{"id":70290,"date":"2017-01-25T05:01:00","date_gmt":"2017-01-25T05:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=70290 "},"modified":"2017-01-25T05:01:00","modified_gmt":"2017-01-25T05:01:00","slug":"70290-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=70290","title":{"rendered":"\u674e\u52bc\uff1a\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u2500\u2500\u8bc4\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u60e8\u5267\u7684\u885d\u51fb\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family: \u5b8b\u4f53; font-size: 16px;\">\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u5341\u5b57\u65b9\u9488\u5f81\u6587\uff09<\/span><br \/><\/p><div>&nbsp;<\/div><div>&nbsp;<\/div>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/mzzg.org\/UploadCenter\/ArticlePics\/2017\/3\/2017124zhaoziyang.jpg\" alt=\"2017124zhaoziyang.jpg (644&#215;430)\" \/><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">1989<\/span><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u5e74\u5317\u4eac\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u671f\u95f4\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5230\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u63a5\u89c1\u5b66\u751f\uff08\u7f51\u7edc\u56fe\u7247\uff09<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><br \/><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4e00\u3000\u56de\u7738\u516d\u56db<\/span><\/strong><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u6625\u590f\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e3e\u4e16\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u540e\u4ee4\u5168\u7403\u9707\u60ca\u7684\uff16\u6708\uff14\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\u4e2d\u5171\u6b66\u529b\u9547\u538b\u5b66\u8fd0\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u7ed3\u5c40\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u65f6\u95f4\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u4e2a\u6625\u79cb\uff0c\u4f46\u63a2\u8ba8\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6c57\u725b\u5145\u680b\uff0c\u4e89\u8bba\u672a\u89c1\u5e73\u606f\u3002\u73b0\u65f6\u5168\u7403\u5bf9\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u767e\u82b1\u9f50\u653e\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5bf9\u300a\u7ea2\u697c\u68a6\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b66\u672f\u53f2\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u5730\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u4f54\u4e00\u5b66\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e16\u4eba\u6240\u719f\u6089\u5e76\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4e2d\u5df2\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u53e3\u7891\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u4e1c\u5c3c\uff0e\u8d5b\u5947\uff08Tony Saich\uff09\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff08The Chinese People&#8217;s Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989\uff09\uff1b\u8d39\u6ce2\uff08Lee Feigon\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6398\u8d77\uff1a\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b\uff08China Rising: The Meaning of Tiananmen\uff09\uff1b\u8d75\u9f0e\u65b0\uff08Dingxin Zhao\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u5b66\u751f\u8fd0\u52a8\u300b\uff08The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement\uff09\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49&nbsp;\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u90fd\u5907\u53d7\u77a9\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u5728\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u5c06\u5176\u9057\u5fd8\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u9031\u77e5\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u540e\u4e2d\u5171\u9886\u8896\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\uff08Deng Xiaoping\uff09\u60f3\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e0c\u671b\u8ba9\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6765\u5fd8\u8bb0\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u501f\u6b64\u8ba9\u56fd\u6c11\u6c89\u8ff7\u4e8e\u5bf9\u91d1\u94b1\u8ffd\u9010\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee4\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u6df9\u6ca1\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u529b\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u6d88\u8d39\u6c34\u51c6\u7684\u6025\u901f\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u4e3a\u8bf1\u9975\uff0c\u6765\u8feb\u4f7f\u897f\u65b9\u4e43\u81f3\u5168\u7403\u5728\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5411\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u4f5c\u59a5\u534f\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u4e5f\u4eff\u4f5b\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u6548\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u611a\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u628a\u516d\u56db\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u62b9\u53bb\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\uff1f\u6446\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u524d\u7684\u8fd9\u672c\u5728\uff12\uff10\uff11\uff11\u5e74\u9996\u5ea6\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u60e8\u5267\u7684\u885d\u51fb\u300b\uff08The Impact of China&#8217;s 1989 Tiananmen Massacre\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u300b\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u53ea\u6ce8\u9875\u7801\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u56fd\uff08France\uff09\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\uff08Chinese University of Hong Kong\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u7cfb\u7684\u5ba2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u8ba9\uff0d\u83f2\u5229\u84b2\uff0e\u8d1d\u96c5\uff08Jean-Philippe B&#233;ja\uff09\u3002\u8d1d\u96c5\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5f00\u7bc7\u3008\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u4e5d\u5e74\u516d\u6708\u56db\u65e5\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3009\uff084 June 1989: A Watershed in Chinese Contemporary History\uff09\u5e26\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u8fd9\u4ef6\u300c\u5c0f\u4e8b\u300d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u81f3\u4eca\u786e\u5b9e\u4ecd\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5171\u5750\u7acb\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u4ece\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff10\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6bcf\u5230\u516d\u56db\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u7684\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u4fbf\u8863\u8b66\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f54\u636e\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u5e7f\u573a\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u88ab\u5e26\u79bb\u4eac\u57ce\u6216\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u4e25\u5bc6\u76d1\u63a7\u4e2d\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5df2\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4e13\u8457\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6570\u5b57\u516d\u548c\u56db\