{"id":65549,"date":"2016-07-21T05:01:00","date_gmt":"2016-07-21T05:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=65549 "},"modified":"2016-07-21T05:01:00","modified_gmt":"2016-07-21T05:01:00","slug":"65549-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=65549","title":{"rendered":"\u653f\u4f53\u7c7b\u522b\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u987a\u5e8f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u7ea6\u6839·\u83ab\u52d2\u3001\u65af\u6587\u5fb7<\/span>–<\/span>\u827e\u529b\u514b·\u65af\u582a\u5b81   <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a\u5f20\u5c0f\u5c71 \u5ba1\u6821\uff1a\u738b\u5929\u6210<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\"2016720minzhuzhuanxing.jpg<\/p>

\u5c45\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4eba\u4e3a<\/span>\u7ea6\u6839·\u83ab\u52d2<\/span>(Jørgen Møller)\u548c\u65af\u6587\u5fb7<\/span>–\u827e\u529b\u514b·\u65af\u582a\u5b81\uff08<\/span>Svend-Erik Skaaning\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e39\u9ea6\u5965\u80e1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u56fe\u7247\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u667a\u5229\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u3001\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc\u3001\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u90fd\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5417\uff1f\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e“\u987a\u5e8f”\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f—— \u6240\u8c13“\u987a\u5e8f”\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u952e\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4ee5\u53ca\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u88ab\u91c7\u7528\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

\u5173\u4e8e\u53d7\u9650\u548c\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u4f46\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u6781\u7b80\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u6bd4\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\uff08\u6ce81\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u4e00\u822c\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u8de8\u56fd\u548c\u8de8\u671f\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\u8fd9\u7c7b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u628a\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u540e\u679c\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08<\/span>.<\/span>\uff08\u6ce82\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u8fd9\u79cd\u5171\u8bc6\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u540c\u610f\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u6027\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\uff08Schumpeter\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ecf\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\uff08\u6ce83\uff09 \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ecf\u5e38\u52a0\u5165\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u8bda\u4fe1\u7b49\u6807\u51c6\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u6269\u5c55\u3002\uff08\u6ce84\uff09 \u7ee7\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279·\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Robert A. Dahl\uff09\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u80c6\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u9886\u57df\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u5982\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u96c6\u4f1a\u548c\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/span>.<\/span>\uff08\u6ce85\uff09\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5409\u5217\u5c14\u83ab·\u5965·\u5510\u5948\uff08Guillermo O’Donnell\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u628a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u754c\u5b9a\u6027\u5c5e\u6027\u52a0\u4e86\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\uff08\u6ce86\uff09\u50cf\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c “<\/span> \u6cd5\u6cbb”<\/span> \uff08rule of law\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u6709\u6548\u5e73\u7b49\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u800c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6cd5\u5f8b——\u9664\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u516c\u5171\u6027\u3001\u524d\u77bb\u6027\uff08\u5373\u975e\u4e8b\u540e\u7684\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u5916——\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u800c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5fe0\u8bda\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6bd4\u4f9d\u6cd5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6982\u5ff5\u66f4\u82db\u523b\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\uff08\u6ce87\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u60f3\u8981\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9a\u4e49\u6027\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e——\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u523b\u753b\u4e86\u4e0b\u5217\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u5728\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u7684\u66f4\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u666e\u9009\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u8bda\u4fe1\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u8d44\u683c\u663e\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u7684\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\uff08polyarchy\uff09\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5965·\u5510\u5948\u660e\u786e\u63a5\u53d7\u8fbe\u5c14\u591a\u5143\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u628a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u52a0\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u56db\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u88681\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u88681—\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

 <\/p> <\/td>

\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u9ad8\u8bda\u4fe1\u7684<\/span>
<\/span>\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u9009\u4e3e<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

