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        \u7136\u800c\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u9762\u76ee\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u5927\u6982\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\uff1a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u5ba1\u89c6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u63a2\u6c42\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ece\u51e0\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bfb\u51fa\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4e0e\u610f\u65e8\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u66ff\u81ea\u5df1\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u8eab\u7acb\u547d\u7684\u5b9a\u70b9\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8bb8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u56f0\u60d1\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53ec\u5524\u4e0e\u8bf1\u5f15\uff0c\u800c\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Max Weber\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u52c7\u6c14\u53bb\u6f84\u6e05\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u7528\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bba\u8c03\u51cf\u8f7b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u89c4\u907f\u667a\u6027\u8bda\u5b9e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e73\u5b9e\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u201d\u3002\u6211\u60f3\uff1a\u613f\u610f\u900f\u8fc7\u4eb2\u7099\u539f\u5178\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5fcd\u53d7\u539f\u5178\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u714e\u71ac\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5206\u4eab\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u76db\u5bb4\u4e3a\u4e50\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u97e6\u4f2f\u773c\u4e2d\u667a\u6027\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u3002
        
        \u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc2\u56de\u7684\u5f00\u573a\u767d\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u9605\u8bfb\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Locke\uff09\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5148\u950b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u867d\u7136\u8ddd\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u8fdc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5374\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5c45\u5904\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u884c\u7535\u5b50\u56fd\u6c11\u5361\u7684\u9686\u9686\u70ae\u58f0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u542c\u5f97\u5230\u6d1b\u514b\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u547c\u5401\uff1b\u5728\u5e9f\u5a3c\u590d\u5a3c\u4e24\u6d3e\u4eba\u9a6c\u4ea4\u6218\u7684\u5200\u5149\u5251\u5f71\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7aa5\u89c1\u6d1b\u514b\u8be0\u91ca\u4eba\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u6d1b\u514b\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u8d5e\u540c\u4eca\u4eba\u8fd0\u7528\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u521b\u89c1\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u540e\u9c81\u7d22\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u3001\u5bc6\u5c14\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u589e\u76ca\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5185\u5316\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u634d\u536b\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u82e5\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5927\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u9605\u8bfb\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5f00\u59cb\u3002
        
        \u6d1b\u514b\u751f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u6743\u9769\u547d\u76f8\u7ec8\u59cb\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5c31\u56e0\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\u9677\u5165\u5185\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5c31\u8bfb\u897f\u654f\u5bfa\u516c\u5b66\uff08Westminster School\uff09\u7684\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u5230\u82f1\u738b\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\u88ab\u56fd\u4f1a\u5904\u6b7b\u7684\u9707\u64bc\u3002\u4e00\u516d\u4e94\u4e8c\u5e74\u6d1b\u514b\u5728\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5165\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u6df1\u9020\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u751f\u6daf\u89c4\u5212\u5305\u62ec\u5f53\u4e00\u540d\u6559\u58eb\u6216\u60ac\u58f6\u4e3a\u533b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u516d\u516d\u516d\u5e74\u6d1b\u514b\u5728\u5f88\u5076\u7136\u7684\u673a\u7f18\u4e0b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u827e\u5e0c\u91cc\u52cb\u7235\uff08Lord Ashley\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u827e\u5e0c\u91cc\u662f\u653f\u575b\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u5c01\u4e3a\u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u4f2f\u7235\u4e00\u4e16\uff08the first Earl of Shaftesbury\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8363\u4efb\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9662\u8bae\u957f\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u4e8e\u4e00\u516d\u516d\u4e03\u5e74\u968f\u540c\u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u524d\u5f80\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4f2f\u7235\u7684\u5ba2\u537f\u4e0e\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u5728\u5176\u540e\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u5c81\u6708\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5206\u62c5\u4e86\u8fd9\u540d\u653f\u575b\u6743\u8d35\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u632b\u6298\u3002
        \u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u662f\u738b\u5ba4\u590d\u8f9f\u671f\u95f4\u6c11\u6743\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u6240\u79f0\u201c\u60e0\u683c\u515a\u201d\uff08Whig\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u51b3\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u738b\u6743\u6d3e\uff08\u6216\u6258\u5229\u515a\u4eba Tory\uff09\u5f62\u540c\u6c34\u706b\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u62b5\u5236\u67e5\u7406\u4e8c\u4e16\u53ca\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u4e0e\u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f7f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b89\u5371\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u7efe\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u4e09\u5e74\u60e0\u683c\u515a\u4eba\u5bc6\u8c0b\u7ed1\u67b6\u56fd\u738b\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u6c99\u592b\u8328\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u76df\u53cb\u5c31\u60e8\u906d\u8083\u6e05\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u6b7b\u4e8e\u65ad\u5934\u53f0\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u81ea\u5c3d\u4e8e\u76d1\u72f1\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u867d\u672a\u53c2\u4e0e\u6b64\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u5176\u5904\u5883\u5374\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u60ca\u5f13\u4e4b\u9e1f\u3002\u7a0d\u540e\u4ed6\u6f5c\u9003\u81f3\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u624d\u514d\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b7b\u3002
        
