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<\/p> 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<\/p> 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<\/p> 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<\/p> 2016<\/span>\u5e743\u6708-2016\u5e748\u6708\u7279\u62c9\u7ef4\u592b<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u6ce8\u91ca\u53ca\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p> <\/p> \u30101\u3011\u897f\u85cf\uff08\u56fe\u4f2f\u7279\uff09\u8bd7\u4eba\u94c1\u8ba9\u7684\u8bd7\u4f5c\u300a\u4e3e\u8d77\u8d5e\u666e\u4e4b\u5251\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u56fe\u4f2f\u7279\u540c\u80de\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30102\u30111876\u5e74\u82f1\u4e2d\u300a\u9752\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff08\u300a\u70df\u53f0\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u53e6\u8bae\u4e13\u6b3e\uff09\uff1b1886\u5e74\u82f1\u4e2d\u6761\u7ea6\u6709\u5173\u897f\u85cf\u4e0e\u7f05\u7538\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\uff1b1890\u5e74\u5728\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6709\u5173\u9521\u91d1\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u7b49\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30103\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b\u5b5c\u672c<\/span>.<\/span>\u590f\u683c\u5df4<\/span>.<\/span>\u6c6a\u79cb\u5fb7\u4e39\u8457\uff1b\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u5730\u4f4d——\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u897f\u85cf\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u524d\u666f\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300bM.C.F.\u8303\u666e\u62c9\u8d6b\u8457\uff0c\u8dcb\u70ed<\/span>.<\/span>\u8fbe\u74e6\u624d\u4ec1\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u96ea\u57df\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30104\u3011\u300a\u4e01\u5b9d\u6862\u85cf\u4e8b\u594f\u724d\u300b<\/span>,<\/span>\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u85cf\u4e8b\u594f\u724d\u300b<\/span>,<\/span>\u7b2c 523—524\u9875\uff1b\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a \u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08M\uff09\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1961\/ \uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u8d3e\u719f\u6751\u300a\u4e01\u5b9d\u6862\u7f16\u5e74\u4e8b\u7565\u300b\uff1b\u5f90\u541b\u300a\u4ece“\u56fa\u5ddd\u4fdd\u85cf”\u5230“\u7b79\u8fb9\u63f4\u85cf”\uff1a\u665a\u6e05\u897f\u5357\u8fb9\u9632\u610f\u8bc6\u4e4b\u5f62\u6210——\u4ee5\u4e01\u5b9d\u6862\u7763\u5ddd\u5341\u5e74 (1876—1886)\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30105\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u674e\u52c7\u519b\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u897f\u85cf\u5efa\u7701\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u81ea\uff1a\u9619\u540d\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u6539\u7701\u4f1a\u8bba\u300b\uff1b\u738b\u9521\u797a\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u5efa\u884c\u7701\u8bae\u300b\uff1b\u5c0f\u65b9\u58f6\u658b\u8206\u5730\u4e1b\u6284\u7b2c\u4e09\u518c\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8457\u6613\u5802\u5370\u884c\uff0c1891\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30106\u3011\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b\u5b5c\u672c<\/span>.<\/span>\u590f\u683c\u5df4<\/span>.<\/span>\u6c6a\u79cb\u5fb7\u4e39\u8457\uff0c\u674e\u6709\u4e49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u6c11\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5185\u90e8\u8d44\u6599\uff0c“\u5341\u4e8c\uff1a\u8fbe\u8d56\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u653f\u7b56”\uff0c\u7b2c171\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30107\u3011 \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\uff1a\u300a\u8bf7\u7acb\u5546\u653f\u4ee5\u5f00\u5229\u6e90\u800c\u675c\u6f0f\u6298\u300b\uff0c\u59dc\u4e49\u534e\u3001\u5f20\u8363\u534e\u7f16\u300a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c4\u96c6\uff0c\u7b2c334—335\u9875\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u738b\u9e4f\u8f89\u300a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u8fb9\u7586\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30108\u3011\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\uff1a\u300a\u4e0a\u6e05\u5e1d\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u59dc\u4e49\u534e\u3001\u5f20\u8363\u534e\u7f16\u300a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c2\u96c6\uff0c\u7b2c73\u9875\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u738b\u9e4f\u8f89\u300a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u8fb9\u7586\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3002\u300a\u6761\u9648\u5546\u52a1\u6298\u300b\u7b49\u620a\u620c\u594f\u7a3f\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u5185\u5bb9\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u5f97\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u30109\u3011\u300a\u5fb7\u5b97\u666f\u7687\u5e1d\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\uff08\u4e94\uff09[Z].