5e02\u573a”\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5546\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u5f80\u5f80\u5bfc\u81f4“\u5e02\u573a\u5931\u7075”\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5835\u585e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4“\u653f\u6cbb\u5e02\u573a\u5931\u7075”\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u56db\u3001\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u548c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5357\u975e\uff0c\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u8fe5\u5f02\u3002\u4ece\u4eba\u53e3\u89c4\u6a21\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5357\u975e1994\u5e74(\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u4e0a\u53f0\u65f6)\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u662f4000\u4e07\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c91999\u5e74(\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e0a\u53f0\u65f6)\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u662f2500\u4e07\uff0c\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7b49\u5927\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c1994\u5e74\u7684\u5357\u975e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u975e\u6d32\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\uff0c\u4eba\u5747GDP\u4e3a3650\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c1999\u5e74\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u4e5f\u662f\u540d\u5217\u524d\u8305\uff0c\u4eba\u5747GDP\u4e3a4078\u7f8e\u5143;\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u77f3\u6cb9\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u5357\u975e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5219\u4e25\u91cd\u4f9d\u8d56\u91d1\u5c5e\u77ff\u4ea7\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u5f88\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6700\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c1995\u5e74\u5357\u975e\u7684\u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570\u9ad8\u8fbe0.63(1994\u5e74\u6570\u636e\u7f3a\u5931)\uff0c1999\u5e74\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570\u662f0.48\u3002\u4ece\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u90fd\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u300229\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6——\u76f8\u6bd4\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6——\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u5357\u975e\u867d\u7136\u957f\u671f\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u88ab\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u5f88\u591a“\u81ea\u6cbb\u533a”\u5185(\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u5730\u533a)\u5b58\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e481994\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u653f\u4f53\u6307\u6570(Polity IV)\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u503c\u5e76\u975e\u8d1f\u503c(\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u4f53\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u8d1f\u503c)\uff0c\u800c\u662f5\u5206;\u800c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u5e76\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c1999\u5e74\u5176Polity IV\u5206\u503c\u662f7\u5206\u3002\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5730\u533a\u73af\u5883\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u90fd\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6027\u548c\u5730\u533a\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5927\u4f53“\u63a7\u5236”\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u5426\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u53d8\u91cf——\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e24\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u5b9a\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5357\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u66f4\u52a0\u6076\u52a3\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u5357\u975e\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784(\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5357\u975e\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u57fa\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570\u6bd4\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u66f4\u9ad8)\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u662f\u5730\u533a\u6027\u73af\u5883\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53f2\u65e0\u524d\u4f8b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u56fa\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5219\u8981\u80a4\u6d45\u548c\u8106\u5f31\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u683c\u5916\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e0a\u53f0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5728Polity IV\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u503c\u4e00\u8def\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u4ece1999\u5e74\u76847\u5206\u964d\u5230\u4e862009\u5e74\u7684-3\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u52302009\u5e74\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u88ab\u5b66\u754c\u6700\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u89c6\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5d29\u6e83\u300230\u800c\u5357\u975e\u5728\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u503c\u4ece5\u5206\u4e0a\u5347\u52309\u5206\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u505c\u7559\u57289\u5206(\u622a\u81f32014\u5e74)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c?\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e24\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u6587\u5316\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u683c\u5c40\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u6548\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u62c9\u7f8e\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf\u53ef\u8c13\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u300231\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u3001\u54e5\u65af\u8fbe\u9ece\u52a0\u8fd8\u6709\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u62c9\u7f8e\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u56db\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u5176\u4ed6“\u843d\u540e”\u62c9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6b65\u5165\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u30021999\u5e74Polity IV\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5206\u503c\u662f7\u5206;\u52302009\u5e74\uff0cPolity IV\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4e86-3\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5927\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u4e0b\u5217\u5b57\u773c\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1a\u8d85\u7ea7\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u77ed\u7f3a\u3001\u6392\u961f\u8d2d\u7269\u3001\u9a9a\u4e71\u3001\u6297\u8bae\u793a\u5a01\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u5c45\u9ad8\u4e0d\u4e0b\u3001\u4eba\u624d\u6d41\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4f55\u4ee5\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u8868\u73b0\u4e0a\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u4e0d\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf\u5468\u8fb9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\u53d6\u5f97\u91cd\u5927\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u53cd\u800c“\u4e00\u679d\u72ec\u79c0”\u5730\u4e25\u91cd\u5012\u9000?