{"id":68789,"date":"2016-11-29T16:53:00","date_gmt":"2016-11-29T16:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=68789 "},"modified":"2016-11-29T16:53:00","modified_gmt":"2016-11-29T16:53:00","slug":"68789-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=68789","title":{"rendered":"\u7ec3\u4e59\u94ee\uff1a\u4ece\u53cc\u5b66\u6881\u6e38\u770b\u793e\u8fd0\u7684\u95ee\u8d23\u548c\u514d\u8d23"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4eca\u5929\u548c\u5927\u5bb6\u8c08\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u8d23\u548c\u514d\u8d23\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4e24\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u5728\u793e\u8fd0\u5185\u90e8\u8d77\u7801\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5360\u8fd0\u300c\u53cc\u5b66\u300d\u9886\u5bfc\u6838\u5fc3\u88ab\u6307\u6307\u6325\u4e0d\u5f53\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd0\u52a8\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5f3a\u70c8\u6307\u6458\uff1b\u4e00\u662f\u7acb\u4f1a\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89e6\u53d1\u4eba\u5927\u5f3a\u884c\u300c\u91ca\u6cd5\u300d\u3001\u4ee4\u4e24\u4f4d\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e27\u5931\u8bae\u5e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u65f6\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e8c\u4eba\u300c\u7d2f\u8857\u574a\u300d\u4e4b\u8bf4\u5982\u6f6e\u6d8c\u3002\u4e89\u8bae\u558b\u558b\u4e0d\u4f11\u5374\u672a\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u793e\u8fd0\u672c\u8eab\u6ca1\u6709\uff08\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\uff09\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4ef2\u88c1\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u662f\u5224\u522b\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u514d\u8d23\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u666e\u904d\u539f\u5219\u66f4\u672a\u5f97\u786e\u7acb\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u8fd0\u5185\u90e8\u4f24\u4e86\u548c\u6c14\uff0c\u957f\u8fdc\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u8d44\u6e90\u9519\u914d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u793e\u8fd0\u9886\u8896\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u8d28\u548c\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e0d\u9002\u5ea6\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u793e\u8fd0\u6548\u7387\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\uff0c\u8be5\u95ee\u8d23\u800c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u514d\u8d23\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u8fd0\u9886\u8896\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u964d\uff1b\u53ef\u514d\u8d23\u800c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u95ee\u8d23\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u793e\u8fd0\u9886\u8896\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u4f1a\u504f\u4f4e\uff08\u4ee5\u4eba\u6570\u6216\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u8ba1\uff09\u3002\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5408\u7ea6\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u8d54\u507f\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u8d44\u501f\u9274\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u672c\u6587\u8bb2\u7684\u95ee\u8d23\u548c\u514d\u8d23\uff0c\u90fd\u6307\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u800c\u8a00\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u5173\u94b1\u8d22\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5360\u8fd0\u95ee\u8d23\u3000\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9009<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5e0c\u62c9\u8389\u9009\u8f93\u4e86\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u4e3b\u56e0\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\uff0c\u5979\u672c\u6765\u8d62\u9762\u9ad8\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5012\u4e86\u7076\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5979\u9009\u524d\u6c11\u8c03\u4e00\u76f4\u5927\u5e45\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u6389\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5979\u8981\u8d1f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u3002\u4f46\u5171\u548c\u515a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u8f6e\u6d74\u8840\u521d\u9009\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u5e0c\u62c9\u8389\u631f\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u6c11\u671b\u8d85\u9ad8\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u98ce\u8c03\u96e8\u987a\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5374\u9634\u6c9f\u7ffb\u8239\uff1b\u8fd9\u6837\u5b50\u8f93\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e0c\u62c9\u8389\u8981\u8d1f\u5f88\u5927\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u518d\u770b\u5360\u8fd0\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u52a8\u5458\u529b\u91cf\u5341\u5206\u987d\u5f3a\uff0c\u65f7\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7834\u7eaa\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u540e\u51b7\u9759\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u6487\u5f00\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6b63\u9762\u6210\u679c\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e00\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\uff1a\u82e5\u4ee5\u80fd\u5426\u4e00\u4e3e\u4e89\u5f97\u6c11\u4e3b\u666e\u9009\u8bba\u6210\u8d25\uff0c\u5219\u5360\u8fd0\u8d62\u9762\u63a5\u8fd1\u96f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ece\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u5c55\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u56fd\u4e24\u5236\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\u3001\u4e0b\u8fbe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">8.31<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u6001\u5ea6\u5f3a\u786c\uff0c\u6b64\u5176\u4e00\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u524d\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0d\u7b97\u591a\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">9.28<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u50ac\u6cea\u5f39\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u540e\u65b9\u59cb\u5927\u91cf\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u9996\u6b21\u53c2\u4e0e\u793e\u8fd0\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u610f\u652f\u6301\u6e10\u5f31\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u6b64\u5176\u4e8c\u3002\u653f\u6743\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u9996\u8f6e\u5f39\u538b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u62d6\u5b57\u8bc0\u53ca\u9f13\u52a8\u7231\u5b57\u5e2e\u51fa\u9a6c\