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c1987\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u5f20\u5251\u300a\u4ece1895-1898\u5e74\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u770b\u665a\u6e05\u6539\u9769\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8d8b\u52bf\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301010\u3011\u9648\u950b\uff1a\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u592e\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u8d22\u653f\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u300b<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301011\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a \u8d3e\u719f\u6751\u300a\u4e01\u5b9d\u6862\u7f16\u5e74\u4e8b\u7565\u300b\uff1b\u53e6\u53c2\u89c1\u56db\u5ddd\u673a\u5668\u5c40\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u5f97\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301012\u3011\u77bb\u5bf9\u53c8\u540d\u5a18\u620e\uff08\u5a18\u8363\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u85cf\u8bed\uff0c\u5a18\u620e\u7684\u53eb\u6cd5\u5728\u85cf\u4eba\u4e2d\u66f4\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u672c\u6587\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u77bb\u5bf9\uff0c\u6545\u672c\u6587\u6cbf\u7528\u77bb\u5bf9\u3002\u53e6\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u552f\u8272\u300a\u65b0\u9f99\u7684\u8d21\u5e03\u6717\u6770\u300b\uff1b\u8dcb\u70ed·\u8fbe\u74e6\u624d\u4ec1\u300a\u8840\u796d\u96ea\u57df\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0·\u897f\u85cf·\u4ece\u8bbe\u7acb\u5a18\u8363\u603b\u7ba1\u770b\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u591a\u9ea6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301013\u3011\u77bb\u5bf9\u603b\u7ba1(\u7763)\u5373\u591a\u9ea6\u57fa\u5de7\uff08\u591a\u9ea6\u603b\u7763\u5e9c\uff09\u3002\u8dcb\u70ed·\u8fbe\u74e6\u624d\u4ec1\u300a\u8840\u796d\u96ea\u57df\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\u96ea\u57df\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u6d41\u4ea1\u653f\u5e9c\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0e\u65b0\u95fb\u90e8\u300a\u4e0e\u534e\u4eba\u8054\u7edc\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u300b\u7b49\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u77bb\u5bf9\u548c\u591a\u9ea6\u57fa\u5de7\u603b\u7763\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002“\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf”\u594f\u724d\u4e2d\u79f0\u77bb\u5bf9\u603b\u7ba1\u4e3a“\u77bb\u756a”\u3001“\u77bb\u914b”\u3001“\u77bb\u5bf9\u5934\u76ee”\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u53c2\u9605\u8d44\u6599\uff1a\u6731\u60a6\u6885\u300a\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf\u4e3e\u63aa\u8003\u6790\u300b\uff1b\u53e6\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5f90\u541b\u300a\u6e05\u5b63\u5bf9\u5ddd\u8fb9\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u517c\u8bba\u77bb\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301014\u3011\u300a\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u85cf\u4e8b\u594f\u724d·\u4f1a\u7b79\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf\u5e76\u8bae\u590d\u5434\u5149\u594e\u758f\u300b\u5434\u4e30\u57f9\uff1a\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u85cf\u4e8b\u594f\u724d\u300b\uff0c1992\u5e74\u7248\u7b2c992\u9875\u3001995\u9875\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u5f90\u541b\u300a\u6e05\u5b63\u5bf9\u5ddd\u8fb9\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u517c\u8bba\u77bb\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301015\u3011\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f·\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u4f20\u300b\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6731\u60a6\u6885\u300a\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf\u4e3e\u63aa\u8003\u6790\u300b\uff1b\u5f90\u541b\u300a\u6e05\u5b63\u5bf9\u5ddd\u8fb9\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u517c\u8bba\u77bb\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301016\u3011\u300a\u5fb7\u5b97\u666f\u7687\u5e1d\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\uff08\u516d\uff09[Z].