+<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody><\/table> <\/div>

 <\/p>

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u7c7b\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784—— \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u66f4\u82db\u523b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u592a\u82db\u523b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u4e5f\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u800c\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u70b9\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u578b\u6846\u67b6\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f<\/span>–<\/span>\u4ed6\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3001\u542b\u4e49\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5728\u547d\u540d\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u5df2\u88ab\u5f88\u597d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u65e8\u5728\u6807\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d“<\/span> \u6700\u8584”<\/span> \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1b\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ec5\u8868\u793a\u9009\u4e3e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5316\u610f\u4e49\uff1b\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u672f\u8bed; \u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u6307\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\uff08\u6ce88\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u57fa\u5e95\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u6311\u5254\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1f\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u80fd\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u6355\u6349\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\uff0c\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff1a“\u4e2a\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u7ade\u4e89\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u7968\u83b7\u5f97\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4ee5\u8fbe\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u3002”\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u8d85\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u6807\u51c6——\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c“\u5728\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u6cd5\u66f4\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u3002”\uff08\u6ce89\uff09 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6709\u5173“\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u6295\u7968\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u7ade\u4e89”\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u666e\u9009\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a“<\/span> \u5982\u679c\u4e00\u56fd\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5e74\u9f84\u9650\u5236\u7684\u4eba\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u79f0\u6b64\u56fd\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u5982\u6b64\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002”<\/span> \uff08\u6ce810\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u628a\u67d0\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684“<\/span> \u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b”\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u662f“<\/span> \u4e0d\u516c\u5e73”\uff08\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c“<\/span> \u6b3a\u8bc8\u6027”\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u5f52\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u300211 \u6982\u62ec\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u552f\u4e00\u786c\u6027\u800c\u7b80\u7ea6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5fc5\u987b\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u6295\u7968\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u4e9a\u5f53·\u666e\u6c83\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7528\u4e09\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u6807\u51c6\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4e8b\u524d\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff08\u5728\u4f4d\u8005\u53ef\u8f93\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u4e8b\u540e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u6027\uff08\u8d62\u8005\u53ef\u5c31\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u518d\u73b0\u6027——\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u4e0d\u591a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11<\/span>.<\/span>\uff08\u6ce812\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u7b26\u5408\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u666e\u9009\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u8bda\u4fe1\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\u800c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u70b9\u503c\u5f97\u52a0\u4ee5\u7b80\u8981\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u5728\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u666e\u9009\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6781\u7b80\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u5316\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u6838——\u5373\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u7968\u7bb1\u7ade\u4e89\u9886\u5bfc\u804c\u4f4d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u533a\u5206\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u91cc\u5b83\u4eec\u7531\u4ece\u8f83\u8584\u5411\u66f4\u539a\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7ebf\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u4e13\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u5206\u89e3\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a“<\/span> \u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e26”\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\uff08\u6ce813\uff09\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u754c\u9650\u5e76\u4e0d\u6697\u793a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u9876\u90e8\u5411\u5e95\u90e8\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u505a\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u3001\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5206\u5c42\u5316\u6574\u7406\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u66f4\u786e\u5207\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u56fd\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u628a\u90a3\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f52\u4e3a\u72ec\u88c1\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c“<\/span> \u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb”\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u3002\uff08\u6ce814\uff09\u5982\u679c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u88ab\u8feb\u5141\u8bb8\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7ade\u4e89——\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0b\u53f0——\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5c0f\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d44\u6e90\u503e\u659c\u4e8e\u5df1\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f9d\u7136\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ade\u9009\u88ab\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5728\u4f4d\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u9762\u4e34\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5931\u4f4d\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd“\u7ade\u4e89\u7684”\u5ef6\u4f38\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u82e5\u4e0d\u4eab\u6709\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8c08\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff1f\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u4f9d\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3b\u5f20\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5965·\u5510\u5948\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c“<\/span> \u591a\u5143\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u6743\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u5206\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u3002”\uff08\u6ce815\uff09 \u5982\u679c\u5965·\u5510\u5948\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7ade\u4e89\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u548c\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6848\u4f8b\u91cc——\u516c\u6c11\u5728\u8868\u51b3\u65f6\u4e0d\u53d7\u5230\u80c1\u8feb\uff0c\u8ba1\u7968\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u7684\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u8c01\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\u5c65\u804c\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u5e7f\u53d7\u5c0a\u91cd\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u81ea\u7531\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5374\u5e7f\u53d7\u4fb5\u72af\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u5730\uff0c\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u5982“\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b”\uff08electoral democracy\uff09\u3001“\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b”(illiberal democracy)\u3001“\u59d4\u4efb\u6c11\u4e3b”(delegated democracy)\u3001\u751a\u81f3“\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u5a01\u6743\u5236”(competitive authoritarianism)\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5374\u53d1\u751f\u5b9e\u8d28\u9009\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5305\u62ec\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\u3001\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\u3001\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u516c\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7ecf\u5e38\u6ee5\u7528\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u538b\u5236\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4f4d\u8005\u9762\u4e34\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u88ab\u8d76\u4e0b\u53f0\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5371\u9669\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u786e\u5b9e\u5f97\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