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8b66\u529b\u8fdc\u672a\u7528\u5c3d\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u4e5f\u672a\u6709\u660e\u663e\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u518d\u8981\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u6e38\u5203\u6709\u4f59\uff0c\u6b64\u5176\u4e09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5360\u8fd0\u4e89\u53d6\u4e0d\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u666e\u9009\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u66f4\u975e\u6218\u4e4b\u7f6a\uff0c\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u6240\u987b\u8d1f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u64cd\u76d8\u6b63\u786e\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u952e\uff1b\u6c11\u4f17\u5728\u6e05\u573a\u9636\u6bb5\u53ca\u540e\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u90e8\u4efd\u4eba\u602a\u7f6a\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4f46\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u50cf\u5468\u6c38\u5eb7\u3001\u9ec4\u4e4b\u950b\u3001\u6881\u4e3d\u5e3c\u3001\u5c91\u6556\u6656\u3001\u7f57\u51a0\u806a\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u4e0d\u53ef\u591a\u5f97\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5360\u8fd0\u7ecf\u5386\u953b\u70bc\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f04\u5f97\u7070\u5934\u571f\u8138\u5fc3\u7070\u610f\u51b7\u3001\u90fd\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u8981\u300c\u770b\u7834\u7ea2\u5c18\u300d\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5f88\u4e0d\u5e78\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3000\u300c\u7d2f\u8857\u574a\u300d\uff1f<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u987b\u8d1f\u591a\u5c11\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u7684\u8d62\u9762\u9ad8\u4f4e\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\u6cd5\uff1a\u9636\u6bb5\u6027\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u95ee\u8d23\u7a7a\u95f4\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u5c0f\uff08\u5426\u5219\u5b59\u6587\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u540c\u76df\u4f1a\u91cc\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u6371\u4e0d\u5230<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1911<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6881\u6e38\u51fa\u683c\u5ba3\u8a93\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e58\u673a\u53d1\u4f5c\uff0c\u8086\u610f\u53d6\u6d88\u4e8c\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e2d\uff0c\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u300c\u52a0\u6599\u91ca\u6cd5\u300d\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u66f4\u7834\u574f\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u7ba1\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5c24\u5176\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4e25\u5389\u6307\u6458\u4e8c\u4eba\u6210\u4e8b\u4e0d\u8db3\u8d25\u4e8b\u6709\u4f59\uff0c\u8981\u300c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">700<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4e07\u5e02\u6c11\u57cb\u5355\u300d\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u300c\u7d2f\u8857\u574a\u300d\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6881\u6e38\u6ca1\u751a\u4e48\u9519\uff0c\u9519\u7684\u662f\u4eac\u6e2f\u653f\u6743\u65e0\u7406\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u641e\u9519\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u653f\u89c1\u672c\u4e0e\u6881\u6e38\u4e0d\u540c\u8005\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e25\u5389\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u6881\u6e38\u76f8\u540c\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u5176\u62a4\u822a\uff0c\u5927\u4f53\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u8fd0\u5185\u90e8\u6b20\u7f3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba2\u89c2\u3001\u9002\u7528\u7684\u95ee\u8d23<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u514d\u8d23\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u300c\u7d2f\u8857\u574a\u300d\uff0c\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5408\u7ea6\u6cd5\u8bb2\u7684\u300c\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u300d\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">consequential damages<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff09\u3002\u7834\u683c\u5ba3\u8a93\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e8c\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u8bae\u5e2d\u3001\u652f\u6301\u8005\u5931\u53bb\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u8d23\u4efb\u5206\u522b\u7531\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u5219\u8d77\u7801\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u4f53\u5236\u906d\u5317\u4eac\u8d85\u9650\u6253\u538b\u800c\u635f\u53ca\uff1b\u8865\u9009\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u5f53\u6743\u6d3e\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u8bae\u5e2d\uff1b\u5176\u5b83\u51fa\u683c\u5ba3\u8a93\u4f46\u6ca1\u51fa\u5f97\u90a3\u4e48\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u6ce2\u53ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u300c\u8857\u574a\u300d\uff09\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u300c\u8857\u574a\u300d\u53d7\u7d2f\uff0c\u6881\u6e38\u4e8c\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u95ee\u8d23\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u8d23\uff1f<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5728\u5904\u7406\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u539f\u5219\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">1854<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u5b97\u5b98\u53f8\u786e\u7acb\u7684\uff08<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley v Baxendale[1854] EWHC J70<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u7f18\u4e00\u4e2a\u78e8\u574a\u4e3b\u4eba<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u7528\u7684\u673a\u5668\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u4ef6\u7834\u635f\u4e86\uff0c\u59d4\u6258<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Baxendale<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u901f\u9012\u516c\u53f8\u8fd0\u7ed9\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u6309\u539f\u6837\u8865\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Baxendale<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u8bf4\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u5230\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901f\u9012\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6536\u5230\u65b0\u914d\u90e8\u4ef6\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdf\u4e86\u4e03\u5929\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u628a<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Baxendale<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u544a\u4e0a\u5b98\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u8d54\u507f\u635f\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6cd5\u5ead\u5148\u662f\u6309\u53e4\u6cd5\u5224\u539f\u544a\u5f97\u76f4\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4e0d\u670d\u4e0a\u8bc9\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Sir