\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7406\u8bba\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u800c\u8a00\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u6700\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6;\u76f4\u52302005\u5e74\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u4eba\u5747GDP\u8fd8\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u6700\u9ad8(\u52302015\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf\u964d\u5230\u7b2c7)\u3002\u5982\u679c“\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u8bba”\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u6700\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5012\u9000\u3002\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3001\u6df7\u5408\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u6027\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u800c\u975e\u6709\u5bb3\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7b54\u6848\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5f53\u4e2d\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u3002\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u548c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f53\u4e2d\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u30021998\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5728“\u91cd\u5efa\u5171\u548c\u56fd”\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u4e0b\u593a\u5f97\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4ed6“\u5efa\u8bbe21\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49”\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u768414\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ece\u6e29\u548c\u9010\u6b65\u8d70\u5411\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff1a\u4ece\u52a0\u5927\u6276\u52a9\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u518d\u5206\u914d\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u5168\u6c11\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u969c\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5411\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u901a\u8baf\u3001\u7535\u529b\u3001\u6c34\u6ce5\u548c\u77f3\u6cb9\u7b49\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u516c\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u53ca\u5176\u5c31\u4e1a\u4eba\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u884c\u4ef7\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u3001\u5916\u6c47\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6ca1\u6536\u548c\u5904\u7f5a\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b……\u603b\u4e4b\u5728\u5176\u6267\u653f\u540e\u768416\u5e74\u95f4(\u67e5\u97e6\u65af2013\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6307\u5b9a\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u9a6c\u675c\u7f57\u4e0e\u5176\u653f\u7b56\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f)\uff0c“\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49”\u4e0d\u4f46\u6539\u9020\u4e86\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8870\u843d\u662f\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u5de6\u7ffc\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u5219\u662f\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8d70\u5411\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8f68\u9053\u6ed1\u5411\u4e86\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0a\u53f0\u7684——\u4e0d\u4f46\u6700\u521d\u4e0a\u53f0\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53cd\u590d\u8fde\u4efb\u4ece\u6295\u7968\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u3002\u9664\u4e862007\u5e74\u4fee\u5baa\u516c\u6295\u548c2010\u5e74\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u591a\u6570\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u5e76\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u653f\u515a\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7edf\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a(PSUV)\u51e0\u4e4e\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6216\u516c\u6295\u30021998\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4ee516\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u7684\u9886\u5148\u4f18\u52bf\u8d62\u5f97\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e;2000\u5e74\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u9886\u5148\u4f18\u52bf\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e8622%;2006\u5e74\uff0c\u5219\u9886\u5148\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u9886\u889626\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u30022012\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u9886\u514811%\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f2011\u5e74\u4ed6\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u764c\u75c7\u6d88\u606f\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4“\u6210\u7ee9\u6590\u7136”\u30022013\u5e74\u4ed6\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u9a6c\u675c\u7f57\u540c\u6837\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0a\u53f0\u7684(\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4f18\u52bf\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u5f31)\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5355\u5c31\u6295\u7968\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u800c\u8a00——\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u52a8\u5458\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u64cd\u63a7——\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u8fd8\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u900f\u660e\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u30022004\u5e74\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5c31\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u81ea\u52a8\u8ba1\u7968\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9009\u7968\u821e\u5f0a\u5f88\u96be\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49;\u4ece\u5b9a\u671f\u4e3e\u884c\u7ed3\u679c\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u5f0f\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u627f\u8ba4\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5f0f\u653f\u4f53——\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u8d77\u70b9\u5904——\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u591a\u5143\u5236\u8861\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u52a8\u8361\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e2d\uff0c“\u6c11”\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u5458\u662f\u4ee5“\u654c\u6211\u5212\u5206”\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7vs. \u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1vs. \u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u8d22\u9600vs. \u7a77\u4eba\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49vs. \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u539f\u7f6a\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5148\u5929\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5728\u4f4d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u53cd\u590d\u91cd\u7533“\u8981\u628a\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7a77\u4eba”\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u5bcc\u4eba\uff0c“\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6311\u6218\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u6743\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u90e8\u5206”\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5a92\u4f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u67e5\u97e6\u65af“\u9a6f\u670d”\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u4e2a\u522b\u5a92\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u8868\u8fbe\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u65f6\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5c31\u5c06\u5176\u5212\u5165\u4e86“\u654c\u4eba”\u9635\u8425\u3002“\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c4f\u5e55\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u7ed9\u4f60\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\uff1aGlobovision(\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u4e4b\u4e00——\u7b14\u8005\u6ce8)\u3002”32\u5230\u5176\u6267\u653f\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9“\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49”\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee4\u4eba\u532a\u5937\u6240\u601d\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff1a“\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\u3001\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u706b\u661f\u4e0a\u6709\u8fc7\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e86\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e86\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u661f\u7403\u3002”33<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u7531\u4e8e\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6295\u7968\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\u76f8\u5f53\u900f\u660e\u516c\u5e73\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5219\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u548c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u4eab\u6709\u5a92\u4f53\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5728\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u5219“\u7a97\u53e3”\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7ade\u9009\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