{"id":6722,"date":"2008-11-19T11:43:21","date_gmt":"2008-11-19T11:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=6722 "},"modified":"2008-11-19T11:43:21","modified_gmt":"2008-11-19T11:43:21","slug":"6722-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=6722","title":{"rendered":"\u8d70\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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    \u672c\u6587\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u5206\u6743\u56db\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u8fdb\u5316\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u767e\u5e74\u5baa\u653f\u4e4b\u8def\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u514b\u670d\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u8bef\u533a\uff0c\u865a\u5fc3\u5438\u53d6\u548c\u501f\u9274\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u5236\u5ea6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u89c9\u8d77\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u5baa\u653f\u7406\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e3b\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u8d70\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5baa\u653f\u6587\u660e\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    
    \u4e00\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u77e5\u96be\u884c\u6613\u8fd8\u662f\u77e5\u6613\u884c\u96be\uff1f
    
    \u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u6069\u8d50\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u7136\u6781\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\uff1b\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u4e07\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u201c\u6148\u60b2\u201d\u7684\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6e90\u5934\u2014\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u2014\u2014\u2014\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u56fd\u738b\u6597\u4e89\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u738b\u662f\u5728\u5c61\u6218\u5c61\u8d25\u540e\u5b9e\u5728\u65e0\u5948\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e0b\u624d\u5728\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u4e0a\u7b7e\u4e86\u5b57\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u4ecd\u4e0d\u7518\u5fc3\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5c61\u6b21\u7ffb\u6094\uff0c\u800c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u603b\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u6218\u80dc\u4e13\u5236\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u6b65\u30021689\u5e74\u7684\u201c\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u201d\u548c\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u8bae\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u624d\u4ee5\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6ca1\u6709\u95f4\u65ad\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u60ac\u5ff5\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5219\u662f\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u5236\uff0c[3]\u4ee5\u9632\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u653f\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u653f\u5c31\u4f1a\u65e0\u7684\u653e\u77e2\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5baa\u653f\u4ece\u6765\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4ece\u6765\u662f\u540c\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6(\u4f8b\u5982\u82f1\u56fd)\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002 
  <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

  (\u4e00)\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u840c\u53d1\u53ca\u5176\u5c40\u9650 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n


    \u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u770b\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u5230\u6765\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u660e\u672b\u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\u5c31\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u541b\u5ba2\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u3002[4]\u867d\u7136\u9ec4\u5b97\u7fb2\u201c\u4ee5\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8fd8\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u65e0\u60c5\u97ad\u631e\u4ecd\u7136\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u66ff\u6c11\u505a\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u610f\u6db5\u3002[5]\u5230\u4e86\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5b9a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5f3a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u738b\u97ec\u63d0\u5021\u201c\u541b\u6c11\u5171\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u201c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u76f8\u901a\uff0c\u6c11\u9690\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fbe\uff0c\u541b\u60e0\u4ea6\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e0b\u902e\u3002\u6709\u541b\u6c11\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4e92\u76f8\u8054\u7edc\u4e4b\u6548\u201d\u3002[6]\u90d1\u89c2\u5e94\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u6c11\u5fc3\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5f3a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff1a\u201c\u6b32\u884c\u516c\u6cd5\uff0c\u83ab\u8981\u4e8e\u5f20\u56fd\u52bf\uff1b\u6b32\u5f20\u56fd\u52bf\uff0c\u83ab\u8981\u4e8e\u5f97\u6c11\u5fc3\uff0c\u6b32\u5f97\u6c11\u5fc3\uff0c\u83ab\u8981\u4e8e\u901a\u4e0b\u60c5\uff1b\u6b32\u901a\u4e0b\u60c5\uff0c\u83ab\u8981\u4e8e\u8bbe\u8bae\u9662\u3002\uff1f\uff1f\u82df\u6b32\u5b89\u5185\u652e\u5916\uff0c\u541b\u56fd\u5b50\u6c11\u6301\u516c\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6c38\u4fdd\u592a\u5e73\u4e4b\u5c40\uff0c\u5176\u5fc5\u81ea\u8bbe\u7acb\u8bae\u9662\u59cb\u77e3\uff01 \u201d[7]<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f53\u7528\u8bba\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u56fd\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u4f53\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e5f\u9887\u4e3a\u66a7\u6627\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u5021\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u30021880\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6613\u8a00\u300b\u5c31\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u541b\u6c11\u5171\u4e3b\u201d\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u663e\u7136\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u201c\u541b\u6c11\u5171\u4e3b\u201d\u800c\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u57281894\u5e74\u7532\u5348\u6218\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u7acb\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u300a\u4e0a\u6e05\u5e1d\u7b2c\u56db\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u51fa\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u8bbe\u8bae\u9662\u201c\u4ee5\u901a\u4e0b\u60c5\u201d\u3002\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u5b98\u529e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c11\u529e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5b98\u6c11\u5171\u529e\u201d\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u8bae\u4f1a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u9650\u5236\u541b\u6743\u3001\u5f20\u626c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u6311\u6218\u7687\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u300a\u4e0a\u6e05\u5e1d\u7b2c\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u7687\u5e1d\u51fa\u53f0\u8bcf\u5b9a\u56fd\u662f\u3001\u758f\u901a\u8206\u60c5\u548c\u8bbe\u7acb\u5236\u5ea6\u5c40\u4e09\u9879\u63aa\u65bd\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5728\u4ee3\u4eba\u8349\u62df\u7684\u300a\u8bf7\u5b9a\u7acb\u5baa\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u6298\u300b\u4e2d\u9690\u7ea6\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u865a\u541b\u5171\u548c\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a\u541b\u4e3b\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4ecd\u7136\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\uff1a\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u8005\uff0c\u541b\u4e0e\u6c11\u5171\u8bae\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u653f\u6cd5\u4e5f\u3002\u76d6\u81ea\u4e09\u6743\u9f0e\u7acb\u8bf4\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fd\u4f1a\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5b98\u53f8\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u4e3b\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u7acb\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u53d7\u6cbb\u7109\u3002\u4eba\u4e3b\u5c0a\u4e3a\u795e\u5723\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002\u201d[8] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u541b\u4e3b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5171\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6c11\u4f17\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u65bd\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d38\u7136\u5b9e\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u7684\u8bad\u653f\u4e3b\u5f20\u9887\u6709\u5f02\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\u4e4b\u5999\u3002\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u4e8e\u501f\u52a9\u541b\u6743\uff0c\u626b\u9664\u53d8\u6cd5\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u7684\u5b88\u65e7\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5229\u7528\u5f00\u660e\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5ba3\u4f20\u6c11\u4f17\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6c11\u4f17\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u9010\u6b65\u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u610f\u8bc6\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u611a\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