2011<\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6d4b\u91cf\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6a21\u5f0f\u6d4b\u91cf\uff1f\u8981\u6293\u4f4f\u88681\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u9700\u8981\u8bc4\u4f30\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff08Freedom House\uff09<\/span>–<\/span>\u5e74\u5ea6“\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u62a5\u544a”(Freedom in the World)\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u73b0\u6210\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6700\u6709\u540d\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8303\u56f4\u6700\u5e7f\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5f53\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u3001\u5339\u914d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6307\u6807\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9ad8\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6df1\u5165\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u81ea2005\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u516c\u5f00\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5206\u89e3\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u636e\u4ee5\u516c\u5e03\u5b83\u7684\u9996\u8981\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff08civil liberties\uff09\u6307\u6570\u3002\uff08\u6ce816\uff09\u6211\u4eec\u7528“<\/span> \u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b”\u6307\u6807\u5b50\u90e8\u5f97\u5206\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229——\u5373\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u8303\u56f4\u4e3a\u4ece<\/span>0<\/span>\u523012\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u82e5\u5f977\u5206\u6216\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5206\u6570\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5f97\u5206\u81f3\u5c1111\u5206\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u6807“<\/span> \u793e\u56e2\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6743\u5229”<\/span> \u548c“<\/span> \u8a00\u8bba\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531”\u4e0b\u7684\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u6570\u3002<\/span> \u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u524d\u9879\u6307\u6807\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9711\u5206\uff08\u8303\u56f40-12\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u9879\u6307\u6807\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9714\u5206\uff08\u8303\u56f40-16\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6307\u6807\u5f97\u81f3\u5c1111\u5206\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6307\u6807\u4e0a\u5f9714\u5206\uff08\u8303\u56f40-16\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