728“\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u65f6\u4ee3”\u768416\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u670945\u79cd“\u9009\u4e3e\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5”\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u7279\u5b9a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u53c2\u9009\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5a01\u903c\u5229\u8bf1\uff0c\u5a01\u80c1\u7279\u5b9a\u9009\u533a“\u4e00\u65e6\u6295\u9519\u7968”\u5c31\u64a4\u9500\u798f\u5229\u7b49\u7b49\u300234<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u4ece\u6743\u529b\u5236\u8861\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0“\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u5fd7”\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u62c6\u9664\u4e86\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u603b\u7edf\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u591a\u6570\u5730\u4f4d(\u90e8\u5206\u9700\u8981\u611f\u8c222005\u5e74\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u7f62\u9009)\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6210\u4e86\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed5\u5f00“\u9976\u820c”\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u8bae\u5458\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u60dc\u4ee5“\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u81ea\u6740”\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6210\u5168\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u72ec\u63fd\u5927\u6743\u3002\u5728\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5f53\u653f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u66fe\u7ecf\u56db\u6b21(1999\u5e74\u30012000\u5e74\u30012007\u5e74\u30012010\u5e74)\u6388\u6743\u603b\u7edf\u5b9e\u884c“\u653f\u4ee4\u7edf\u6cbb”(rule by decree)\uff0c\u5373\u603b\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65e0\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u5c31\u5236\u5b9a\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f2010\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u51b3\u5b9a\u53c2\u9009\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u65b0\u56fd\u4f1a\u7ed9\u67e5\u97e6\u65af“\u6363\u4e71”\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u4efb\u671f\u7684\u65e7\u56fd\u4f1a\u7d27\u6025“\u5348\u591c\u7acb\u6cd5”\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7ed9\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u6388\u674318\u4e2a\u6708\u7684“\u653f\u4ee4\u7edf\u6cbb”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e5f\u9010\u6b65\u53d8\u5f97\u8361\u7136\u65e0\u5b58\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u591a\u6570\u6cd5\u5b98\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c2004\u5e74\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4ece9\u4e2a\u6269\u5927\u523017\u4e2a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4eba\u6570\u4f18\u52bf\u95ee\u9898\u300235\u6269\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eba\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u4f1a\u53c8\u662f\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u6a61\u76ae\u56fe\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5c31\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5206\u652f\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4ece2005\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u505a\u51fa\u768445474\u9879\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u662f\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u300236\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u56e0\u6279\u8bc4\u603b\u7edf\u800c\u88ab\u7f5a\u6b3e\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u53f0Globovision\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u6cd5\u9662\u627e\u56de\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f53\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a2013\u5e74\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u9662\u8d77\u8bc9\u6765\u6311\u6218\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5c31\u4e0d\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6743\u529b——\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u8d62\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u5f53\u4efd\u989d\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u65f6(\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u8896\u96f7\u5fb7\u5179\u9a6c\u5f53\u9009\u9996\u90fd\u52a0\u62c9\u52a0\u65af\u5e02\u957f)\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86“\u62b5\u6d88”\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u4e2a“\u516c\u793e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a”(community councils)\u6765\u5b9e\u65bd\u5176\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8e\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u91cd\u5efa\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ed5\u5f00\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e“\u628a\u6301”\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u67b6\u7a7a\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6839\u636e\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5e02\u957f\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5361\u6d1b\u65af•\u6b27\u5361\u91cc\u5179(Carlos Ocariz)\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c92012\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5f53\u9009\u768478\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u5e02\u957f\u4e2d\uff0c\u670933\u4e2a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u9762\u4e34\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u840e\u7f29\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5728\u5386\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u516c\u6295\u4e2d\u5c61\u5c61\u5f97\u624b\uff0c\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d“\u503e\u659c\u7684\u64c2\u53f0”\u3002\u800c\u64c2\u53f0\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u503e\u659c\uff0c\u4e0e\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u653f\u5e9c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u9650\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u64cd\u63a7\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4e0e\u5a01\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u76f4\u63a5\u5ffd\u7565\u548c\u8df5\u8e0f\u6c11\u610f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e38\u5e38\u9700\u8981“\u5236\u9020”\u6c11\u610f\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u5176\u6743\u529b\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002“\u5236\u9020”\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u8981\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a8\u51fa\u9650\u5236\u5a92\u4f53\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c2000\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u901a\u8baf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b(Organic Laws of Telecommunication)\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u5e9c\u6536\u56de\u5e7f\u7535\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1\uff0c\u5982\u679c“\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8bdd”;2004\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u8d23\u4efb\u6cd5\u300b(Law for Social