u72ec\u7acb\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u4e0d\u4f1a\u884c\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f31\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6c11\u611a\u4e5f\uff0c\u6c11\u4e4b\u611a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u8bfb\u4e07\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e07\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e5f\u3002\u543e\u56fd\u4e4b\u5927\u60a3\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c6\u5176\u6c11\u4e3a\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u79ef\u4e4b\u65e2\u4e45\uff0c\u6c11\u4e4b\u81ea\u89c6\u4ea6\u5982\u5974\u96b6\u7109\u3002\u201d[9]\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9aa4\u7136\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65bd\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u201c\u4e07\u4e00\u56fd\u6c11\u538c\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u6216\u541b\u4e3b\u6020\u4e8e\u53ec\u96c6\uff0c\u5219\u5baa\u6cd5\u6839\u672c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u52a8\u6447\u77e3\u3002\u592b\u5b66\u8bc6\u5e7c\u7a1a\u4e4b\u6c11\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6c90\u7334\u800c\u51a0\uff0c\u6cbe\u6cbe\u81ea\u559c\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u800c\u6ee5\u7528\u77e3\uff0c\u5176\u5e38\u6001\u77e3\u3002\u6545\u543e\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u6c11\uff0c\u975e\u7a0d\u7ecf\u8bad\u7ec3\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u5fc5\u4e0d\u514d\u6b64\u5f0a\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[10] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\uff0c\u975e\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u4e4b\u8d44\u683c\u8005\u4e5f\uff1b\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u975e\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u65e2\u7136\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u81e3\u6c11\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u516c\u6c11\u8d44\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u6c11\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u91c7\u884c\u5171\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\uff0c\u653f\u4f53\u4e4b\u6700\u826f\u8005\u4e5f\u201d\u3002[11]\u867d\u7136\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4e43\u81f3\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6df1\u53d7\u5112\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5728\u201c\u5b66\u8bc6\u5e7c\u7a1a\u4e4b\u6c11\u201d\u201c\u7a0d\u7ecf\u8bad\u7ec3\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u65bd\u884c\u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u4f1a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u8bae\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u5f0f\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u7528\u6765\u4f53\u5bdf\u4e0b\u60c5\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u8bae\u653f\u548c\u54a8\u8be2\u673a\u6784\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u5728\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u547c\u5401\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5185\u90e8\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6709\u9650\u6539\u9769\u7684\u52a8\u8bae\u30021901\u5e74\uff0c\u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u3001\u5218\u5764\u4e00\u8054\u5408\u63d0\u51fa\u300a\u6c5f\u695a\u4f1a\u594f\u53d8\u6cd5\u4e09\u6298\u300b\u3002[12]\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u594f\u6298\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u8a00\u6539\u826f\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9e\u65bd\u53d8\u6cd5\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a8\u5d07\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u6709\u9650\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5426\u9694\uff0c\u6c11\u60c5\u591a\u58c5\u4e8e\u4e0a\u95fb\uff0c\u4eba\u624d\u4ea6\u96be\u4ee5\u81ea\u89c1\uff0c\u6545\u81f4\u6cbb\u96be\u201d\uff1b\u897f\u65b9\u5219\u201c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u60c5\u901a\uff0c\u65e2\u80fd\u5468\u6089\u6c11\u9690\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u9f13\u821e\u8d24\u624d\uff0c\u6545\u6210\u529f\u6613\u201d\uff0c [13]\u800c\u9020\u6210\u4e2d\u897f\u5dee\u8ddd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6839\u6e90\u663e\u7136\u5728\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u6709\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u594f\u6298\u6210\u4e3a\u665a\u6e05\u65b0\u653f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u4fbf\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63a8\u884c\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7acb\u5baa\u6539\u9769\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\u662f\u6781\u5176\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u300a\u94a6\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u4ea7\u751f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u541b\u4e0a\u5927\u6743\u72ec\u63fd\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u6709\u201c\u94a6\u5b9a\u9881\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u53d1\u4ea4\u8bae\u6848\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5219\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e0d\u7b97\uff1a\u201c\u51e1\u6cd5\u5f8b\u867d\u7ecf\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u51b3\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u5949\u8bcf\u4ee4\u6279\u51c6\u9881\u5e03\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c1\u8bf8\u5b9e\u65bd\u201d\uff1b\u7687\u5e1d\u6709\u6743\u201c\u53ec\u96c6\u3001\u5f00\u95ed\u3001\u505c\u5c55\u53ca\u89e3\u6563\u8bae\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8bae\u5458\u5219\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e72\u9884\u7687\u4e0a\u201c\u8bbe\u5b98\u5236\u53ca\u9edc\u965f\u767e\u53f8\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7edf\u7387\u9646\u6d77\u519b\u53ca\u7f16\u5b9a\u519b\u5236\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\uff1b\u5ba3\u6218\u3001\u5abe\u548c\u3001\u7acb\u7ea6\u7b49\u201c\u56fd\u4ea4\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u7531\u541b\u4e0a\u4eb2\u88c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ed8\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u51b3\u201d\uff0c\u6212\u4e25\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u7d27\u6025\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u81e3\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\u81ea\u5df1\u62cd\u677f\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u8bae\u4f1a\u64cd\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bae\u9662\u5145\u5176\u91cf\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u671d\u5ef7\u6269\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\u201d\uff0c\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0b\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u6c11\u5c1a\u4e14\u8499\u5728\u9f13\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u5171\u548c\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u4e3a\u4f55\u7269\uff0c\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5207\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u8bc9\u6c42\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u63a8\u884c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9887\u5177\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u63a8\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u776c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u201c\u541b\u6c11\u5408\u6cbb\uff0c\u6ee1\u6c49\u4e0d\u5206\u201d\u7b49\u89e6\u53ca\u653f\u4f53\u5b9e\u8d28\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u800c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e00\u7b79\u83ab\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u7687\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5916\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u96c6\u56e2\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u501a\u9760\u541b\u6743\uff1b[14]\u7687\u5e1d\u9760\u5c71\u4e00\u5012\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u6d77\u5916\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u4eba\u6c11\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u9760\u4e0d\u4f4f\u7684\u201c\u963f\u6597\u201d\uff0c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u7acb\u5baa\u6539\u9769\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9760\u5c71\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u8d25\u7ed9\u91cd\u6743\u5728\u63e1\u7684\u65e2\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u4e5f\u81ea\u7136\u5728\u60c5\u7406\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u6587\u5316\u6ca1\u6709\u666e\u53ca\u3001\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4eba\u6c11\u3001\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53c8\u4e0d\u7ed9\u4eba\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6539\u9769\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    (\u4e8c)\u897f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u2014\u2014\u6587\u5316\u6c99\u6ee9\u4e0a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5927\u53a6 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n