11<\/span>\u5206\u548c14\u5206\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5f97\u5206\u7684\u9608\u503c\uff0c\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b8c\u7f8e\u65e0\u7f3a\u7684\u7ee9\u6548\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0a\u5f977\u5206\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e13\u5236\u548c\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u7528\u4e8e\u7f16\u5236“<\/span> \u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b”\u6e05\u5355\u7684\u9608\u503c\u3002\uff08\u6ce8<\/span> 17<\/span>\uff09\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u89c4\u5219\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u56fd\u5f97\u5206\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9ad8\u9608\u503c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002\u5c31\u9009\u4e3e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f97\u5206\u4e3a7-10\u5206\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9608\u503c\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a“<\/span> \u6e29\u548c”<\/span> \u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u800c\u5f97\u5206\u4f4e\u4e8e7\u5206\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u88682\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u5e94\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u7c7b\u4e862011\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u8c03\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684195\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u57282012\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\u672c\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\u65f6\u5019\u6700\u8fd1\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff09\u3002\u6709121\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u5176\u4e2d40\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6——\u5305\u62ec\u50cf\u5384\u74dc\u591a\u5c14\u3001\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u548c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7b49\u56fd——\u662f\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1b\u53e6\u591641\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6——\u5305\u62ec\u632a\u5a01\u3001\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d——\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u670917\u4e2a\u662f\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7f3a\u9677\uff08\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff09\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c23\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6b20\u7f3a\u7684\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5df4\u897f\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u548c\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u7b49\u56fd\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u7eb3\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u7b49\u56fd\u662f\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u88682-\u5168\u7403\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u5e03\uff0c2011\u5e74<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6cd5\u6cbb<\/span>
<\/span>\uff08\u65e0\u7f3a\u9677\uff09<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u4f53<\/span>
<\/span>\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u53ca\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5b89\u54e5\u62c9\uff0c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\uff0c\u5df4\u6797\uff0c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\uff0c\u5e03\u57fa\u7eb3\u6cd5\u7d22\uff0c\u7f05\u7538\uff0c\u5e03\u9686\u8fea\uff0c\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\uff0c\u5580\u9ea6\u9686\uff0c\u4e4d\u5f97\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u521a\u679c\uff08\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u521a\u679c\uff08\u91d1\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u7279\u8fea\u74e6\uff0c\u53e4\u5df4\uff0c\u5409\u5e03\u63d0\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u8d64\u9053\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\uff0c\u5384\u7acb\u7279\u91cc\u4e9a\uff0c\u57c3\u585e\u4fc4\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u6590\u6d4e\uff0c\u52a0\u84ec\uff0c\u5188\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\uff0c\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\uff0c\u6d77\u5730\uff0c\u6d2a\u90fd\u62c9\u65af\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\uff0c\u7ea6\u65e6\uff0c\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u80af\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u79d1\u7d22\u6c83\uff0c\u79d1\u5a01\u7279\uff0c\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u8001\u631d\uff0c\u9ece\u5df4\u5ae9\uff0c\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u6bdb\u91cc\u5854\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\uff0c\u83ab\u6851\u6bd4\u514b\uff0c\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\uff0c\u5c3c\u52a0\u62c9\u74dc\u5c3c\u65e5\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u963f\u66fc\uff0c\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u5361\u5854\u5c14\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u5362\u65fa\u8fbe\uff0c\u6c99\u7279\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff0c\u7d22\u9a6c\u91cc\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\uff0c\u65af\u5a01\u58eb\u5170\uff0c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5854\u5409\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u591a\u54e5\uff0c\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u4e4c\u5e72\u8fbe\uff0c\u963f\u8054\u914b\uff0c\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\uff0c\u4e5f\u95e8\uff0c\u6d25\u5df4\u5e03\u97e6<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u72ec\u88c1<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u72ec\u88c1<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u72ec\u88c1<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u6e29\u548c\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>
<\/span>\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e39\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u9ed1\u585e\u54e5\u7ef4\u90a3\uff0c\u535a\u8328\u74e6\u7eb3\uff0c\u4e2d\u975e\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u79d1\u6469\u7f57\uff0c\u5384\u74dc\u591a\u5c14\uff0c\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\uff0c\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\uff0c\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\u6bd4\u7ecd\uff0c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u83b1\u7d22\u6258\uff0c\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\uff0c\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee3\u592b\uff0c\u9a6c\u91cc\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0c\u9ed1\u5c71\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14\uff0c\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a\uff0c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\uff0c\u79d8\u9c81\uff0c\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\uff0c\u585e\u5185\u52a0\u5c14\uff0c\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u585e\u820c\u5c14\uff0c\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>
<\/span>\u8d1d\u5b81\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\uff0c\u7eb3\u7c73\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u74e6\u52aa\u963f\u56fe<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>
<\/span>\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