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u7981\u5fcc\uff0c\u5728\u4e98\u8054\u7eb2\u4e0a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bcd\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u7ed3\u679c\u901a\u5e38\u53ea\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u7a7a\u767d\u9875\u3002\u300d\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff09\u8d1d\u96c5\u5fcd\u4e0d\u4f4f\u53d1\u95ee\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u7981\u611f\u5230\u5947\u602a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u5982\u6b64\u6709\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u7adf\u7136\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3a\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u800c\u5fe7\u5fc3\u5982\u711a\u3002\u300d\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff09\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63cf\u8ff0\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5404\u884c\u5404\u4e1a\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f30\u91cf\u7684\u885d\u51fb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u5176\u540e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u666e\u7f57\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6bd4\u5bf9\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u6765\u5f97\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u6070\u6070\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u60e8\u5267\u4f5c\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u52a8\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p> 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line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u4e0e\u6c11\u8fd0\u7cbe\u82f1\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5bf9\u65e0\u6570\u4e2d\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u5e73\u6c11\u5e26\u6765\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u66fe\u7ecf\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u60e8\u5267\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9053\u542c\u9014\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8b\u5916\uff0c\u719f\u89c6\u65e0\u7779\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u6545\u4e8b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u300c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u516d\u56db\u53f2\u300d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\uff08Princeton University\uff09\u7684\u8363\u4f11\u6559\u6388\u6797\u57f9\u745e\uff08Perry Link\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u3008\u516d\u56db\uff1a\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u3009\uff08June Fourth: Memory and Ethics\uff09\u4e2d\u628a\u516d\u56db\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u8005\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a\u300c\u884c\u51f6\u8005\u300d\uff08perpetrators\uff09\uff0c\u300c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u300d\uff08victims\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u300c\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u300d\uff08bystanders\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u4eba\u5bf9\u516d\u56db\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eba\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff13\uff0d\uff13\uff12\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; 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 <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u81f3\u4e8e\u300c\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u6797\u57f9\u745e\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u516d\u56db\u5f53\u665a\u4eb2\u8eab\u76ee\u7779\u60b2\u5267\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u5e76\u63f4\u5f15\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9c81\u8fc5\uff08Lu Xun\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u7684\u5632\u8bbd\u548c\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u5bf9\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u540c\u60c5\uff08sympathy\uff09\u6291\u6216\u4ee4\u6f20\uff08apathy\uff09\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff15\uff0d\uff12\uff16\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u63d0\u53ca\u9c81\u8fc5\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3008\u864a\u3009\uff08Medicine\uff09\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u300c\u5403\u4eba\u8089\u9992\u5934\u300d\uff08eating human-blood buns\uff09\u6765\u6bd4\u55bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u901a\u8fc7\u707e\u96be\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u597d\u5904\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff18\uff0d\uff12\uff19\uff09 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bias\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff10\uff0d\uff13\uff11\uff09\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6307\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6f5c\u529b\u548c\u5229\u6da6\u4e0a\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u516d\u56db\u8fdb\u884c\u8f7b\u63cf\u6de1\u5199\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff10\uff09\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d7\u8457\u8fc7\u53bb\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u5f3a\u56fd\u4fb5\u4f54\u548c\u74dc\u5206\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56fa\u6267\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6551\u661f\u300d\uff08the CCP is the country&#8217;s saviour\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u4e3a\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6709\u65f6\u63a1\u53d6\u8fc7\u6fc0\u624b\u6cd5\u65e0\u53ef\u539a\u975e\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff10\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u300c\u6d17\u8111\u300d\uff08brainwashing\uff09\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e2e\u4e2d\u5171\u53d1\u58f0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u76fe\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u5171\u6b63\u662f\u770b\u4e2d\u8fd9\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u52a0\u5927\u88fd\u9020\u6bd4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff11\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6797\u57f9\u745e\u6240\u8bba\u53ca\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516d\u56db\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f3\u5c11\u90fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u8033\u95fb\u76ee\u7779\u8fc7\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u60e8\u5267\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u540e\u624d\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e74\u9752\u4e00\u4ee3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5728\u5927\u9646\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u6240\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u9057\u5fd8\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u771f\u76f8\u5df2\u88ab\u8df5\u8e0f\u5f97\u60e8\u4e0d\u5fcd\u7779\u3002\u90a3\u9ebd\u5b98\u65b9\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u91cd\u65b0\u6f14\u7ece\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5171\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f83\u5c11\u5b66\u8005\u6d89\u8db3\u7684\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u5df4\u9ece\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u6f58\u9e23\u5578\uff08Michel