E.H. Alderson<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u63a8\u7ffb\u539f\u5224\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u6210\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u8d54\u507f\u5728\u8ba2\u7ea6\u4e4b\u65f6\u6309\u5e38\u7406\u53ca\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u62e5\u4fe1\u606f\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u9884\u77e5\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u539f\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4ed8\u4e86\u4e24\u9551\u56db\u5148\u4ee4\u7684\u6258\u8fd0\u8d39\u5374\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e24\u9551\u56db\u5148\u4ee4\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff1b\u65b0\u90e8\u4ef6\u8fdf\u6765\u4e03\u5929\u56e0\u800c\u5f15\u81f4\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\u51c6\u65f6\u4ed8\u8fd0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Baxendale<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u9042\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u4f30\u540e\u6765\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u514d\u8d23\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">R. Posner<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u8fd9\u6837\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u6709\u6b64\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u7406\u6027\u5730\u628a\u6258\u8fd0\u51c6\u65f6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e8b\u5148\u6e05\u695a\u544a\u8bc9\u901f\u9012\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u613f\u610f\u7f34\u4ed8\u989d\u5916\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7279\u522b\u5904\u7406\uff1b\u901f\u9012\u516c\u53f8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8b\u5148\u77e5\u9053\u4e8b\u60c5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u51fa\u4e8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u514d\u8d23\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u7279\u4e8b\u7279\u529e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\uff0c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c0f\u5fc3\u53ee\u5631\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7f34\u4ed8\u7279\u522b\u8fd0\u8d39\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u5982\u679c\u6709\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u6309\u53e4\u6cd5\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u8db3\u989d\u7684\u5229\u6da6\u8d54\u507f\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u4f53\u798f\u7949\u770b\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u4f4e\u6548\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u907f\u514d\u7684\u635f\u5931\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\u3000\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6881\u6e38<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4e0a\u8ff0\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\u80fd\u5426\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1f\u5173\u952e\u662f\u770b\u6881\u6e38\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6309\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5177\u5907\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f5c\u5e38\u7406\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u9884\u4f30\u51fa\u4eac\u6e2f\u5f53\u5c40\u751a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u91c7\u53d6\u540e\u6765\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u300c\u5e38\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u6307\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">reasonable man standard<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff0c\u6216\u79f0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">common man standard<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff0c\u6e2f\u4fda\u662f\u300c\u8def\u4eba\u7532\u6807\u51c6\u300d\u3002\u6309\u5e38\u7406\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u6881\u6e38\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u8bae\u5458\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u8bfb\u8a93\u8bcd\u4e0d\u6309\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bfb\u51fa\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u624d\u6ee1\u8db3\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u4f8b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u5ba3\u8a93\uff1b\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u65f6\u52bf\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51fa\u683c\u5185\u5bb9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u5408\u7406\u63a8\u65ad\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5047\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8c\u4eba\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u662f\uff1a\u6309\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u51fa\u683c\u6ca1\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">reasonable man standard<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u4f30\u8ba1\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u5219\u5317\u4eac\u540e\u6765\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5c31\u662f\u8d85\u4e4e\u5e38\u7406\u53ef\u9884\u4f30\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u8857\u574a\u300d\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u56e0\u800c\u5c31\u662f\u5e38\u7406\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u4f30\u7684\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u6881\u6e38\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u514d\u8d23\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4e8c\u4eba\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u8d1f\u300c\u7d2f\u8857\u574a\u300d\u7684\u5168\u8d23\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5e94\u4ece\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u627e\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8c\u4eba\u5f53\u9009\u548c\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u653f\u573a\u8def\u4eba&#9472;&#9472;\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u8def\u4eba\u7532\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u4eba&#9472;&#9472;\u90fd\u80fd\u9884\u4f30\u72ec\u6d3e\u51fa\u683c\u5ba