    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u7684\u538b\u529b\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u62b5\u6297\u4e0d\u4f4f\u7684\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c61\u6b21\u62b5\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3001\u6c11\u5fc3\u4e27\u5c3d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u6572\u54cd\u4e86\u4e27\u949f\u3002\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u63a8\u7ffb\u5e1d\u5236\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u4e3b\u5f20\u897f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7eb2\u9886\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u6743\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fd1\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002[15] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u548c\u6e05\u5ef7\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u4e24\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u90fd\u6beb\u65e0\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u56fd\u4f53\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c 1912\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u7ea6\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c2\u6761\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u5168\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u9879\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u540e\u6765\u6240\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u6587\u672c\u6240\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u80af\u5b9a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u7ef4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u4f53\u7528\u8bba\u6216\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u80c6\u5730\u501f\u9274\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u5929\u575b\u5baa\u8349\u201d\u768422\u6761\u91cd\u8981\u6761\u6b3e\u4e2d\uff0c\u67099\u6761\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c 5\u6761\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u67092\u6761\u501f\u9274\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002[18]<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u81f3\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u662f\u53c2\u5dee\u4e0d\u9f50\u3001\u8d77\u4f0f\u4e0d\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8fc5\u901f\u52a0\u6df1\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u6025\u5267\u589e\u957f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u9009\u4e3e\u6761\u4ef6\u653e\u5bbd\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6bcf\u7701\u6709150\u591a\u4e07\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u603b\u6570\u8fbe\u52303400\u591a\u4e07\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8d85\u8fc7\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768410%\u3002[19]\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fbe\u5230\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u768415% \uff0c\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6e05\u672b\u8c18\u8bae\u5c40\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570(\u5168\u56fd\u9009\u6c11\u53ea\u6709170\u4e07\uff0c\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u76840. 4% ) \u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u5341\u5206\u8e0a\u8dc3\uff0c\u4e1c\u5317\u5949\u5929\u5e9c\u548c\u6c5f\u82cf\u6c5f\u5b81\u53bf\u7684\u6295\u7968\u7387\u5206\u522b\u8fbe\u523060%\u548c70%\u3002[20]\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u62e5\u6234\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u7b49\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u4e0e\u7b26\u53f7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6df1\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\u3002[21]\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5f97\u5230\u7a7a\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u515a\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u8868\u8fbe\u7a7a\u524d\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5927\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u7b49\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0d\u65ad\u63ed\u9732\u5317\u6d0b\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5185\u5e55\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u9ed1\u5e55\u906d\u5230\u4e00\u89c8\u65e0\u9057\u7684\u63ed\u9732\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5f00\u59cb\u538c\u5026\u56fd\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u751a\u81f3\u6000\u7591\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u5047\u5171\u548c\u201d\u3002[22] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u7a76\u5176\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5bc4\u6258\u4e86\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u65f6\u671f\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u821e\u5f0a\u3001\u515a\u6d3e\u653b\u8ba6\u7b49\u201c\u8d1f\u9762\u7ade\u9009\u201d( negative campaign)\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e78\u514d\u3002[23]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee5\u5f80\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5784\u65ad\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u7247\u5b81\u9759\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e00\u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u5608\u6742\u548c\u55a7\u95f9\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u672c\u6765\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fc5\u901f\u5931\u53bb\u8010\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u518d\u6b21\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u7528\u9014\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u6000\u7591\u548c\u5931\u671b\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u5931\u671b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8f6c\u800c\u5bfb\u6c42\u65b0\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u3002\u5230\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u5fb7\u5148\u751f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8d5b\u5148\u751f\u201d\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u9676\u51b6\u4e86\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e94\u56db\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5927\u5f20\u65d7\u9f13\u7684\u5ba3\u626c\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c[24]\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b20\u7f3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5728\u201c\u541b\u5b50\u4e0d\u515a\u201d\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5ba3\u626c\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u95f4\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u9119\u5937\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u610f\u8bc6\u3002[25]\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u4ef0\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ea\u80fd\u4e3a\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u591a\u6570\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f00\u59cb\u5426\u5b9a\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5f0f\u7684\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7b49\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u5f03\u8bae\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4fc4\u56fd\u201c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u201d\u6240\u521b\u9020\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u72ec\u88c1\u201d\u653f\u4f53\u3002[26] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u4e8c\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u2014\u2014\u2014\u963b\u529b\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u201c\u897f\u5316\u201d\uff1f
    
    \u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u662f\u4f9d\u5baa\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u5baa\u653f\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u672c\u4e4b\u672b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5baa\u653f\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\uff1b\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eba\u6cbb\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7387\u5148\u5b9e\u884c\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u90fd\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u540e\u6c34\u5230\u6e20\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u53ef\u6015\u7684\uff0c\u5148\u79e6\u53ca\u5176\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5bb6\u5f53\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6c11\u6028\u6cb8\u817e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u94c1\u9762\u65e0\u60c5\u7684\u9177\u540f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6240\u6b32\u4e3a\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u5374\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u672c\u8eab\u60f9\u7684\u7978\u3002[30]\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5112\u5bb6\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u5426\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91cd\u89c6\u5fb7\u6cbb\u3001\u8f7b\u89c6\u6cd5\u6cbb(\u201c\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5211\u8f85\u201d)\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u4e89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5bb6\u65e9\u5728\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u8236\u6765\u54c1\u201d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

 