Bonnin\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e0e\u516d\u56db\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u629b\u5f03\u548c\u79bb\u5f00\u5b83\u3009\uff08The Chinese Communist Party and 4 June 1989: Or How to Get Out of It and Get Away with It\uff09\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e24\u672c\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08Higher Education Press\uff09\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u516d\u56db\u89c2\u53ca\u5176\u5411\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u704c\u8f93\u624b\u6cd5\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff17\uff0d\uff14\uff13\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u751f\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6587\u79d1\u4e13\u4e1a\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff17\uff09\u3002\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff17\u5e74\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u5173\u4e8e\u516d\u56db\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u8f83\u8be6\u5c3d\uff0c\u800c\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff11\u5e74\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u672c\u4e66\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u5219\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u8a00\u7b80\u610f\u8d45\u548c\u5728\u654d\u8ff0\u65b9\u9762\u66f4\u7cbe\u96d5\u7ec6\u523b\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff19\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u6709\u5176\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u52a0\u5f3a\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u51dd\u805a\u529b\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u826f\u597d\u7ba1\u6cbb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff17\uff0d\uff13\uff18\uff09\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5728\u516d\u56db\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6279\u5224\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\uff0c\u8d23\u602a\u4ed6\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff17\u5e74\u65f6\u5728\u9632\u6b62\u300c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u300d\uff08bourgeois liberalism\uff09\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff19\uff09\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\u516d\u56db\u53d1\u751f\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u88ab\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u6765\u653b\u51fb\u515a\u548c\u501f\u673a\u63a8\u9500\u897f\u65b9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u6491\u8170\u548c\u5f53\u5e74\u4e1c\u6b27\u5267\u53d8\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u300c\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u66b4\u4e71\u300d\uff08the counter-revolutionary rebellion\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff13\uff19\uff0d\uff14\uff10\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u672c\u4e66\u628a\u516d\u56db\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u300c\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u98ce\u6ce2\u300d\uff08serious political disturbances\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u662f\u81ea\uff11\uff19\uff14\uff19\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u6240\u672a\u89c1\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u4e25\u9177\u8003\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u52fe\u7ed3\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u6216\u8fdf\u6216\u65e9\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\uff08\u9875\uff14\uff10\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b98\u65b9\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5229\u7528\u5176\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u548c\u6563\u4f48\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u300c\u5386\u53f2\u300d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u63a8\u5378\u8d23\u4efb\u7ed9\u5916\u6765\u52bf\u529b\u548c\u57f9\u80b2\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u516d\u56db\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u5bf9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\uff0c\u628a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7262\u7262\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4e09\u3000\u516d\u56db\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u885d\u51fb\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3a\u4eba\u5904\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u7ec8\u6781\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb\u65b9\u9762\u7559\u4e0b\u4e0d\u53ef\u78e8\u706d\u7684\u5370\u8bb0\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u7ee7\u7eed\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u53cd\u6297\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ecb\u5165\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u7528\u6c89\u9ed8\u53bb\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u540e\u516d\u56db\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u65b0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8d1d\u96c5\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5927\u5b66\uff08Boston University\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8363\u4f11\u6559\u6388\u9ea6\u5229\uff0e\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Merle Goldman\uff09\u5728\u5408\u8457\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u3008\u516d\u56db\u60e8\u5267\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3009\uff08The Impact of the June 4th Massacre on the Pro-Democracy Movement\uff09\u4e2d\u56de\u987e\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u65b0\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5148\u950b\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u548c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff11\uff19\uff17\uff14\u5e74\u7684\u300c\u674e\u4e00\u54f2\u300d\uff08Li Yizhe\uff09\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5899\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08Democracy Wall Movement\uff09\uff0c\u548c\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff16\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u8fd0\uff08\u9875\uff15\uff11\uff0d\uff15\uff13\uff09\u3002\u5230\u4e86\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d7\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bbd\u9b06\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff08\u9875\uff15\uff14\uff0d\uff15\uff16\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4ee5\u524d\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u4f17\u6297\u8bae\u548c\u6e38\u884c\u7adf\u7136\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u5c06\u8fd1\u516d\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u754c\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\uff08\u9875\uff15\uff10\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u8f6c\u574f\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3002\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u5b9e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u671f\u90fd\u66f4\u52a0\u6b8b\u9177\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u5835\u6b7b\u6d41\u4ea1\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u8fd0\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u5f52\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5219\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6765\u9ebb\u75f9\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee4\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u6c42\u53d8\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5fae\u5f31\uff08\u9875\uff15\uff16\uff0d\uff15\uff18\uff09\u3002\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u80af\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u66b4\u653f\u53d1\u58f0\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff08Peking