 <\/p>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td>

 <\/p> <\/td> <\/tr>

\u6ca1\u6709\u7f3a\u9677<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>
<\/span>\u5b89\u63d0\u74dc\u548c\u5df4\u5e03\u8fbe\uff0c\u73bb\u5229\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u5df4\u897f\uff0c\u8428\u5c14\u74e6\u591a\uff0c\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\uff0c\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u7259\u4e70\u52a0\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u572d\uff0c\u5723\u591a\u7f8e\u666e\u6797\u897f\u6bd4\u548c\u4e1c\u5e1d\u6c76\uff0c\u6c64\u52a0\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/span>
<\/span>\u65e5\u672c<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u591a\u5143\u653f\u4f53<\/span>
<\/span>\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\uff0c\u4f2f\u5229\u5179\uff0c\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u54e5\u65af\u8fbe\u9ece\u52a0\uff0c\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\uff0c\u52a0\u7eb3\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u62c9\u8131\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\uff0c\u6bdb\u91cc\u6c42\u65af\uff0c\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\uff0c\u5357\u975e\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\uff0c\u5723\u57fa\u8328\u548c\u5c3c\u7ef4\u65af\uff0c\u5723\u5362\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u5723\u6587\u68ee\u7279\u548c\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u4e01\u65af\uff0c\u82cf\u91cc\u5357\uff0c\u7279\u7acb\u5c3c\u8fbe\u548c\u591a\u5df4\u54e5<\/span><\/p> <\/td>

\u591a\u5143\u653f\u4f53<\/span>
<\/span>\u5b89\u9053<\/span>​​<\/span>\u5c14\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u5df4\u54c8\u9a6c\uff0c\u5df4\u5df4\u591a\u65af\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u4f5b\u5f97\u89d2\uff0c\u667a\u5229\uff0c\u585e\u6d66\u8def\u65af\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\uff0c\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\uff0c\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u51b0\u5c9b\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\uff0c\u57fa\u91cc\u5df4\u65af\uff0c\u5217\u652f\u6566\u58eb\u767b\uff0c\u5362\u68ee\u5821\uff0c\u9a6c\u8033\u4ed6\uff0c\u9a6c\u7ecd\u5c14\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff0c\u5bc6\u514b\u7f57\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u7459\u9c81\uff0c\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u65b0\u897f\u5170\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\uff0c\u5e15\u52b3\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\uff0c\u5723\u9a6c\u529b\u8bfa\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u6587\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u745e\u5178\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\uff0c\u56fe\u74e6\u5362\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd<\/span><\/p> <\/td> <\/tr> <\/tbody><\/table>