        \u6d1b\u514b\u5728\u6d41\u4ea1\u671f\u95f4\u7ed3\u8bc6\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u540d\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b89\u9759\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4ece\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5199\u4f5c\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u7ec8\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u53e3\u6c14\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e09\u90e8\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e66\u4fe1\u300b\uff08Letter Concerning Toleration\uff09\u3001\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u4e8c\u7bc7\u300b\uff08Two Treatises of Government\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u8bba\u300b\uff08An Essay Concerning Human Understanding\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u300a\u8bba\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e66\u4fe1\u300b\u7cfb\u9488\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u6d3e\u538b\u8feb\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u800c\u53d1\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u6559\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e94\u5f7c\u6b64\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u5229\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u76f8\u503e\u8f67\u3002\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u4e8c\u7bc7\u300b\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5408\u7406\u5316\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6279\u9a73\u4e86\u5148\u524d\u738b\u6743\u6d3e\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388\u8bba\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7edf\u6cbb\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6d1b\u514b\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\u3001\u4eab\u8a89\u5168\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u8bba\u300b\u3002
        
        \u4ece\u8fd4\u56de\u82f1\u56fd\u5230\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u9646\u7eed\u53c8\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u300a\u6559\u80b2\u6f2b\u8bdd\u300b\uff08Some Thoughts Concernig Education\uff09\u3001\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u300b\uff08The Reasonableness of Christianity\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d27\u5e01\u4e0e\u5229\u7387\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0a\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e66\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u300a\u8bba\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e66\u4fe1\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u4e8c\u7bc7\u300b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u89e3\u8bba\u300b\u5219\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e4b\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u57fa\u4e8e\u6d1b\u514b\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6458\u9009\u300a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8bba\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u653f\u5e9c\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7cbe\u534e\u4ee5\u98e8\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u9644\u4e0a\u300a\u7406\u89e3\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u5c11\u8bb8\u7bc7\u7ae0\u4ee5\u7565\u7aa5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9009\u6587\u65e0\u6cd5\u6db5\u76d6\u6d1b\u514b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7b14\u8005\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u91cd\u70b9\u52fe\u52d2\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u70b9\u51fa\u6d1b\u514b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8981\u70b9\u3002
        
        \u6d1b\u514b\u6700\u810d\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e43\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u4eab\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7684\u575a\u6301\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e76\u65e0\u300c\u6743\u5229\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u8bc1\u8bf8\u6d1b\u514b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d1b\u514b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u65e0\u51e0\u5206\u9053\u7406\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5199\u4f5c\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\uff08Leviathan\uff09\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u66fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u5b58\u201d\uff08self-preservation\uff09\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u4fdd\u201d\u6bd4\u8f83\u504f\u91cd\u751f\u547d\u5b89\u5371\u7684\u4fdd\u5168\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u6f14\u51fa\u4eba\u7c7b\u652b\u53d6\u6743\u529b\u3001\u81f3\u6b7b\u65b9\u4f11\u7684\u6050\u6016\u60c5\u666f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u5219\u7f6e\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5373\u53ef\u5b89\u5168\u4eab\u6709\u4e4b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u4e86\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7ade\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u4ee5\u6c42\u81ea\u4fdd\u7684\u610f\u8574\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u754c\u5b9a\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eba\u5f97\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u3002
        