University\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5218\u837b\uff08Liu Di\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5982\u5176\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u524d\u8f88\u4e00\u6837\u53d7\u5230\u6467\u6b8b\uff08\u9875\uff15\uff19\uff09\u3002\u3000<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u6fb3\u6d32\u6089\u5c3c\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Technology, Sydney\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u526f\u6559\u6388\u51af\u5d07\u4e49\uff08Feng Chongyi\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u3008\u516d\u56db\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u9635\u8425\u3009\uff08The Chinese Liberal Camp in Post-4 June China\uff09\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u4e0d\u4ec5\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u300c\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u300d\uff08rights defence movements\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u58eb\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u300d\uff08liberal camp\uff09\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u5185\u7684\u5f00\u660e\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u6c11\u8fd0\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u548c\u57fa\u5c42\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u4efd\u5b50\uff08\u9875\uff16\uff16\uff0d\uff16\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91cd\u89c6\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53bb\u8ffd\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4e49\u548c\u5173\u6ce8\u6c11\u751f\uff08\u9875\uff16\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u540e\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u52bf\u529b\u6709\u6240\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u4f46\u4e4b\u540e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5374\u6709\u6240\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u8d8b\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff11\uff0d\uff17\uff12\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u516d\u5927\u7a81\u7834\uff1a\u629b\u5f03\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u8f6c\u800c\u8ba4\u540c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u578b\u6001\uff1b\u62d2\u7edd\u4e2d\u5171\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f0f\u72ec\u88c1\uff1b\u7531\u6cd5\u5236\uff08rule by law\uff09\u6539\u53d8\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff08rule of law\uff09\uff1b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4e49\u4e4b\u5173\u6ce8\uff1b\u5c06\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1b\u8d85\u8d8a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff12\uff0d\uff17\uff19\uff09\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u5185\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\u81ea\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5176\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u578b\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u82cf\u4e1c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\u4ee4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u4fe1\u4efb\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\uff08socialist democracy\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9192\u89c9\u5230\u4e2d\u5171\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u662f\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u505a\u501f\u53e3\u6765\u6b3a\u9a97\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff12\uff0d\uff17\uff13\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u4ece\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u51fa\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u662f\u6c34\u706b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u66f4\u52a0\u575a\u51b3\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u591a\u515a\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\uff0c\u6267\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u5236\u8861\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff13\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4f53\u73b0\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u548c\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u96f6\u516b\u5baa\u7ae0\u300d\uff08Charter 08\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u5baa\u7ae0\u63d0\u51fa\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u300c\u62e5\u62b1\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u6587\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u5219\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\u300d\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff13\uff09\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5baa\u7ae0\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u516d\u9879\u7b80\u5355\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b\u5e76\u5199\u4e0b\u5341\u4e5d\u9879\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff13\uff09 \u3002\u51af\u5d07\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u81ea\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\u5df2\u88ab\u56fd\u6c11\u6240\u666e\u904d\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u300c\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bdd\u8bed\u300d\uff08the dominant ideology\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff18\uff10\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u81ea\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\uff08Hu Jintao\uff09\u548c\u6e29\u5bb6\u5b9d\uff08Wen Jiabao\uff09\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u63d0\u5021\u548c\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e3a\u672c\u300d\uff08people as the end or people first\uff09\u548c\u300c\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\uff08building harmonious society\uff09\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u300c\u4ee5\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u4e3a\u7f51\u300d\uff08class struggles as the key link\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff08\u9875\uff18\uff10\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u80fd\u5426\u9f50\u5fc3\u534f\u529b\u5730\u5c06\u515a\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u63a8\u81f3\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u672b\u65e5\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5730\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08constitutional