 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

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 <\/p>

\u88682\u663e\u793a\uff0c2011\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u73b0\u5b9e\u9177\u4f3c\u6982\u5ff5\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u6709\u6548\u5b9e\u65bd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\uff08\u6ce818\uff09 \u53ea\u6709\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8d1d\u5b81\u3001\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u7eb3\u7c73\u6bd4\u4e9a\u548c\u74e6\u52aa\u963f\u56fe\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u5f97\u5206\u9ad8\u4f46\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u4e0a\u6709\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u4f8b\u5916\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c195\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684189\u4e2a\uff0c\u537397\uff05\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u9002\u5408\u7b26\u5408\u5206\u5c42\u903b\u8f91<\/span>.<\/span>\uff08\u6ce819\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0e\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e00\u6837\u597d\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0e\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e00\u6837\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df1\u5316\u4e4b\u8def<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5982\u679c\u88682\u4e2d\u6240\u793a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u5df2\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f\u4e4b\u4e89\u6ce8\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u88681\u6240\u793a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7b49\u7ea7\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53d1\u73b0\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u6307\u5357\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f\u4ee5\u53ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u6700\u597d\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df1\u5316\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c5e\u6027\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fa9\u8bba\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5baa\u653f\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u80cc\u79bb\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u89c2\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u897f\u6b27\u53ca\u5176\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u65b0\u897f\u5170\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u539f\u521d\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5baa\u653f\u5148\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002T·H·\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08Marshal\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u77e5\u540d\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5728\u666e\u9009\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\uff08\u6ce820\uff09 \u6cd5\u745e\u5fb7·\u624e\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Fareed Zakaria\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5b83\u505a\u51fa\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u63d0\u5347\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df1\u5316\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u5e94\u5148\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u3002\uff08\u6ce821\uff09 \u540c\u6837\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5728\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u516c\u5f00\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e·\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Edward Mansfield\uff09\u548c\u6770\u514b·\u65af\u5948\u5fb7(Jack Snyder)\u5efa\u8bae\u5916\u5728\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u7684“\u5931\u5e8f”<\/span> \u8f6c\u578b\u3002\uff08\u6ce822\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u8fd9\u4e9b“\u5904\u65b9”\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5c16\u9510\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6258\u9a6c\u65af·\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af(Thomas Karothers)\u4e89\u8fa9\u5230\uff0c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6ca1\u591a\u5c11\u52a8\u529b\uff08\u56e0\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e0d\u826f\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\u53bb\u641e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u5782\u76f4\u95ee\u8d23\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u63a8\u52a8\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5361\u7f57\u745f\u65af\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e74\u590d\u4e00\u5e74\u5730\u7b49\u5f85\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u662f\u666e\u904d\u9700\u6c42\u3002\uff08\u6ce823\uff09\u653e\u773c\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u820d\u745e·\u4f2f\u66fc(Sheri Berman)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e5f\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u8fdc\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u6ce824\uff09<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u59cb\u7ec8\u7262\u8bb0\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff1a\u4ec5\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6491\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6216\u4e0d\u660e\u667a\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u56e0\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6a21\u5f0f\u5bf9\u987a\u5e8f\u8fa9\u8bba\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u5bf9“<\/span> \u518d\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6”<\/span> \u7684\u653f\u6cbb“\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u505a\u7684\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\uff08\u6ce825\uff09\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5927\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u5b83\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\uff09\u4e25\u91cd\u5236\u7ea6\u56fd\u5185\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u6784\u5efa\u6709\u6548\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6a21\u5f0f\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6df1\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u969c\u788d\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5c06\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531(civil