        \u6309\u7167\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u6240\u8a00\u822c\u4eba\u4eba\u76f8\u4e92\u4e3a\u6218\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u66b4\u6b7b\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8c\u5168\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u5982\u6b64\u548c\u5e73\u5b89\u8be6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eba\u6240\u5e94\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5b83\u8d77\u7740\u652f\u914d\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u5219\u5c06\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7406\u6027\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e86\u89e3\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u521b\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u4e92\u4e0d\u4fb5\u72af\u5730\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bb2\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u7406\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u884c\u6709\u4f59\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eba\u4fdd\u5168\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e07\u4e00\u6709\u4eba\u8fdd\u9006\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u6027\uff09\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u5219\u53d7\u4fb5\u72af\u8005\u53ca\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u6743\u8d77\u800c\u5236\u6b62\u6b64\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u6076\u884c\u5927\u5c0f\u65bd\u4ee5\u9002\u5ea6\u60e9\u5904\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4eab\u6709\u662f\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5f77\u4f5b\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0a\u5929\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d1b\u514b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u3002
        
        \u81ea\u4ece\u6d1b\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5176\u540e\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u6240\u6807\u699c\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u558a\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u62b5\u6297\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u56de\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd1\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82e5\u5e72\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u5927\u529b\u63d0\u5021\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u6210\u4e0d\u8bc1\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u4f01\u56fe\u5426\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7ef4\u62a4\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u90fd\u52bf\u5fc5\u5f15\u8d77\u5f3a\u70c8\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u90fd\u5f97\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u6d1b\u514b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002
        
        \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u56fa\u7136\u6807\u4e3e\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u4e4b\u5927\u7e9b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5904\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e0e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u542c\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5373\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u81ea\u6740\u3001\u5356\u6deb\u6216\u51fa\u5356\u5668\u5b98\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u522b\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e72\u6d89\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5f20\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5341\u5206\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d \u2014\u2014 \u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u6ca1\u4f24\u5bb3\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u6240\u6709\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8d4b\u4e88\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e0c\u671b\u4eba\u7c7b\u5584\u81ea\u4fdd\u5b58\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u6740\u5f03\u4e16\u6216\u81ea\u9b3b\u4e3a\u5974\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u4ed6\u5c24\u5176\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u201c\u653e\u7eb5\u201d\u7b49\u540c\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u975e\u50cf\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\uff0e\u8d39\u5c14\u739b\uff08Robert Filmer\uff09\u7235\u58eb\u6240\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u300e\u5404\u4eba\u4e50\u610f\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u5c31\u600e\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u9ad8\u5174\u600e\u6837\u751f\u6d3b\u5c31\u600e\u6837\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u675f\u7f1a\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u300f\u201d\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4e3a\u51c6\u7ef3\uff1b\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u81ea\u7531\u987b\u53d7\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u6240\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6b32\u4e3a\u7684\u653e\u7eb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u533a\u522b\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6
        
        \u540c\u6837\u5730\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u867d\u7136\u4e3b\u5f20\u8d22\u4ea7\u5177\u6709\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8d22\u7269\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d27\u5e01\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u6240\u8bf4\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u4e0d\u6307\u91d1\u94b1\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u4eba\u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cc\u624b\u4e4b\u52b3\u52a8\u52a0\u8bf8\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u82f9\u679c\u957f\u4e8e\u6811\u4e0a\u4e43\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u82e5\u7ecf\u4eba\u7c7b\u6458\u4e0b\u5219\u53d8\u6210\u5176\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u5730\u5b9d\u85cf\u65e0\u5c3d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u4e0d\u5fc5\u56e4\u79ef\u5c45\u5947\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e2d\u4eba\u4eba\u5404\u53d6\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6069\u8d50\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5f00\u59cb\u900f\u8fc7\u91d1\u94f6\u7684\u4fdd\u503c\u4f5c\u7528\u6269\u5927\u5176\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u800c\u91d1\u94f6\u65e2\u4e0d\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u5bcc\u8005\u4e43\u53ef\u514d\u4e8e\u7cdf\u8e4b\u5929\u7269\u4e4b\u8ba5\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u6b64\u79cd\u8d22\u5bcc\u7d2f\u79ef\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5411\u6765\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u79cd\u79cd\u8bba\u636e\u5408\u7406\u5316\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5408\u7406\u5316\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6d1b\u514b\u73cd\u89c6\u751f\u547d\u81ea\u7531\u751a\u4e8e\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5bb9\u8bb8\u8d2b\u5bcc\u4e0d\u5747\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8d5e\u6210\u5bcc\u8005\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u5265\u524a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u90fd\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u5b70\u662f\u5b70\u975e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7559\u7ed9\u8bfb\u8005\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u539f\u5178\u65f6\u81ea\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u3002
        