Responsibility)\u7981\u6b62\u53ef\u80fd“\u717d\u52a8\u4ec7\u6068\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u8a00\u8bba”\uff0c2010\u5e74\u540e\u53c8\u5c06\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e92\u8054\u7f51;2005\u5e74\u5211\u6cd5\u5178\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7f29\u51cf\u4e86“\u6279\u8bc4\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6”\u548c\u793a\u5a01\u6e38\u884c\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u4ed8\u4e0d\u542c\u8bdd\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5a92\u4f53\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684“\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u80fd\u529b”\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u62d2\u7edd\u7eed\u53d1\u7ecf\u8425\u8bb8\u53ef\u8bc1(\u6bd4\u59822007\u5e74\u9488\u5bf9RCTV)\u3001\u7f5a\u6b3e(\u6bd4\u5982\u9488\u5bf9Globovision)\u3001\u8d77\u8bc9\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u56fd\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u5411\u5176\u53d1\u653e\u5e7f\u544a\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u5b83\u4eec\u62a5\u9053\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u7ed9\u652f\u6301\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u53f0“\u793e\u533a\u9891\u9053”\u8eab\u4efd\u4ece\u800c\u7ed9\u5b83\u53d1\u653e\u8865\u52a9\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u9003\u79bb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u638c\u63a7——2014\u5e74\u5c31\u6709\u4e03\u4e2a\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8a00\u8bba\u800c\u88ab\u62d8\u6355\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u7ba1\u63a7\u6548\u679c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f——\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f62\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684“\u4fe1\u606f\u9738\u6743”\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u521b\u529e\u5f88\u591a\u514d\u8d39\u7684“\u516c\u5171\u5a92\u4f53”\uff0c\u4e3b\u5bfc“\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u65b9\u5411”\uff0c\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5c06\u79c1\u8425\u5a92\u4f53“\u6324\u51fa\u5e02\u573a”\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c1998\u5e74\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9100%\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c88%\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7535\u89c6\u9891\u9053\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a“\u72ec\u7acb\u5a92\u4f53”\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u4e862014\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5206\u522b\u4e0b\u964d\u4e3a56%\u548c46%\u300237<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c“\u8bc6\u65f6\u52a1”\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u5f00\u59cb\u7eb7\u7eb7\u81ea\u6211\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u58f0\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4f46\u638c\u63a7\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5a92\u4f53\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u8fd8\u81ea\u6211\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6“\u51b2\u8fdb”\u4efb\u4f55\u7535\u89c6\u9891\u9053\u3001\u5bf9\u5168\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17“\u5373\u5174\u8bb2\u8bdd”\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u5750\u5728\u7535\u89c6\u524d\u770b\u8282\u76ee\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6beb\u65e0\u9632\u5907\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u770b\u89c1\u603b\u7edf“\u7a81\u88ad”\u5c4f\u5e55\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u8868\u6177\u6168\u6fc0\u6602\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u8ba1\u8fd9\u901a\u6f14\u8bf4\u5c06\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u591a\u4e45\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u81ea\u4ece\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5c31\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5728“\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6”\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u503c\u5c31\u4e00\u8def\u4e0b\u8dcc\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a1\u5206—7\u5206\u7684\u5206\u503c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a(7\u5206\u4e3a“\u6700\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531”)\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c91998\u5e74\u88ab\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e3a2.5\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u52302012\u5e74\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\uff0c\u4f30\u5206\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4e865\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f“\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6”\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff1a\u5fb7\u56fd\u963f\u767b\u7eb3\u57fa\u91d1“\u62c9\u7f8e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6570”2012\u5e74\u7ed9\u4e86\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u6574\u4e2a\u62c9\u7f8e\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u5206;\u4ece2007\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u4eba\u6743\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0“IACHR”)\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u9488\u5bf9\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u8fdb\u884c\u8fde\u5e74\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6c11\u610f\u5438\u7eb3\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5baa\u653f\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u6839\u636e\u653f\u6cbb\u9700\u6c42\u800c\u53d8\u5f97“\u80fd\u5c48\u80fd\u4f38”\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af1999\u5e74\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53ec\u96c6\u5baa\u6cd5\u5927\u4f1a\u6765\u5236\u5b9a\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u65b0\u5baa\u6cd5\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u4ecd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u5236\u8861\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff1a\u5b83\u6388\u4e88\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u89e3\u6563\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u63d0\u540d\u6743\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u53ec\u96c6\u516c\u6295\u7684\u6743\u529b;\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u6539\u6210\u4e00\u9662\u5236\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u5236\u8861\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5426\u51b3\u70b9\u30022007\u5e74\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u518d\u6b21\u53d1\u8d77\u4fee\u5baa\u516c\u6295\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u62df\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u5305\u62ec\u5e9f\u9664\u6c11\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u65e0\u9650\u6b21\u6570\u53c2\u52a0\u7ade\u9009\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u6b21\u516c\u6295\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u6ca1\u80fd\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u8fd9\u6b21\u516c\u6295\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5185\u5bb9“\u5316\u6574\u4e3a\u96f6”\u5730\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57282009\u5e74\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6b21\u516c\u6295\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5e9f\u9664\u4efb\u671f\u9650\u5236\u7684“\u5919\u613f”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u3000\u30002004\u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u96c6\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u4e07\u4e2a\u7b7e\u540d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8feb\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c31\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u53bb\u7559\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u6295\u3002\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u867d\u7136\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u52a0\u52a0\u6df1\u30022007\u5e74\uff0c\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7684\u4fee\u5baa\u65b9\u6848\u518d\u5ea6\u71c3\u8d77\u5bf9\u7acb\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u6495\u88c2\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u5377\u571f\u91cd\u6765\u7684\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f97\u624b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f55%\u5bf945%\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5f70\u663e\u51fa\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000(\u4e8c)\u5357\u975e<\/span><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u5e76\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u5bf9\u767d\u4eba\u800c\u8a00(\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd——\u5357\u975e\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5370\u88d4\u548c\u6df7\u8840\u4eba\u79cd)\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u9ed1\u4eba\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u4e2a\u522b\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u593a\u56de\u653f\u6743\u5e0c\u671b\u6781\u5176\u6e3a\u832b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a“\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743”\u5212\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u5f84\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u969c\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5212\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u534a\u5f84?