3\u8a93\u7684\u540e\u679c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5982\u540e\u6765\u90a3\u6837\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u4fbf\u5e94\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u6709\u58f0\u97f3\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u9192\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5b66\u9e21\u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u8981\u8f7b\u4e3e\u5984\u52a8\u62ff\u5ba3\u8a93\u4eea\u5f0f\u8bf4\u6e2f\u72ec\u4e8b\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u5f53\u65f6\u653f\u573a\u91cc\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u300c\u7b49\u4f4f\u98df\u82b1\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u770b\u70ed\u95f9\u4e00\u5982\u4ee5\u5f80\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Hadley<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff0c\u800c\u6881\u6e38\u5219\u662f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Baxendale<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\uff1b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">Parsons<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u8bf4\u7684\u78e8\u574a\u4e1c\u4e3b\u5e94\u8be5\u53ee\u5631\u901f\u9012\u516c\u53f8\u7279\u4e8b\u7279\u529e\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u5230\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5ba3\u8a93\u5f53\u65f6\u7684<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">reasonable man<\/span><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u4e0d\u80fd\u5145\u4efd\u9884\u4f30\u51fa\u683c\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u635f\u5bb3\u5c3d\u7ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u6bcf\u4f4d\u300c\u8857\u574a\u300d\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8f93\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u6881\u6e38\u5374\u662f\u514d\u8d23\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5f53\u7136\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u89e3\u6068\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u300c\u91ca\u6cd5\u300d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u674e\u67f1\u94ed\u547c\u5401\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u8981\u618e\u6068\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u7b97\u4ed6\u4eec\u6839\u672c\u662f\u68cb\u5b50\uff0c\u618e\u6068\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ea\u4f1a\u8f6c\u79fb\u4e86\u89c6\u7ebf\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5e94\u628a\u7126\u70b9\u653e\u5230\u300e\u91ca\u6cd5\u300f\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e0a\u3002\u300d\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5df2\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u514d\u8d23\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u793e\u8fd0\u4eba\u82e5\u56e0\u8a00\u884c\u5931\u8bef\u5bfc\u81f4\u516c\u4f17\u8499\u53d7\u82e5\u5e72\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff0c\u5e94\u95ee\u8d23\u8fd8\u662f\u514d\u8d23\uff0c\u53ef\u6309\u7167\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7684\u6709\u5173\u539f\u5219\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u89c6\u4e4e\u5bfc\u81f4\u635f\u5bb3\u4e00\u65b9\u5728\u4e8b\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u6309\u5e38\u7406\u80fd\u5426\u9884\u89c1\u8be5\u7b49\u95f4\u63a5\u635f\u5bb3\uff1b\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u95ee\u8d23\uff1b\u4e0d\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u514d\u8d23\u3002\uff08\u6b64\u539f\u5219\u53ef\u5e94\u7528\u5728\u516d\u56db\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0a\uff1a\u5bf9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u7684\u5927\u9646\u653f\u6cbb\u91cd\u65b0\u4e13\u5236\u5316\uff0c\u5e7f\u573a\u4e0a\u575a\u51b3\u7559\u5b88\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u9886\u8896\u662f\u514d\u8d23\u7684\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u5728\u6b64\u7b49\u8981\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e0\u77e5\u4e0d\u662f\u8fa9\u8bcd\uff01\u90a3\u662f\u5408\u60c5\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u300c\u65e0\u77e5\u975e\u8fa9\u8bcd\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u53f8\u6cd5\u539f\u5219\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u300c\u65e0\u77e5\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u800c\u8a00\u3002\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6881\u6e38\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u300c\u52a0\u6599\u91ca\u6cd5\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u65e0\u77e5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7ecf\u6b64\u4e00\u5f79\uff0c\u653f\u573a\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u786e\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5982\u6b64\u65e0\u77e5\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u62ff\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u65e0\u77e5\u4f5c\u8fa9\u8bcd\u3002\u300c\u8def\u4eba\u7532\u300d\u662f\u4f1a\u900f\u8fc7\u83b7\u53d6\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u63d0\u70bc\u65b0\u667a\u80fd\u800c\u65e5\u76ca\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u514d\u8d23\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u72ed\u7a84\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>  <p><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 12pt;\">\u5229\u7533\uff1a\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u7acb\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u9636\u6bb5\u516c\u5f00\u652f\u6301\u597d\u51e0\u4f4d\u4e0d\u540c\u6d3e\u522b\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u5e74\u8f7b\u53c2\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9752\u653f\u6881\u6e38\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u5931\u8bae\u5e2d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5f53\u7136\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u539f\u6765\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4eca\u5929\u548c\u5927\u5bb6\u8c08\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u91cc\u7684\u95ee\u8d23\u548c\u514d\u8d23\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u539f\u5219\u3002 &nbsp; \u4e24\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u5728\u793e\u8fd0\u5185\u90e8\u8d77\u7801\u51fa\u73b0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-68789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=68789"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68789\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=68789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=68789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=68789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}