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         \u6d1b\u514b\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6b32\u671b\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5206\u7acb\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u91d1\u79d1\u7389\u5f8b\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u666e\u904d\u6000\u7591\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5b81\u53ef\u85c9\u7531\u5baa\u653f\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u6765\u524a\u5f31\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u5750\u89c6\u4e07\u80fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5374\u540c\u65f6\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4fb5\u72af\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u91c7\u7528\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u539f\u5219\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u6c47\u805a\u4e8e\u6700\u5b5a\u4f17\u671b\u7684\u9886\u8896\u8eab\u4e0a\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u6240\u6c42\u8005\u5e76\u975e\u51fa\u7c7b\u62d4\u8403\u7684\u5723\u96c4\u578b\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ea6\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u638c\u6743\u8005\u3002\u827e\u514b\u987f\u7235\u58eb\uff08Lord Acton\uff09\u8bf4\u5f97\u597d\uff1a\u201c\u6743\u529b\u4f7f\u4eba\u8150\u5316\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4f7f\u4eba\u7edd\u5bf9\u5730\u8150\u5316\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u8c28\u614e\u6001\u5ea6\u56fa\u7136\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u5148\u77e5\u3001\u8235\u624b\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u9632\u6b62\u4e86\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08populism\uff09\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u6743\u8861\u6574\u4e2a\u5229\u5f0a\u5f97\u5931\uff0c\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u3002
        
        \u7531\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4eba\u6c11\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u79f0\u804c\u7684\u6267\u653f\u8005\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u7136\u6709\u6743\u7f62\u9edc\u4e4b\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u6743\u590d\u8f9f\u7684\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u53ea\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u5229\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u9769\u547d\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u4e5f\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8ba9\u6e21\u6743\u5229\u7ed9\u516c\u5171\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4ece\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u80e1\u4f5c\u975e\u4e3a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e0d\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u798f\u7949\u4e3a\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u66b4\u653f\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed8\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u91cd\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u5408\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6743\uff0c\u552f\u6050\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u9677\u5165\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u5374\u5b89\u6170\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u81f3\u5c11\u6bd4\u66b4\u653f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8981\u597d\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u96c4\u5fc3\u58ee\u5fd7\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u4f7f\u6d1b\u514b\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u7236\u800c\u65e0\u6127\u7109\u3002
        
        \u9664\u4e86\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdc\u5728\u6d1b\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5341\u5206\u5173\u6000\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u503e\u8f67\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u25cb\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u9769\u547d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u6d3e\u5f3a\u8feb\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u6539\u4fe1\u56fd\u6559\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u4e00\u516d\u516b\u516b\u5e74\u7684\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u4e8c\u4e16\u63a8\u52a8\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u73af\u987e\u5168\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u53ea\u89c1\u5230\u5904\u5145\u6ee1\u6559\u6d3e\u4e0e\u6559\u6d3e\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u90fd\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6b63\u7edf\uff0c\u89c6\u5176\u5b83\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u795e\u7947\u3001\u5d07\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e3a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u52a0\u4ee5\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6559\u4e49\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e0e\u535a\u7231\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u70c8\u706b\u548c\u67b7\u9501\u5f3a\u8feb\u522b\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u6d3e\u6240\u5728\u610f\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u5728\u6d1b\u514b\u773c\u4e2d\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u201d\uff08indifferent\uff09\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u4e4b\u4e8b\u5927\u52a8\u5e72\u6208\uff0c\u65e2\u8fdd\u9006\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u6148\u60b2\u535a\u7231\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u7aef\u8feb\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u98a0\u6c9b\u6d41\u79bb\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6d1b\u514b\u53d1\u8868\u591a\u7bc7\u4e66\u4fe1\u4f53\u88c1\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5927\u58f0\u75be\u547c\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u3002
        
        \u547c\u5401\u6559\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u5bbd\u5bb9\u56fa\u7136\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u80cc\u540e\u6240\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u653f\u6559\u5206\u79bb\u7acb\u573a\u66f4\u662f\u522b\u5177\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u9053\u660e\u663e\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\u3002\u5c31\u524d\u8005\u8a00\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7ec4\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u623f\u820d\u7b49\u7b49\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u5c31\u540e\u8005\u8a00\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u613f\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u65e8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u793c\u62dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fbe\u6210\u7075\u9b42\u6551\u8d4e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u6709\u6743\u6267\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u60e9\u7f5a\u6240\u6709\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u3001\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ecb\u5165\u7075\u9b42\u62ef\u6551\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u95ee\u9898\u4e43\u4eba\u7c7b\u5185\u5fc3\u6df1\u5904\u7684\u6289\u62e9\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u5728\u8ba9\u6e21\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u5217\u3002\u957f\u5b98\u7eb5\u7136\u8d35\u4e3a\u4eba\u95f4\u6743\u5a01\u4e4b\u6267\u638c\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6b64\u7ec8\u6781\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u66f4\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u8005\u4e3a\u662f\u3001\u4f55\u8005\u4e3a\u975e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u5984\u56fe\u5f3a\u52a0\u67d0\u79cd\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e8e\u767e\u59d3\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53d1\u81ea\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6781\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6124\u6068\u3002
        