\u4e0e\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9“\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403”\u6a21\u5f0f\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u662f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u5373\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5236\u8861\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u3000\u3000\u5c31\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5236\u8861\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u65b0\u5357\u975e\u5c31\u6ce8\u91cd\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4e0e\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u6cbb\u4e0b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u767e\u4f9d\u767e\u987a\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u957f\u7684“\u53cd\u6267\u653f\u515a”\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u5728\u53f0\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u88c1\u51b3\u8feb\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u548c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u5a5a\u59fb\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u3002\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u5bf9\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u6df1\u6df1\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u65b0\u5357\u975e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u59c6\u8d1d\u57fa\u603b\u7edf\u51fa\u4e8e\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u53cd\u4e3b\u6d41\u533b\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cdb\u6ee5\u6210\u707e\u7684\u827e\u6ecb\u75c5\u6d88\u6781\u5e94\u5bf9\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3aHIV\u9633\u6027\u7684\u5b55\u5987\u63d0\u4f9b\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u9884\u9632\u6bcd\u5a74\u4f20\u67d3\u3002\u7956\u739b\u603b\u7edf\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u4ecd\u7136\u7ecf\u5e38\u505a\u51fa\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u975e\u56fd\u5927\u4e00\u515a\u72ec\u5927\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u515a\u8bae\u5458“\u65e0\u987b\u591a\u6570\u652f\u6301\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u5165\u8bae\u6848”\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20;\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\u5c31\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u8bc9\u673a\u6784\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u63d0\u540d\u95ee\u9898\u8d77\u8bc9\u7956\u739b\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ad9\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6267\u653f\u515a\u4e00\u65b9;\u5f53\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u65bd\u538b\u5de6\u53f3\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u51b3\u65f6\uff0c2015\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u6469\u6839(Mogeng)\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u8bb0\u8005\u62db\u5f85\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5e72\u6d89\u53f8\u6cd5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u50cf“\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b”\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\u88ab\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4f20\u7edf\u5ef6\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u30022013\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u5468\u520a\u7206\u6599\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u67092.1\u4ebf\u5170\u7279\u516c\u5171\u8d44\u91d1\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u603b\u7edf\u7956\u739b\u8001\u5bb6\u79c1\u5b85\u7684“\u4fdd\u5b89”\uff0c\u800c“\u4fdd\u5b89”\u63aa\u65bd\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u6cf3\u6c60\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u573a\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f71\u9662\u3002\u5f53\u5357\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7981\u6b62\u5a92\u4f53\u66dd\u5149\u5176\u79c1\u5b85\u7167\u7247\u65f6\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u94fa\u6ee1\u4e86\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u5934\u7248\u5934\u6761\u3002\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5766\u7136\u6279\u8bc4\u603b\u7edf\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5357\u975e\u7684\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5962\u4f88\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u7ed3\u793e\u548c\u7ec4\u515a\u81ea\u7531\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u635f\u3002\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49(\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u767d\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4ee3\u8868)\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6270\u5730\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u9009\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u8d62\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u65b0\u751f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u515a“\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u7531\u6218\u58eb”(Economic Freedom Fighters)\u4e5f\u80fd\u5728\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u5206\u5230\u4e00\u676f\u7fb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5411\u975e\u56fd\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u65bd\u538b\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u975e\u56fd\u5927——\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd1\u5e74\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ee9\u6548\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u80fd\u591f\u7b3c\u7edc2\/3\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5357\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u96be\u4ee5\u4ece\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5baa\u653f\u89c4\u5219\u4e0a\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u4e5f\u4ece\u672a\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u5baa\u5bfb\u6c42\u8fc7\u5ef6\u957f\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u6216\u8005\u6269\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u6743\u9650\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u52301999\u5e74\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f“\u8feb\u4e0d\u53ca\u5f85”\u5730\u4ea4\u51fa\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e74\u9f84\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20(1999\u5e74\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u5df2\u7ecf81\u5c81)\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u975e\u6d32\u6709\u592a\u591a\u516b\u4e5d\u5341\u5c81\u4ecd\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba(\u52302016\u5e74\uff0c\u7a46\u52a0\u8d1d\u5df2\u7ecf92\u5c81\u8fd8\u5728\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5580\u9ea6\u9686\u7684\u6bd4\u4e9a\u603b\u7edf\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf83\u5c81\uff0c\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u7684“\u56fd\u7236”\u73ed\u8fbe92\u5c81\u65f6\u624d\u88ab\u8d76\u4e0b\u53f0\u53bb)\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u94a6\u53ef\u656c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7f14\u9020\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e5f\u9075\u5faa\u4e86“\u5230\u671f\u9000\u4f4d”\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5c24\u5176\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u975e\u56fd\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5357\u975e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6709\u7740\u5343\u4e1d\u4e07\u7f15\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u662f\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6df1\u5207\u540c\u60c5\u8005(\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u89c6\u5361\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u751a\u81f3\u5361\u624e\u83f2\u4e3a\u670b\u53cb)\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0a\u53f0\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u672c\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u52a1\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6025\u5267\u5de6\u8f6c(\u50cf\u5176\u90bb\u56fd\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\u90a3\u6837)\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u5021\u5bfc\u51cf\u5c11\u8d38\u6613\u58c1\u5792\u3001\u5916\u6c47\u53bb\u7ba1\u5236\u5316\u3001\u51cf\u5c11\u9884\u7b97\u8d64\u5b57\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5316(\u6bd4\u5982\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u90e8\u5206\u901a\u4fe1\u516c\u53f8)\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3e\u63aa\u5f97\u7f6a\u5176“\u76df\u53cb”\u5357\u975e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u5357\u975e\u603b\u5de5\u4f1a\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u98ce\u8d77\u4e91\u6d8c\u7684\u8857\u5934\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9f13\u52b1“\u4f1a\u54ed\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6709\u5976\u5403”\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u6cfc\u51b7\u6c34\uff1a“\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u6ee1\u8db3\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u521b\u9020\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u6446\u8131\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u54ea\u85cf\u7740\u4e00\u5927\u888b\u5b50\u94b1\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u94b1\u8d22\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6446\u8131\u6388\u6743\u6587\u5316(culture