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c1987\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u5f20\u5251\u300a\u4ece1895-1898\u5e74\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u770b\u665a\u6e05\u6539\u9769\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8d8b\u52bf\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301017\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\u7ef4\u57fa\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u3002\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u7a3f\u300b·\u5377438\uff08\u6c11\u56fd\u8d75\u5c14\u5dfd\u7b49\u64b0\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u6587“\u65a9\u9998\u8fc7\u5f53\uff0c\u5c3d\u6536\u4e09\u77bb\u5730\uff0c\u4e43\u8bf7\u5f52\u6d41\u6539\u6c49……”\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301018\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6731\u60a6\u6885\u300a\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf\u4e3e\u63aa\u8003\u6790\u300b\u3002\u76db\u5ba3\u6000\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u5b9e\u4e1a\u5bb6\u30021896\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5916\u6ee9\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u5546\u94f6\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301019\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b\u5b5c\u672c<\/span>.<\/span>\u590f\u683c\u5df4\u8457\uff1b\u6731\u60a6\u6885\u300a\u9e7f\u4f20\u9716\u4fdd\u5ddd\u56fe\u85cf\u4e3e\u63aa\u8003\u6790\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301020\u3011\u300a\u5ddd\u7763\u606d\u5bff\u67e5\u660e\u77bb\u5bf9\u7528\u5175\u7f18\u7531\u8bf7\u5c06\u77bb\u5730\u8d4f\u8fd8\u6298\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u5ddd\u6ec7\u8fb9\u52a1\u6863\u6848\u53f2\u6599\u300b(\u4e0a)\u7b2c33\u9875\u300136\u9875\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\uff1a\u5f90\u541b\u300a\u6e05\u5b63\u5bf9\u5ddd\u8fb9\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\u517c\u8bba\u77bb\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7531\u6765\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301021\u3011\u300a\u6210\u90fd\u5c06\u519b\u606d\u5bff\u4e3a\u5fb7\u683c\u6539\u6d41\u672a\u5148\u4f1a\u5546\u8bf7\u65e8\u55e3\u540e\u8fb9\u52a1\u5373\u7740\u5ddd\u7763\u529e\u7406\u6298\u300b \u5149\u7eea23\u5e747\u670816\u65e5<\/span>,<\/span>\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u5ddd\u6ec7\u8fb9\u52a1\u6863\u6848\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c21\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301022\u3011\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6768\u8574\u6210\u300a\u8bba\u6e05\u672b\u56db\u5ddd\u5916\u8d44\u529e\u77ff\u300b\uff1b\u674e\u7389\u300a\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u5916\u5408\u529e\u77ff\u52a1\u7684\u56db\u5ddd\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b\uff1b\u4f55\u4e00\u6c11\u300a\u9521\u826f\u4e0e\u665a\u6e05\u56db\u5ddd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u301023\u3011\u53f0\u6e7e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u77ff\u52a1\u6863(\u7b2c\u4e94\u518c)\uff08M\uff09\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c1960\uff0c2565-2991\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> 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\u301035\u3011\u5434\u4e30\u57f9\u7f16\u300a\u8d75\u5c14\u4e30\u5ddd\u8fb9\u594f\u724d\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/p> <\/p> \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a
\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u85cf\u8fd9\u65b9\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u96ea\u57df\u9762\u5bf9\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b67\u8def\u7eb7\u5448\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u5404\u6d3e\u52bf\u529b\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5c06\u897f\u85cf\u5f53\u4f5c\u730e\u53d6\u77ff\u4ea7\u7b49\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5b9d\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u5c0a\u91cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f53\u5730\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u6c11\u65cf\u98ce\u4fd7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u897f\u85cf\u88ab\u5404\u6d3e\u52bf\u529b\u4e00\u6b21\u6b21\u5165\u4fb5\u3001\u51fa\u5356\u3001\u5206\u5272\u3001\u63a0\u593a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u997f\u864e\u9965\u72fc\u7684\u730e\u7269\uff0c\u85cf\u533a\u5730\u65b9\u6743\u5229\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6076\u98ce\u9669\u6d6a\u4e2d\u88ab\u541e\u566c\u6b86\u5c3d\uff0c\u85cf\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e86\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5404\u6d3e\u52bf\u529b\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u8270\u82e6\u5353\u7edd\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u85cf\u65cf\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff0c\u6765\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u85cf\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8840\u8def\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/strong><\/div>
<\/p> <\/div>