liberties)\u4e0a\u505a\u7684\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u4e0a\u505a\u7684\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u8e2a\u6211\u4eec\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u57282005\u5e74\u548c2011\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u670972\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e00\u7c7b\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4ec56\u4f8b\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4—— \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u504f\u79bb\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6b21\u5e8f\u3002\uff08\u6ce826\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\u662f\u8499\u53e4\u3002\u5b83\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6e29\u548c\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57282009\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5458\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6539\u5584\u901f\u5ea6\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u6539\u5584\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u591a\u660e\u5c3c\u52a0\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c2009\u81f32010\u5e74\u5176\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u5230\u6e29\u548c\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u8f83\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5fc5\u987b\u4e88\u4ee5\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6269\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u5230\u66f4\u4e45\u8fdc\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u5c06\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u671f\u95f4\uff082005-2011\uff09\uff0c\u8fdc\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c5e\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u6b21\u5e8f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u5f53\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e8e2006\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u5584\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u57282009\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u6d2a\u90fd\u62c9\u65af\u3001\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u3001\u83ab\u6851\u6bd4\u514b\u548c\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u4ece\u6781\u7b80\u6c11\u4e3b\u6ed1\u5411\u4e86\u72ec\u88c1\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u5f97\u5206\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff08\u5982\u6240\u9884\u671f\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5f97\u5206\u6ca1\u6709\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u8865\u507f\u6027\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u4f9d\u636e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c5e\u6027\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6b21\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u901a\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684“<\/span> \u4e13\u5236\u9053\u8def”\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u9ad8\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4eca\u65e5\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d8\u8fc1<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u897f\u6b27\u548c\u897f\u6b27\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u901a\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u987a\u5e8f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u987a\u5e8f\u662f——\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af·\u798f\u5c71(Francis Fukuyama)\u6700\u8fd1\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\uff08\u6ce827\uff09——\u57fa\u4e8e\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u5148\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5efa\u56fd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u732e\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u3002\uff08\u6ce828\uff09\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u6ca1\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u6765\u52a0\u5f3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u57ae\u53f0\u540e\u7684\u8fd9\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u5927\u4f17\u8981\u6c42\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u3002\uff08\u6ce829\uff09 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u6761\u4ef6——\u6bd4\u5982\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5212\u5206\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c——\u4f9d\u7136\u5236\u7ea6\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u521a\u5df2\u7ecf\u89c1\u8bc1\u8ffd\u968f“<\/span> \u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e4b\u6625”\u7684\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u91c7\u53d6\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002 \u53d1\u5c55\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f00\u653e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4ee5\u53ca\u5916\u90e8\u6350\u52a9\u8005\u90a3\u91cc\u7ecf\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u805a\u7126\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u80dc\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ece\u8584\u5230\u539a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u6216\u662f\u547d\u4e2d\u6ce8\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u7ed9\u5b9a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u77ed\u671f\u81f3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5177\u5907\u8d85\u8d8a\u9009\u4e3e\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5f53\u89e6\u53ca\u987a\u5e8f\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u9a6c\u514b·\u666e\u62c9\u7279\u7eb3\uff08Marc Plattner\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u5199\u9053\u7684\uff1a“<\/span> \u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5148\u81ea\u7531\u540e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u5426\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u9002\u7528\u3002”\uff08\u6ce830\uff09 \u7ed3\u5408\u5bf9\u539f\u521d\u897f\u65b9\u987a\u5e8f\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u548c\u5f53\u524d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u666e\u62c9\u7279\u7eb3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f“<\/span> \u4e0d\uff0c\u539f\u521d\u987a\u5e8f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002”<\/span>  \u8fd9\u7ed3\u8bba\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4e2d——\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6bd4\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u987a\u5e8f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6355\u6349\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u903b\u8f91\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u4ee3\u73b0\u5b9e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u533a\u5206\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u51b3\u56f0\u6270\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6587\u732e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a“<\/span> \u6700\u597d\u7684”<\/span> \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u91cc\u96c6\u5408\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u548c\u5965·\u5510\u5948\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u66f4\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5bf9\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5229\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u4f4e\u4e8e——\u800c\u4e14\u7684\u786e\u7ecf\u5e38\u6bd4——\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u66f4\u53d7\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0e\u6709\u5173\u666e\u9009\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u9650\u5236\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c5e\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e00\u8d77\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u72ec\u88c1\u901a\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u4e0d\u5207\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u901a\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u8def\u552f\u4e00\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u7ea6\u6839·\u83ab\u52d2(Jørgen Møller)\u548c\u65af\u6587\u5fb7<\/span>–<\/span>\u827e\u529b\u514b·\u65af\u582a\u5b81\uff08Svend-Erik Skaaning\uff09\u662f\u4e39\u9ea6\u5965\u80e1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8981\u4ef6\u300b\uff082011\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316—\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff082012\uff09\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>