of entitlement)\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u8be5\u7acb\u5373\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u9884\u671f\u3002”43<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u62c5\u5fe7\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5357\u975e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0“\u9ed1\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u9009\u7968\u6253\u52ab\u767d\u4eba”\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u524d\u52a1\u5b9e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c(\u6bd4\u5982\u539f\u82cf\u4e1c\u5730\u533a)\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u653f\u6cbb“\u6362\u8f68”\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8fde\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u3002\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u7387\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a“\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u518d\u5206\u914d\u538b\u529b”\u800c\u98d9\u5347\uff0c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u5728\u4e2a\u4f4d\u6570\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u8d64\u5b57\u5219\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0b\u964d\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u9694\u79bb\u653f\u7b56\u4e0b\u9ed1\u4eba\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u532e\u4e4f\uff0c\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90bb\u56fd\u5927\u91cf\u6280\u672f\u578b\u4eba\u624d\u7684\u6d41\u5165(\u4ee5\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6\u96be\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b)\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u7684“\u9000\u5316”\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f2009\u5e74\u7956\u739b\u603b\u7edf\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u5426\u4f9d\u7136\u7a33\u56fa\u88ab\u6253\u4e0a\u4e86\u95ee\u53f7\u3002\u7956\u739b\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u56fd\u5927\u9886\u8896\u540e\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u4ee5783\u79cd\u7f6a\u540d\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002\u4f46\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u516c\u8bc9\u673a\u6784\u795e\u5947\u5730\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u68c0\u5bdf\u673a\u5173\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u7591\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a——\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d28\u91cf\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u673a\u6784——2015\u5e74\u88ab\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\u4e3a\u66fe\u7ecf“\u9ed8\u8bb8\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a”\u3002\u516c\u5171\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u7591\uff0c\u6709\u6ca6\u4e3a\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5ba3\u4f20\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ee5\u8d77\u8bc9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8981\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e7f\u7535\u516c\u53f8\u4e5f\u53bb\u62a5\u9053\u5b83\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6070\u6070\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u662f\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u4e94\u8f6e\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u548c\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u8131\u8f68\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5357\u975e\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5c0a\u91cd\u591a\u5143\u3001\u5f3a\u8c03\u5236\u8861\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u800c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u6761\u4ef6\u66f4\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u72ed\u9698\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6bc1\u4e8e\u4e00\u65e6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u4e94\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u8457\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u6797\u8328\u66fe\u7ecf\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a“\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u5219\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219”\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u65b9\u9762\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e00\u534a\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u6216\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u56f0\u96be?\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u653f\u5c40\u52a8\u8361\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u6750\u6599\u663e\u793a\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u6709\u4e00\u534a\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f15\u5165\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5f15\u53d1\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c4\u5219\u89c6\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6839\u672c\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\/\u5730\u533a\u80fd\u591f\u76f8\u5bf9\u987a\u5229\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd?\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u89e3\u91ca——\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u6b63\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u56f0\u5c40\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u4f46\u88ab\u4e25\u91cd\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u89c6\u89d2——“\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u4e3a”\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7b49\u76f8\u5bf9\u9759\u6001\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03“\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba”\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f6c\u578b\u638c\u8235\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u683c\u5916\u5f3a\u8c03\u89c2\u5ff5——\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5851\u7740\u65b0\u5174\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u524d\u9014\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5——\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2——\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u591a\u5143\u5236\u8861\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c11\u4e3b\u96be\u4ee5\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5f02\u540c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f55\u4ee5\u5e26\u6765\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u56f0\u5c40\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8fd8\u901a\u8fc7\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u548c\u5357\u975e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03“\u7cbe\u82f1\u884c\u4e3a”\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6709\u529b\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u7684“\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b”(critical