        \u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f20\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6240\u8282\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u4ee5\u62ef\u6551\u7075\u9b42\u4e3a\u5df1\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u529d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u89c4\u529d\u3001\u8bad\u8beb\u548c\u52c9\u52b1\u4ecd\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u594f\u6548\uff0c\u5219\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u987d\u56fa\u4e0d\u4fe1\u8005\u9010\u51fa\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc9\u8bf8\u70c8\u706b\u4e0e\u5211\u5177\u3002\u9664\u7c4d\uff08excommunication\uff09\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e0e\u88ab\u9664\u540d\u8005\u63a5\u89e6\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u65e0\u6cd5\u53c2\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9664\u7c4d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u88ab\u9664\u540d\u8005\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6536\u5176\u7530\u4ea7\u6216\u7981\u9522\u5176\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u638c\u7ba1\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u6559\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u5e72\u6d89\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u793c\u62dc\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u9664\u975e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eea\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u6784\u6210\u4f24\u5bb3\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u7ed3\u5408\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u5f02\u7aef\u65bd\u4ee5\u9547\u538b\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6240\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u8303\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u653e\u4efb\u601d\u60f3\u4fe1\u4ef0\u591a\u5143\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u3002 ( <\/FONT>http:\/\/www.tecn.cn<\/FONT><\/A> )
        \u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8be0\u91ca\u6d1b\u514b\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5c40\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0b\u5217\u51e0\u79cd\u4eba\u4e0d\u5728\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e4b\u5217\uff1a(1) \u8fdd\u80cc\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c(2) \u6563\u5e03\u80cc\u4fe1\u53ca\u8bc8\u6b3a\u8a00\u8f9e\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c(3) \u5bc6\u8c0b\u901a\u654c\u4ee5\u98a0\u8986\u672c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\uff08\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\uff0c(4) \u5426\u5b9a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u9192\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u4e2a\u6d3b\u5728\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u300c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u65e2\u4e0d\u80fd\u60f3\u8c61\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u4f1a\u50cf\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u6837\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u5143\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e66\u4fe1\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u5bc6\u5c14\uff09\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u5730\u6269\u5927\u5bb9\u5fcd\u7684\u9650\u5ea6\u3002
        
        \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e0b\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u4e0b\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f1a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u540c\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u65e2\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u3002\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u4f53\u4e0a\u53ef\u8bf4\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u542f\u8499\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5728\u524d\u8fdb\u3002\u542f\u8499\u5927\u4e1a\u6807\u699c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7e41\u8363\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u66fe\u906d\u9022\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5219\u56e0\u8fde\u7eed\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u800c\u6fd2\u4e8e\u5e7b\u706d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7406\u6027\u4ee5\u6c42\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u613f\u671b\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\u7981\u4e0d\u8d77\u8003\u9a8c\u5417\uff1f
        
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        \u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e89\u8fa9\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u6240\u6807\u699c\u8fc7\u7684\u539f\u5219\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u524d\u633a\u8fdb\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u8b66\u5bdf\u6bb4\u6253\u9ed1\u4eba\u8fdd\u89c4\u8005\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u624d\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u5168\u7403\u7684\u516c\u6124\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u5a01\u987b\u7ecf\u4eba\u6c11\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9648\u6c34\u6241\u5e02\u957f\u624d\u5fc5\u987b\u98ce\u5ea6\u5341\u8db3\u5730\u97a0\u8eac\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5bf9\u8d25\u9009\u5982\u4f55\u627c\u8155\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u591a\u5143\u5bbd\u5bb9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u540c\u6027\u604b\u884c\u4e3a\u624d\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u6d6e\u4e0a\u53f0\u9762\u5f15\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50cf\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u5f8b\u6a2a\u906d\u538b\u5236\u4e0e\u8c34\u8d23\u3002\u9664\u975e\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u90fd\u662f\u611a\u8822\u800c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e0e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9\u542f\u8499\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8ba5\u8bbd\u591a\u5c11\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u3002
        
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