    \u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5206\u6743( separation of powers) \uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5206\u6743\u6210\u4e3a\u5baa\u653f\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u5171\u540c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u89c1\u5f97\u975e\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u7f8e\u56fd\u6216\u6cd5\u56fd\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5206\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u548c\u5fb7\u6cbb\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u201c\u4ed6\u5f8b\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u5f8b\u201d\uff1b\u5b83\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u5b98\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u76f8\u5bf9\u5206\u6563\u4e0e\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u8861\u3002\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u3001\u6743\u529b\u7b49\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5236\u8861\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8bae\u5458\u5c31\u662f\u6267\u884c\u5b98\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u671b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bae\u5458\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u76d1\u7763\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u548c\u798f\u5229\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4fdd\u8bc1\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\u4e2d\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5206\u6743\u5bf9\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c[31]\u5176\u5b9e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u6743\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u6267\u6cd5\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e09\u5927\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u5206\u5f00\u5e76\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65e9\u57281789\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u7b2c16\u6761\u5c31\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u969c\u6743\u5229\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u793e\u4f1a\u5c31\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u201d\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6743\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u5baa\u653f\uff1b\u8fd9\u6837\u5373\u4fbf\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u5145\u6570\u7684\u201c\u95e8\u9762\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\u800c\u5df2\u3002[32]<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u96c6\u6743\u4f20\u7edf\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u4e0d\u540c\u804c\u80fd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u6743\u3002\u96c6\u5730\u65b9\u51b3\u7b56\u6743\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\u7684\u53bf\u5b98\u5347\u5802\u5224\u6848\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6cd5\u6cbb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u526f\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u50cf\u201d\u3002\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u6743\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u662f\u4f55\u5176\u4e4b\u5927\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n


    (\u4e00)\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u786e\u7acb <\/P>\r\n


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    \u548c\u60e7\u6015\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u548c\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5747\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u65e9\u5728\u6e05\u672b\u5c31\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c 1913\u5e749\u6708\u4ed6\u5c31\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u53f8\u6cd5\u603b\u957f\u540e\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u4eca\u4e4b\u7a0d\u77e5\u5927\u4f53\u8005\uff0c\u54b8\u4ee5\u517b\u6210\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e3a\u56fe\u201d\u3002[35]\u8457\u540d\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u6210\u5458\u718a\u5e0c\u9f84\u5c31\u4efb\u56fd\u52a1\u603b\u7406\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4fbf\u76f4\u8a00\u201c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u653f\u89c1\uff1a\u201c\u6b32\u4f7f\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u975e\u9020\u6210\u6cd5\u5236\u56fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u201d[36]\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\u5219\u5c06\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4e00\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u666e\u904d\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u5404\u56fd\u7686\u5c1a\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u6211\u5904\u5176\u95f4\uff0c\u82df\u4e0d\u6b65\u5176\u540e\u5c18\uff0c\u975e\u4f46\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u56fe\u5b58\uff0c\u4e14\u5bf9\u5185\u4ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7acb\u3002\u201d\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u5f53\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u5df2\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6240\u5171\u8ba4\u3002\u201d[37]\u9887\u4e3a\u96be\u80fd\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u6cbb\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u6839\u672c\uff1a\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u5b88\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5fc5\u56fd\u5bb6\u5404\u673a\u5173\u4e4b\u884c\u52a8\u4e00\u4e00\u7686\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u51c6\u7ef3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5eb6\u51e0\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u6210\u3002\uff1f\uff1f\u4ec5\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e8e\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdd\u6cd5\u4e8e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5219\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7ec8\u65e0\u7531\u4ee5\u6210\uff0c\u4e14\u6b64\u79cd\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u987a\u6c11\u4e4b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u76f8\u6bd4\u62df\u3002\u6545\u543e\u4eba\u82df\u6b32\u8fdb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f53\u4ec5\u6c42\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u5b88\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ea6\u5e94\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5b88\u6cd5\u3002\u592b\u653f\u5e9c\u80fd\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e8e\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u4eba\u6c11\u59cb\u53ef\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e8e\u4e0b\u3002\u201d[38] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u8457\u5927\u91cf\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4ece\u5404\u5927\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e66\u7c4d\u5e7f\u544a\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u4e1a\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u5df2\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u201c\u663e\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u521d\u77ed\u77ed\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\uff0c\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\u591a\u8fbe31\u79cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u539f\u6587\u5e76\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\u670911\u79cd\uff0c [43]\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u300a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u91ca\u4e49\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u91ca\u4e49\u300b\u3001\u300a\u82f1\u7f8e\u5fb7\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f83\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u8981\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u73b0\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e09\u5341\u79cd\u300b\u7b49\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8457\u8ff0\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u548c\u5e7f\u5ea6\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7f16\u8bd1\u3001\u6574\u7406\u65e5\u672c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6216\u8bb2\u7a3f\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u5219\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5c1a\u5904\u4e8e\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u95ee\u4e16\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\u4e86\u6b27\u7f8e\u5171\u548c\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5145\u5206\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u5bf9\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u4e9b\u62a5\u7eb8\u520a\u767b\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e66\u7c4d\u5e7f\u544a\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u5e7f\u544a\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5efa\uff0c\u767e\u5ea6\u7ef4\u65b0\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u5c06\u8349\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u3001\u8bae\u9662\u6cd5\u3002\u51e1\u6211\u5b98\u540f\u3001\u8bae\u5458\u3001\u653f\u515a\u515a\u5458\u3001\u8bf8\u70ed\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u6b63\u5728\u6089\u5fc3\u53c2\u8003(\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6) \uff0c\u800c\u6211\u65b0\u56fd\u6c11\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u5468\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u4f53\u4e4b\u8981\u9886\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c3d\u76d1\u7763\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\u6cd5\u6848\u4e4b\u5929\u804c\u3002\u201d[44]\u300a\u8fd1\u4e16\u5baa\u6cd5\u62e9\u5fae\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u5e7f\u544a\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u6839\u672c\u6cd5\uff0c (\u672c\u4e66)\u5e94\u56fd\u6c11\u4eca\u65e5\u6700\u8981\u4e4b\u9700\u3002\u56e0\u543e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u65b9\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u6709\u6b64\u4e66\u4ee5\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u5c06\u4f55\u4ee5\u5b9a\u6211\u4ece\u8fdd\uff0c\u800c\u5224\u5176\u826f\u5426\u4e4e\uff1f\u201d[45] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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   <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    \u4e09\u3001\u4eba\u6743\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u624b\u6bb5\u6210\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\uff1f
    
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    (\u4e00)\u8054\u90a6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5de5\u5177 <\/P>\r\n