juncture)\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u90fd\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u9759\u6001\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6700\u5177\u52a8\u6001\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bfb\u6c42“\u600e\u4e48\u529e”\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u56fa\u7136\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u9009\u62e9\u7a7a\u95f4\u5f80\u5f80\u968f\u7740\u5c40\u52bf\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7ea6\u675f\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4efb\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u7a7a\u95f4\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u5177\u6709\u5185\u751f\u6027\u5851\u9020\u6548\u679c——\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8870\u9000\u4e0e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4e9a\u52aa\u79d1\u7ef4\u5947\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6076\u5316\u4e86\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u83ab\u897f\u548c\u7a46\u5144\u4f1a\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u57c3\u53ca\u8f6c\u578b\u671f\u4e00\u79cd\u6c34\u706b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6c34\u5e73\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u5851\u9020\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u4e5f\u5851\u9020\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7ea6\u675f\u7684“\u677e\u7d27\u7a0b\u5ea6”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u6b63\u5982\u963f\u897f\u8499\u683c\u9c81(Acemoglu)\u548c\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a(Robinson)\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5931\u8d25\u300b\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684“\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u523b”\u6240\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5f80\u5f80\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u5c0f\u5316\u5927\u3001\u79ef\u5c11\u6210\u591a\u7684“\u9501\u5b9a\u6548\u5e94”\u300244\u6700\u521d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u9650\u5b9a\u540e\u6765\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u534a\u5f84\u968f\u7740\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u9010\u6e10\u7f29\u5c0f\uff0c\u5230\u6700\u540e\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5f53\u8d62\u8005\u901a\u5403\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6076\u5316\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7acb\u3001\u4e24\u6781\u5316\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u8981\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u5371\u673a\u8f68\u9053\u5207\u6362\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u8f68\u9053\u901a\u5e38\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bfc\u5411\u826f\u6027\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4eba\u4eec\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u610f\u8bc6\u5230“\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u89c2\u5ff5”\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u9677\u9631\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b“\u6c11”\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u65e0\u9650\u6269\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u6388\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9677\u9631\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5411\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u4e3e——\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u79c1\u57df\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e00\u8d77——\u63a8\u52a8\u8fd9\u573a“\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd”\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u9010\u6e10\u8d70\u5411\u7a33\u56fa\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000①“What’s Gone Wrong with Democracy”(\u6c11\u4e3b\u51fa\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898)\uff0c The Economist(\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba)\uff0c Mar. 3\uff0c 2014.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000②Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan\uff0c “Toward Consolidated Democracies\uff0c” in Larry Diamond et al. (eds.)\uff0c Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies\uff1a Regional Challenges\uff0c Baltimore\uff1a Johns Hopkins University Press\uff0c 1997.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000③\u5218\u745c\uff1a\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u5417\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u6c6a\u4e01\u4e01(\u4e3b\u7f16)\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c29\u5377\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2015\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000④\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑤\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8d70\u51fa\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a33\u56fa\u56f0\u5883——\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u8d70\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316(\u6bd4\u5982\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u3001\u52a0\u7eb3\u3001\u79d8\u9c81\u7b49)\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ec8\u7ed3(\u6bd4\u5982\u6ce2\u9ed1\u3001\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u7b49)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4e0b(2015\u5e74)\u4ecd\u7136\u5361\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u7a33\u56fa\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u91cf\u8981\u66f4\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑥Adam Przeworski et al.\uff0c Democracy and Development\uff1a Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World\uff0c 1950-1990(\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55)\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2000\uff0c p. 98.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑦Jack Snyder\uff0c From Voting to Violence\uff1a Democratization and Nationalist Conflict(\u4ece\u9009\u4e3e\u5230\u66b4\u529b)\uff0c New York\uff1a Norton\uff0c 2000; Edward Mansfield & Jack Snyder\uff0c Electing to Fight\uff1a Why Emerging Democracies Go to War(\u9009\u4e0a\u53bb\u6253)\uff0c Cambridge\uff0c MA\uff1a MIT Press\uff0c 2007.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑧J. Goldstone etc.\uff0c “A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability\uff0c” American Journal of Political Science\uff0c Vol. 54\uff0c No. 1\uff0c 2010.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑨\u5305\u521a\u5347\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986 2014\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000⑩Juan Linz\uff0c “The Perils of Presidentialism”(\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u5371\u9669)\uff0c Journal of Democracy\uff0c Vol. 1\uff0c No. 1\uff0c Winter 1990.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300011Arend Lijphart\uff0c “Constitutional Choices for New Democracies\uff0c” Journal of Democracy\uff0c Vol. 2\uff0c No. 1\uff0c 1991.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300012\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279•\u5361\u6839\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f14\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u793e\u79d1\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e2012\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300013\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c37\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300014Carles Boix\uff0c “Democracy\uff0c Development\uff0c and the International System\uff0c”American Political Science Review\uff0c Vol. 105\uff0c No. 4 (Nov. 2011).<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300015Ronald Inglehart & Christian Welzel\uff0c Modernization\uff0c Cultural Change\uff0c and Democracy\uff1a The Human Development Sequence(\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u6587\u5316\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b)\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2005; Christian Welzel\uff0c Freedom Rising\uff1a Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation(\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u5347)\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2013.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300016\u6839\u636e\u4e16\u754c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af1991\u5e74\u4eba\u5747\u8d2d\u4e70\u529bGDP\u8fd18000\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u57286000\u7f8e\u5143\u5de6\u53f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300017James Fearon & David Laitin\uff0c “Ethnicity\uff0c Insurgency\uff0c and Civil War”(\u79cd\u65cf\u6027\u3001\u8d77\u4e49\u4e0e\u5185\u6218)\uff0c American Political Science Review\uff0c Vol. 97\uff0c No. 1 (Feb. 2003).<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300018John Gerring\uff0c Strom C. Thacker & Carola Moreno\uff0c “Are Parliamentary Systems Better?”Comparative Political Studies\uff0c Vol. 42\uff0c No. 3\uff0c 2009.