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\u6ce8\u91ca<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>

 <\/p>

1<\/span>\uff0eFor a more elaborate discussion of the subtle distinctions between realistic, procedural, and substantive definitions of democracy, see Guillermo O’Donnell, Dissonances: Democratic Critique of Democracy (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007); Jørgen Møller and Svend-Erik Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Explanation (London: Routledge, 2011). <\/span><\/p>

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2. Terry L. Karl, <\/span>“Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 2; Juan Linz, Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2000 [1975]), 57–58; Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), ch. 1. See also Guillermo O’Donnell, Dissonances; David Collier and Steven Levitsky, “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research,” World Politics 49 (April 1997): 430–51. <\/span><\/p>

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3. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Unwin University Books, 1974 [1942]). See also Adam Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 16–18.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

4. Pamela Paxton, <\/span>“Women’s Suffrage in the Measurement of Democracy: Problems of Operationalization,” Studies in Comparative International Development 35 (Fall 2000): 92–111; Diamond, Developing Democracy, 8–10; Jørgen Elklit and Palle Svensson, “What Makes Elections Free and Fair,” Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32–46. <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

5. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

6. O<\/span>’Donnell, Dissonances. See also Diamond, Developing Democracy, 10–13; Wolfgang Merkel, “Embedded and Defective Democracies,” Democratization 11 (December 2004): 33–58.  <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

7. Møller and Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy. For a systematic overview of alternative definitions of rule of law and their relationship to each other, see Møller and Skaaning, <\/span>“Systematizing Thin and Thick Conceptions of the Rule of Law,” Justice System Journal 33 (Fall 2012), and Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).  <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

8. Guillermo O<\/span>’Donnell, “Why the Rule of Law Matters,” Journal of Democracy 15 (October 2004), 33.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

9. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 269, 271. See also 243, note 9.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

10. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 244.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

11. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 270–71.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

12. Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development, 16–18.<\/span><\/p>

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13. See Thomas Carothers, <\/span>“The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002): 5–21.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

14. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, <\/span>“The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism,” Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51–65.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

15. Guillermo O<\/span>’Donnell, “On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries,” World Development 21 (August 1993): 1361. See also O’Donnell, Dissonances.<\/span><\/p>

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16.www.freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world-aggregate-and-subcategoryscores.<\/span><\/p>

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17. All thresholds are based on our knowledge of particular countries and on comparisons with the country distribution derived when employing the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) to operationalize the three attributes. See Møller and Skaaning, Requisites of Democracy. Compared to the FH indicators, the BTI indicators have the advantage that the score levels are linked to qualitative descriptions, meaning that determining thresholds is less arbitrary.<\/span><\/p>

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18. Japan just missed the thresholds on both the freedom of expression indicator (scoring a 13) and the freedom of association indicator (scoring a 10). <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

19. Had we instead introduced more fine-grained distinctions, for example by distinguishing between three levels on all attributes (rather than only on electoral rights), the empirical fit would be lower, but still impressive. The additional thresholds used for this exercise are a score of (at least) 7 for the <\/span>“freedom of expression and belief” indicator, and a score of (at least) 9 for the indicators on associational and organizational rights and rule of law. Using this further breakdown, 15 countries score in a way that is not in accord with the empirical hierarchy between the attributes. If the criterion is made even stricter by demanding a perfect cumulative (step-wise) logic between the three-level attributes, the number increases to 24 countries, meaning that 88 percent of all countries still match the conceptual hierarchy. Moreover, the clear patterns in the distribution of countries are virtually identical for the other years for which we have access to the disaggregated Freedom House scores (2005–10). The precise distribution of countries for each year is available in an appendix that is available at www.journalofdemocracy.org\/articles\/ supplemental-material. <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

20. T.H. Marshall and Tom Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto, 1996 [1949]). See also O<\/span>’Donnell, Dissonances.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

21. Fareed Zakaria, <\/span>“The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 76 (November–December 1997): 22–43, and The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: Norton, 2003).<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

22. Edward Mansfield and Jack Snyder, <\/span>“Exchange: The Sequencing ‘Fallacy,’” Journal of Democracy 18 (July 2007): 7.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

23. Thomas Carothers, <\/span>“How Democracies Emerge: The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy,” Journal of Democracy 18 (January 2007): 12–27.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

24. Sheri Berman, <\/span>“How Democracies Emerge: Lessons from Europe,” Journal of Democracy 18 (January 2007): 28–41.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

25. Mansfield and Snyder, <\/span>“Exchange: The Sequencing ‘Fallacy,’” 6; Carothers, “How Democracies Emerge: The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy,” 20–23. <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

26. If we trichotomize all three attributes, 97 movements in the typology emerge, out of which only 16 were not in accord with the conceptual hierarchy between the attributes. <\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

27. Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (London: Profile Books, 2011).<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

28. Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

29. Carothers, <\/span>“How Democracies Emerge: The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy”; Marc F. Plattner, “From Liberalism to Liberal Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 10 (July 1999): 121–34.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

30. Plattner, <\/span>“From Liberalism to Liberal Democracy,” 132.<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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