    \u5230\u6c11\u521d\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6210\u4e3a\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u4e4b\u95f4\u8f83\u91cf\u4e0e\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bdd\u9898\u3002[62]\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u5219\u5927\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u652f\u6301\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u662f\u62e5\u5175\u81ea\u91cd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u519b\u9600\u3002[63]1916\u5e74\u81f31917\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u6d0b\u6d3e\u519b\u4eba\u96c6\u56e2\u5bb3\u6015\u7701\u957f\u6c11\u9009\u5c06\u524a\u5f31\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53cd\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u5206\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5317\u6d0b\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u76f4\u7cfb\u519b\u4eba\u7b49\u5b9e\u529b\u6d3e\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7701\u5236\u5373\u4f7f\u5165\u5baa\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u6267\u884c\u30021922\u5e74\u81f31923\u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u76f4\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u6d3e\u7ef4\u6301\u5206\u6cbb\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u76f4\u7cfb\u5317\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u540e\u505a\u51fa\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u7701\u5236\u5165\u5baa\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5206\u6743\u3002[64] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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    (\u4e8c)\u8054\u90a6\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u5174\u8870\u4e0e\u542f\u793a <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n


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    \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u515a\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u91ce\u515a\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u8054\u90a6\u5206\u6743\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u6d3e\u52bf\u5747\u529b\u654c\u6216\u6743\u529b\u683c\u5c40\u4e0d\u5c3d\u660e\u6717\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u4e00\u5ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u5404\u6d3e\u522b\u90fd\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u8054\u90a6\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e2d\u5171\u4e8c\u5927\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\u6279\u8bc4\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5ef6\u957f\u5730\u65b9\u519b\u9600\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c[72] \u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u7acb\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff1a\u201c(\u4e09)\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8(\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u5728\u5185)\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff1b (\u56db)\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u56de\u7586\u4e09\u90e8\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u6cbb\u90a6\uff1b (\u4e94)\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u56de\u7586\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u534e\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u201d[73]1945\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u201c\u4e03\u5927\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u544a\u300a\u8bba\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\u4e2d\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5e94\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u613f\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u201d\u201c\u4e03\u5927\u201d\u515a\u7ae0\u5728\u603b\u7eb2\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u5bcc\u5f3a\u7684\u5404\u9769\u547d\u9636\u7ea7\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u5408\u7684\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u800c\u594b\u6597\u3002\u201d\u76f4\u52301947\u5e7410\u670810\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u5404\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u81ea\u6cbb\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u52a0\u5165\u4e2d\u534e\u8054\u90a6\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u638c\u63e1\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u515a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u4e86\u3002[74] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    
    \u4e94\u3001\u4ee3\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u201d\u4e0e\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c
    
    \u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\u6559\u6388\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u201d\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e3b\u65cb\u5f8b\u3002[75]\u4f46\u4ece\u201c\u4e2d\u4f53\u897f\u7528\u201d\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7248\u672c\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u5438\u6536\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f20\u7edf\u536b\u9053\u58eb\u62b5\u5236\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u9020\u8bbf\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u5bb6\u540c\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u843d\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5c61\u5c61\u5efa\u8bae\u4e2d\u56fd\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u201d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u65e5\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u6709\u8d3a\u957f\u96c4\u660e\u77e5\u201c\u8d85\u7136\u5185\u9601\u201d\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ee5\u81f3\u5176\u672c\u56fd\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u5efa\u8bae\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u9879\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[76]\u7f8e\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u5b66\u6743\u5a01\u53e4\u5fb7\u8bfa\u5148\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u9601\u5236\u4e0d\u5982\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u66f4\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c [77]\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u4e3b\u5f20\u6c11\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u4e0d\u5982\u7acb\u5baa\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u6062\u590d\u5e1d\u5236\u6240\u5229\u7528\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5e9e\u5fb7\u9662\u957f\u5219\u66f4\u660e\u786e\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8bba\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u5408\u4e4e\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u60c5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6284\u88ad\u5916\u56fd\u3002\u5236\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\u65f6\u6700\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u4e4b\u70b9\uff0c\u4e43\u4f7f\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5185\u5bb9\u914d\u5408\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u3002\uff1f\uff1f\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u4e00\u56fd\u4e4b\u4eba\u6c11\u539f\u6709\u4e4b\u6587\u5316\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u4e4b\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u51b3\u975e\u4e00\u79cd\u957f\u6210\u540e\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u7531\u4e00\u56fd\u79fb\u8bf8\u4ed6\u56fd\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u201d[78] <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e2\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u5206\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c[79]\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff1b[80]\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u8be5\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u5b9e\u884c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fdd\u5baa\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63d0\u4f9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u201c\u89c6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u73af\u5883\u800c\u5b9a\u201d\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u963b\u788d\u6539\u9769\u7684\u501f\u53e3\u3002[81]\u81f3\u4e8e\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u4e48\u624d\u7b26\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u201d\uff0c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u8bf4\u81ea\u8bdd\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4fbf\u7edf\u7edf\u65a5\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u5408\u56fd\u60c5\u201d\u3002[82]\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u4f55\u5176\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u53c8\u4f55\u5176\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u5ba1\u89c6\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e00\u9879\u6210\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u514b\u670d\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u6216\u201c\u672c\u571f\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u548c\u60f0\u6027\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u7406\u8bba\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u76f2\u76ee\u7167\u6284\u5916\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u52a9\u957f\u591c\u90ce\u81ea\u5927\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u65e2\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u963b\u788d\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8d85\u8d8a\u201c\u56fd\u60c5\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u548c\u72ed\u9698\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u4e0d\u65ad\u8d70\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d70\u8fc7\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8981\u5230\u8fbe\u4ec0\u4e48\u72b6\u6001\uff1f \u867d\u7136\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u76f8\u6bd4\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7167\u642c\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u51b3\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\u90fd\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u6700\u7ec8\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5404\u56fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u81ea\u6211\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u767e\u5e74\u5baa\u653f\u4e4b\u8def\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u660e\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u4eba\u79cd\u5206\u4eab\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u9700\u8981\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5fc5\u7136\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e86\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u9075\u5faa\u67d0\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\u5c24\u5176\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65e5\u76ca\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u5baa\u653f\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc72004\u5e74\u4fee\u5baa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u501f\u9274\u548c\u5438\u6536\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u5e76\u8fd8\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u548c\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6216\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u666e\u904d\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4ef7\u503c\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f2\u76ee\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6e10\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u81ea\u52a8\u8fbe\u5230\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5728\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u9636\u6bb5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u53d1\u751f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u96be\u4ee5\u8fbe\u6210\u53cc\u8d62\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7edf\u6cbb\u96c6\u56e2\u60a3\u5f97\u60a3\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u81f4\u4f7f\u6539\u9769\u534a\u9014\u800c\u5e9f\uff1b\u548c\u5e73\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6267\u653f\u8005\u7684\u89c9\u609f\u3001\u610f\u613f\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u3001\u66f4\u81ea\u89c9\u3001\u66f4\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u62e5\u62a4\u5baa\u653f\u7406\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e3b\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u624d\u80fd\u878d\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5baa\u653f\u6587\u660e\u8d21\u732e\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    
    ——————————————————————————–
    \u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u7b14\u8005\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u7ea7\u79d1\u7814\u91cd\u70b9\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u60e9\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9884\u9632\u201d(\u9879\u76ee\u7f16\u53f704SFB1007)\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u6210\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    \u5f20\u5343\u5e06(1964\u5e74\u2014) \uff0c\u7537\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b66\u535a\u58eb
    ————-
    [1]\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bfc\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u2014\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c120\u2014125\u9875\u3002
    [2]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u5f15\u2460\uff0c\u7b2c51\u201456\u9875\u3002
    [3]\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff1a\u5360\u4e86\u4eba\u53e3\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5987\u5973\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u4e14\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u7a77\u4eba\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002\u52301830\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u9646\u7eed\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u8d44\u683c\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c 1870\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7b2c15\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u660e\u786e\u7981\u6b62\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u5987\u5973\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5219\u52301921\u5e74\u624d\u83b7\u5f97\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5(\u7b2c19\u4fee\u6b63\u6848)\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u5efa\u56fd\u4f0a\u59cb\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u3001\u7537\u5b50\u3001\u6709\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u6781\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u624d\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u5236\u5b9a\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u52a8\u8bae\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c10\u300151\u7bc7\u3002
    [4]\u201c\u53e4\u8005\u4ee5\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u541b\u4e3a\u5ba2\uff1b\u51e1\u541b\u4e4b\u6240\u6bd5\u4e16\u800c\u7ecf\u8425\u8005\uff0c\u4e3a\u5929\u4e0b\u4e5f\u3002\u4eca\u4e5f\u4ee5\u541b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3a\u5ba2\uff1b\u51e1\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u65e0\u5730\u800c\u5f97\u5b89\u5b81\u8005\uff0c\u4e3a\u541b\u4e5f\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u5176\u672a\u5f97\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c60\u6bd2\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u809d\u8111\uff0c\u79bb\u6563\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u4ee5\u535a\u6211\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff1f\uff1f\u5176\u65e2\u5f97\u4e4b\u4e5f\uff0c\u6572\u5265\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u9aa8\u9ad3\uff0c\u79bb\u6563\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u4ee5\u5949\u6211\u4e00\u4eba\u4e4b\u6deb\u4e50\uff1f\uff1f\u7136\u5219\u4e3a\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u541b\u800c\u5df2\u77e3\uff01\u5411\u4f7f\u65e0\u541b\uff0c\u4eba\u5404\u5f97\u81ea\u79c1\u4e5f\uff0c\u4eba\u5404\u5f97\u81ea\u5229\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u300a\u660e\u5937\u5f85\u8bbf\u5f55\u00b7\u539f\u541b\u300b\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [5]\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u5929\u60df\u65f6\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e43\u5927\u964d\u663e\u4f11\u547d\u4e8e\u6210\u6c64\uff0c\u5211\u6b84\u6709\u590f\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4e43\u60df\u6210\u6c64\u514b\u4ee5\u5c14\u591a\u65b9\u7b80\uff0c\u4ee3\u590f\u4f5c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u00b7\u591a\u65b9\u300b\u3002
    [6] \u300a\u5f22\u56ed\u6587\u5f55\u5916\u7f16\u300b\u3002
    [7]\u90d1\u89c2\u5e94\uff1a\u300a\u76db\u4e16\u5371\u8a00\u00b7\u8bae\u9662\u4e0a\u300b\u3002
    [8]\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u4e1b\u520a\u00b7\u620a\u620c\u53d8\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u518c\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e66\u5e97\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c236\u2014237\u9875\u3002
    [9]\u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1a\u300a\u620a\u620c\u653f\u53d8\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401954\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c137\u2014138\u9875\u3002
    [10]\u6881\u542f\u8d85\uff1a\u300a\u5f00\u660e\u4e13\u5236\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u524d\u5341\u5e74\u65f6\u8bba\u9009\u96c6\u300b(\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u00b7\u4e0a) \uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971960\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c195\u9875\u3002
    [11]\u524d\u5f1510
    [12] \u300a\u53d8\u901a\u653f\u6cbb\u7b79\u8bae\u5148\u52a1\u56db\u6761\u6298\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7b79\u8bae\u53d8\u6cd5\u8c28\u62df\u6574\u987f\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5341\u4e8c\u6761\u6298\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7b79\u8bae\u53d8\u6cd5\u8c28\u62df\u91c7\u7528\u897f\u6cd5\u5341\u4e00\u6761\u6298\u300b\u3002
    [13]\u6731\u5bff\u670b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5149\u7eea\u671d\u4e1c\u534e\u5f55\u300b(\u56db) \uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401958\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c4787\u9875\u3002
    [14]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f90\u7965\u6c11\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u9752\u5c9b\u6d77\u6d0b\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c60\u201462\u9875\u3002
    [15]\u53c2\u89c1\u4e25\u6cc9\uff1a\u300a\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u534e\u9996\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u5baa(1913\u20141923) \u300b\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c159\u2014160\u9875\uff0c\u8868\u4e8c\u3002
    [16] \u300a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c9\u5377\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401986\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c281\u2014283\u9875\u3002
    [17]\u524d\u5f15l6\uff0c\u7b2c286\u9875\u3002
    [18]\u524d\u5f1515\uff0c\u7b2c157\u2014160\u9875\u3002
    [19]\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\uff1a\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u53f2\u8bba\u96c6\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7f16\u6c11\u521d\u653f\u6cbb(\u4e00) \u300b\uff0c\u7b2c10\u9875\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u5f1515 \uff0c\u7b2c18\u9875\u3002
    [20]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u5f1515 \uff0c\u7b2c18\u201419\u9875\u3002
    [21]\u6731\u82f1\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c45\u9875\u3002