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300019Joel Selwyn & Kharis Templeman\uff0c “Myth of Consociationalism\uff0c” Comparative Political Studies\uff0c Vol. 45\uff0c No. 12\uff0c 2012.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300020Guillermo O’Donnell et al.\uff0c Transitions from Authoritarian Rule\uff1a Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies(\u4ece\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u8f6c\u578b)\uff0c Baltimore\uff1a Johns Hopkins University Press\uff0c 1986; John Higley and Michael Burton\uff0c Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy(\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u57fa\u7840)\uff0c Lanham\uff1a Rowman & Littlefield Publishers\uff0c 2006.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300021Scott Mainwaring & Aníbal Pérez-Liñán\uff0c Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America\uff1a Emergence\uff0c Survival\uff0c and Fall(\u62c9\u7f8e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236)\uff0c Cambridge University Press\uff0c 2014.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300022Ronald Inglehart & Christian Welzel\uff0c Modernization\uff0c Cultural Change\uff0c and Democracy\uff1a The Human Development Sequence\uff0c p. 218.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300023\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0cWilliam Riker\u5728\u5176\u7ecf\u5178\u8457\u4f5cLiberalism Against Populism\u4e2d\u505a\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u53c2\u89c1William Riker\uff0c Liberalism Against Populism\uff1a A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice\uff0c Waveland Press Inc.\uff0c 1988\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300024Martin Meredith\uff0c The State of Africa\uff1a A History of the Continent Since Independence\uff0c London\uff1a Jonathan Ball Publishers\uff0c 2011\uff0c p. 629.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300025Ibid.\uff0c p. 632.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300026Jorgen Møller & Svend-Erik Skaaning\uff0c “The Third Wave\uff1a Inside the Number\uff0c” Journal of Democracy\uff0c Vol. 24\uff0c No. 4\uff0c 2013\uff0c pp. 99-100.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300027\u5176\u4e2d\u67093\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u4e2d\u95f4\u6709\u95f4\u9694\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u6b21\u6570\u4e0d\u8bbe\u9650\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u76f4\u8fde\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300028John S. Mill\uff0c A System of Logic\uff0c CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform\uff0c 2012.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300029\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u662f\u6df7\u5408\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u662f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u9ed1\u767d\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300030\u5f53\u7136\uff0c2013\u5e74\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u53bb\u4e16\uff0cPolity IV\u91cd\u65b0\u5c06\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u503c\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e3a4\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300031\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e2d\u5377\u62c9\u7f8e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9274\u4e8ePolity IV 2009\u5e74\u5c06\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u5f52\u5165\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c2013\u5e74\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u89c6\u5176\u6b65\u5165\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5b83\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300032http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-venezuela-television-idUSN2949211020070530.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300033http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-venezuela-chavez-mars-idUSTRE72L61D20110322.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300034Javier Corrales\uff0c “Autocratic legalism in Venezuela\uff0c”Journal of Democracy\uff0c Vol. 26\uff0c No. 2\uff0c 2015.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u30003520\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5927\u8427\u6761\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u6837\u7684“\u586b\u585e\u8ba1\u5212”\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u800c\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300036Javier Corrales\uff0c “Autocratic legalism in Venezuela\uff0c” Journal of Democracy\uff0c Vol. 26\uff0c No. 2\uff0c 2015\uff0c p. 44.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300037Ibid.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300038\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u521d\u671f\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u8d2b\u56f0\u7387\u4ece2004\u5e74\u768412.2%\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4e862013\u5e74\u76845.4%\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6210\u679c(\u53c2\u89c1The Economist 2015\u5e746\u670820\u65e5\u7684\u6587\u7ae0“Let them eat Chavismo”)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u62c9\u7f8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709“\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49”\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8131\u8d2b\u6210\u5c31\u66f4\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300039“How Does Venezuela Compare to the World’s Worst Managed Economies?”http:\/\/www.follownews.com\/how-does-venezuela-compare-to-the-worlds-worst-managed-economies-3mdl\uff0c Sept. 2015.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300040“Justice Decayed\uff0c” The Economist\uff0c Apr. 29\uff0c 2015.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300041\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e864\u8d77\u70b8\u5f39\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f421\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u5728\u5938\u7956\u9c81-\u7eb3\u5854\u5c14\u7701\uff0c\u670913\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300042\u5c31\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ece\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\u5230\u59c6\u8d1d\u57fa\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u7956\u739b\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f“\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e0d\u5982\u4e00\u4ee3”\uff0c\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u8150\u8d25\u3001\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e\u4e0b\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u5357\u975e\u7684\u987d\u75be\u3002\u5c31\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7956\u739b\u4e0a\u53f0\u4ee5\u6765\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6c11\u7cb9\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5357\u975e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u79cd\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\u59cb\u7ec8\u65e0\u6cd5\u597d\u8f6c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300043Martin Meredith\uff0c The State of Africa\uff1a A History of the Continent Since Independence\uff0c p. 657.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u300044Daron Acemoglu & James Robinson\uff0c Why Nations Fail\uff1a The Origins of Power\uff0c Prosperity\uff0c and Poverty(\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5931\u8d25)\uff0cNew York\uff1a Crown Business\uff0c 2012.<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000\u5218\u745c\uff1a\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb(Liu Yu\uff0c Department of Political Science\uff0c Tsinghua University)<\/span><\/p>

\u3000\u3000*\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u5230“\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u79d1\u4e00\u822c\u9879\u76ee”(\u9879\u76ee\u7f16\u53f7\uff1a20135000370)\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5411\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u4e3e——\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=64454"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64454\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=64454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=64454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=64454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}