    [22]\u5f20\u4e1c\u836a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u7b2c21\u5377\u7b2c1\u53f7(1924\u5e741\u670810\u65e5) \u3002
    [23]\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u4f8b\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a\u300a\u9009\u4e3e\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u2014\u2014\u2014\u8bba\u8d1f\u9762\u7ade\u9009\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u6807\u51c6\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5baa\u653f\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b(\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e) 2007\u5e74\u7b2c32\u5377\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c495\u2014543\u9875\u3002 ( <\/FONT>http:\/\/www.tecn.cn<\/FONT><\/A> )
    [24]\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\uff1a\u300a\u72ec\u79c0\u6587\u5b58\u300b(\u5377\u4e00) \uff0c\u5b89\u5fbd\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1987\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c220\u9875\u3002
    [25]\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u9002\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u4e00\u515a\u5230\u65e0\u515a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c171\u53f7\u3002
    [26]\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u9009\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1981\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c757\u2014764\u9875\u3002
    [27]\u524d\u5f1515\uff0c\u7b2c31\u9875\u3002
    [28]\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u9002\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b1932\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002
    [29]\u53c2\u89c1\u8521\u5b9a\u5251\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c199\u2014261\u9875\u3002
    [30] 1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5200\u201d\u5236\u548c\u201c\u6c34\u201d\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e89\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u533a\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3(\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u843d\u540e\u751a\u81f3\u201c\u5c01\u5efa\u201d)\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u5236\u201d\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3(\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u201d)\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u4e24\u8005\u6700\u5927\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5728\u6cd5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u201c\u6cd5\u5916\u201d\u2014\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u73af\u5883\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [31] Montesquieu\uff0c The Spirit of the Laws\uff0c A.M. Cohler\uff0c B. C. Miller\uff0c and H. S. Stone ( trans. & ed. ) \uff0c Cambridge University Press (1988) \uff0c p. 157. ( <\/FONT>http:\/\/www.tecn.cn<\/FONT><\/A> )
    [32] Giovanni Sartori\uff0c Com parative Constitutional Engineering\uff1a An Inquiry into S tructures\uff0c Incentives and Outcom es\uff0c New York University Press(1994) \uff0c pp. 197\u2014203. ( <\/FONT>http:\/\/www.tecn.cn<\/FONT><\/A> )
    [33]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u664b\u85e9\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u767e\u5e74\u6cd5\u5236\u5927\u4e8b\u7eb5\u89c8\uff1a 1900\u20141999\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c14\u201415\u9875\u3002
    [34] \u300a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401982\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c14\u9875\u3002
    [35] \u90b1\u8fdc\u7337\uff1a\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b1998\u5e7411\u670813\u65e5\u3002
    [36] \u300a\u718a\u5e0c\u9f84\u96c6\u300b(\u4e0a) \uff0c\u7b2c502\u2014503\u9875\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u674e\u5b66\u667a\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u601d\u6f6e\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c15\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [37] \u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5eb8\u8a00\u300b\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c24\u53f7\u3002
    [38] \u524d\u5f1537
    [39] \u300a\u65b0\u6708\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\u7b2c4\u53f7\u3002
    [40] \u300a\u8bba\u4eba\u6743\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u6708\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\u7b2c5\u53f7\u3002
    [41] \u300a\u6559\u80b2\u524d\u9014\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u73b0\u8c61\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\u7b2c9\u5377\u7b2c12\u53f7\u3002
    [42] \u80e1\u7ef3\u6b66\u3001\u91d1\u51b2\u53ca\uff1a\u300a\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u7a3f\u300b(\u7b2c\u56db\u5377) \uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1991\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c123\u9875\u3002
    [43] \u674e\u5b66\u667a\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u601d\u6f6e\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c31\u9875\u3002
    [44] \u300a\u6c11\u7acb\u62a5\u300b1912\u5e745\u670811\u65e5\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u884c43\u7b2c33\u9875\u3002
    [45] \u300a\u6c11\u7acb\u62a5\u300b1913\u5e745\u67083\u65e5\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u5f1543\u7b2c33\u9875\u3002
    [46] \u524d\u5f1543\u7b2c35\u201440\u9875\u3002
    [47]\u8881\u4f1f\u65f6\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u6c11\u521d\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b2000\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002
    [48]\u3000\u5728\u6c34\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u6d89\u5acc\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7a83\u542c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7ade\u9009\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5730\u65b9\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7684\u8d77\u8bc9\u3002\u753112\u4f4d\u666e\u901a\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5927\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u8981\u6c42\u603b\u7edf\u4ea4\u51fa\u6d89\u53ca\u7f6a\u8bc1\u7684\u767d\u5bab\u7535\u8bdd\u5f55\u97f3\u5e26\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u4ee5\u7279\u514d\u6743\u4e3a\u7531\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u81f4\u5224\u51b3\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u514d\u6743\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u7acb(\u89c1United States v. Nixon\uff0c 418 U. S. 683) \u3002\u5224\u51b3\u4e0b\u8fbe\u540e\uff0c\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u5f88\u5feb\u901a\u7535\u8f9e\u804c\u3002
    [49]\u3000\u524d\u5f1515 \uff0c\u7b2c177\u9875\u3002
    [50]\u524d\u5f1515 \uff0c\u7b2c155\u2014156\u9875\u3002
    [51]\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u3002
    [52]\u53c2\u89c1\u590f\u52c7\uff1a\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6982\u5ff5\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1992\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c180\u2014186\u9875\u3002
    [53]\u4f8b\u5982\u548c\u4e25\u590d\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4f55\u542f\u3001\u80e1\u793c\u57a3\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u9053\u4e4b\u884c\uff0c\u4eca\u72b9\u672a\u53ca\u3002\uff1f\uff1f\u5219\u5bb6\u4e0d\u59a8\u79c1\u5176\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e61\u4e0d\u59a8\u79c1\u5176\u4e61\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u4ea6\u4e0d\u59a8\u79c1\u5176\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4ea6\u4e0d\u59a8\u79c1\u5176\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u80fd\u77e5\u4eba\u4e4b\u79c1\u4e4b\u672a\u80fd\u4e00\uff0c\u77e5\u5df1\u4e4b\u79c1\u4e4b\u672a\u5c3d\u8832\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5219\u5408\u4eba\u4eba\u4e4b\u79c1\u4ee5\u4e3a\u79c1\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u79c1\u800c\u5929\u4e0b\u4ea6\u6cbb\u77e3\u3002\u5404\u5f97\u5176\u79c1\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u590d\u4ee5\u79c1\u540d\u4e4b\u4e5f\uff0c\u8c13\u4e4b\u516c\u7109\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u4f55\u542f\u3001\u80e1\u793c\u57a3\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u653f\u771f\u8be0\u300b\uff0c\u8fbd\u5b81\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1994\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c397\u2014406\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [54]\u300a\u8bba\u4e16\u53d8\u4e4b\u4e9f\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e25\u590d\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u518c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401986\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9875\u3002
    [55]\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u4e0e\u7ea6\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u6708\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\u7b2c4\u53f7\u3002
    [56]\u300a\u544a\u538b\u8feb\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u6708\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\u7b2c6\u30017\u53f7\u5408\u520a\u3002
    [57]\u53c2\u89c1\u4f8b\u5982\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u6848\u4e2d\u970d\u59c6\u65af( J. Holmes)\u548c\u5e03\u5170\u4ee3\u65af( J. Brandeis)\u4e24\u4f4d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u610f\u89c1\uff1a Abrams v. United States\uff0c 250 U. S. 616(1919) \uff1b Whitney v. California\uff0c 274 U. S. 357 (1927) . <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

  [58]\u300a\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u6708\u300b\u7b2c2\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c6\u30017\u671f\u5408\u520a\u3002
    [59] \u524d\u5f1558.
    [60]\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u5185\u201d\u662f\u6307\u4eac\u4e2d\u90e8\u9662\u3001\u516b\u65d7\uff0c\u201c\u5916\u201d\u662f\u6307\u5916\u7701\u7763\u629a\u3001\u5c06\u519b\u3002\u90e8\u9662\u548c\u7763\u629a\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u7ef4\u76f8\u5236\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u90e8\u9662\u638c\u63e1\u7eb2\u7eaa\u6cd5\u5ea6\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5404\u7701\u5927\u540f\u4e13\u64c5\u884c\u4e8b\u800c\u7834\u574f\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u4ee4\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u96c6\u4e2d\uff1b\u7763\u629a\u5219\u8c19\u719f\u5730\u65b9\u98ce\u571f\u4eba\u60c5\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u56e0\u5730\u5236\u5b9c\u5730\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u4ee4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53ca\u65f6\u53cd\u9988\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u4ee4\u5728\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u8584\u8d35\u5229\uff1a\u300a\u96c6\u6743\u5206\u6743\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5174\u8870\u300b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c685\u9875\u3002<\/FONT>    [61]\u3000\u53c2\u89c1\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\uff1a\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u7bc7\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u65b0\u6c11\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\u7b2c5\u20147\u671f\u3002
    [62]\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e3b\u5f20\u751a\u81f3\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u201c\u751a\u56a3\u5c18\u4e0a\u201d\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u5404\u5730\u51fa\u4e8e\u53cd\u6297\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u8881\u6c0f\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u8bba\u53cd\u800c\u6d88\u6c89\u4e86\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5251\u519c\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u767e\u5e74\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\uff1a 1840\u20141926\u300b\uff0c\u6b66\u6c49\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c416\u2014422\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT>   [63]\u738b\u4eba\u535a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u601d\u6f6e\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c148\u9875\u3002
    [64]\u80e1\u6625\u60e0\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c341\u9875\u3002
    [65]\u524d\u5f1558\uff0c\u7b2c121\u2014160\u9875\u3002
    [66]\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u5f151\u7b2c60\u201463\u9875\u3002
    [67]\u524d\u5f1515\u7b2c198\u2014199\u9875\u3002
    [68]\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u3001\u4e91\u5357\u548c\u5e7f\u897f\u7684\u7701\u5baa\u5236\u5b9a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e5f\u6709\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u524d\u5f1564\u7b2c134\u3001273\u2014305\u9875\u3002
    [69]\u524d\u5f1515\uff0c\u7b2c76\u201481\u9875\u3002
    [70]\u738b\u4e16\u6770\u3001\u94b1\u7aef\u5347\uff1a\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c362\u9875\u3002
    [71]\u524d\u5f1515 \uff0c\u7b2c298\u2014306\u9875\u3002
    [72] \u201c\u81f3\u4e8e\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u7b49\u5904\u5219\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4e0d\u72ec\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e3a\u5f02\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e45\u8fdc\u805a\u5c45\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\u5404\u7701\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5df2\u7531\u5c0f\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u6e10\u8fdb\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u4ea7\u5236\u7684\u5e7c\u7a1a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u800c\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u65b0\u7586\u7b49\u5904\u5219\u8fd8\u5904\u5728\u6e38\u7267\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f02\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u800c\u5f3a\u5176\u7edf\u4e00\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\u8fd8\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u7684\u6b66\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53ea\u6709\u6269\u5927\u519b\u9600\u7684\u5730\u76d8\uff0c\u963b\u788d\u8499\u53e4\u7b49\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e8e\u672c\u90e8\u4eba\u6c11\u6ca1\u6709\u4e1d\u6beb\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5e94\u5f53\u53cd\u5bf9\u5272\u636e\u5f0f\u7684\u8054\u7701\u81ea\u6cbb\u548c\u5927\u4e00\u7edf\u7684\u6b66\u529b\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e00\u5207\u519b\u9600\uff0c\u7531\u4eba\u6c11\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u90e8\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u4f9d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u514d\u9664\u519b\u9600\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u5c0a\u91cd\u8fb9\u7586\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u8499\u53e4\u3001\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u56de\u7586\u4e09\u81ea\u6cbb\u90a6\uff0c \u518d\u8054\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c \u624d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u201d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c \u8f7d\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7edf\u6218\u90e8\u7f16\uff1a \u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u6587\u732e\u6c47\u7f16\uff1a 1921\u5e747\u6708\u20141949\u5e749\u6708\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u515a\u6821\u51fa\u7248\u793e1991\u5e74\u7248\uff0c \u7b2c17\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [73] \u524d\u5f1572.
    [74] 1949\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u5c31\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u5411\u7b2c\u4e8c\u91ce\u6218\u519b\u524d\u7ebf\u515a\u59d4\u53d1\u51fa\u6307\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u2018\u81ea\u51b3\u6743\u2019\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4e0d\u5e94\u518d\u53bb\u5f3a\u8c03\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u5185\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u66fe\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b8c\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u5927\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u8d70\u72d7\u5206\u88c2\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6c11\u65cf\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5e94\u518d\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5e94\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2d\u534e\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u53cb\u7231\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a9\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u201d\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u5927\u4e8b\u8bb01949\u20141988\u300b\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u51fa\u7248\u793e1990\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3\u20144\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    [75] \u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u53d8\u6210\u6700\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6562\u5bf9\u2018\u8fdb\u6b65\u2019\u7a0d\u8868\u8fdf\u7591\u90fd\u662f\u53cd\u52a8\u3001\u9000\u540e\u3001\u843d\u4f0d\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u3002\uff1f\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u8ddf\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e92\u76f8\u5236\u8861\u3002\u201d\u4f59\u82f1\u65f6\uff1a\u300a\u94b1\u7a46\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fdc\u4e1c\u51fa\u7248\u793e1996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c198\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

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