democracy\uff09\u6301\u6709\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\uff08\u9875\uff17\uff19\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u9762\u5bf9\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u5bf9\u6297\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08French Centre for Research on Contemporary China\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u9b4f\u7b80\uff08Sebastian Veg\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u3008\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u548c\u4e0d\u518d\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u3009\uff08Wang Xiaobo and the No Longer Silent Majority\uff09\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f\u77e5\u9752\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u5bf9\u5f53\u4eca\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u501f\u6b64\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u540e\u516d\u56db\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u9875\uff18\uff16\uff0d\uff19\uff14\uff09\u3002\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u8fd0\u6700\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5728\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u65f6\u624d\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u300a\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u300b\uff08The Silent Majority\uff09\u662f\u4e0e\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u6709\u5173\uff08\u9875\uff18\uff16\uff09 \u3002\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u5728\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u6279\u8bc4\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u6559\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u4e8b\u8fc7\u4efd\u5173\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u81ea\u8d1f\uff0c\u548c\u9119\u89c6\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u80fd\u50cf\u666e\u901a\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u867d\u65e0\u6240\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\uff08\u9875\uff18\uff18\uff0d\uff18\uff19\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u90fd\u662f\u300c\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u300d\uff08&#8216;underprivileged&#8217; or &#8216;weak&#8217; group\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u4e0d\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\uff08\u9875\uff19\uff10\uff0d\uff19\uff11\uff09\u3002\u5728\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6076\u5316\u548c\u91cd\u8fed\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u65ad\u88c2\u6210\u4e3a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u529b\u53bb\u5bf9\u6297\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u3002\u300d\uff08\u9875\uff19\uff13\uff09\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ed6\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u89c2\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u540e\u516d\u56db\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u65b0\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u738b\u5c0f\u6ce2\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4ed6\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u76f2\u76ee\u5730\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ee5\u5929\u4e0b\u4e3a\u5df1\u4efb\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u5112\u6559\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5173\u6ce8\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u9875\uff19\uff13\uff0d\uff19\uff14\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u56db\u3000\u516d\u56db\u4e0e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4eba\u6743<\/span><\/strong><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u516d\u56db\u4e00\u4e8b\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdc\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u5728\u516d\u56db\u8fc7\u53bb\u540e\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4eba\u6743\u72b6\u51b5\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u751a\u9ebd\u53d8\u5316\u5462\uff1f\u672c\u4e66\u91cc\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5219\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0e\u51af\u5d07\u4e49\u4ece\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Maryland\uff09\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u674e\u6653\u84c9\uff08Xiaorong Li\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u3008\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u7684\u6536\u83b7\uff1a\u5bf9\u6398\u8d77\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3009\uff08The Seeds of Tiananmen: Reflections on A Growing Chinese Civil Rights Movement\uff09\u4e2d\u7740\u91cd\u4ece\u6c11\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u63a2\u8ba8\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e5\u6e10\u4e0e\u76db\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u4f1a\u5426\u5728\u65e5\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u793e\u8fd0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u3002\u674e\u6653\u84c9\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u95ee\u9898\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u601d\u8003\uff1a\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u4f55\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u590d\u7526\uff1f\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u8fd0\u5728\u54ea\u65b9\u9762\u6539\u53d8\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1f\u53c8\u5728\u54ea\u65b9\u9762\u987a\u5e94\u4e86\u73b0\u65f6\u6025\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1f\u6362\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u8d77\u7740\u7ef4\u7cfb\u73b0\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5ef6\u7eed\u5176\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u6c11\u8fd0\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u65b0\u4e4b\u610f\u56fe\u76f8\u8fdd\u80cc\uff08\u9875\uff19\uff15\uff09\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u81f3\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff19\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u56db\u5927\u6f14\u8fdb\u548c\u53d8\u5316\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff14\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u662f\u5728\u4e5e\u6c42\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u7ed9\u4e88\u5176\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5219\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u5e94\u5f97\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u594b\u8d77\u7ef4\u62a4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u300c\u4e89\u6743\u300d\uff08trying to obtain\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u7ef4\u6743\u300d\uff08defending rights\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff14\uff0d\uff11\uff10\uff16\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff10\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6309\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u8fd0\u66f4\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u53d6\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4fc3\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u5e9f\u9664\u300c\u6536\u5bb9\u5236\u5ea6\u300d\u548c\u7f51\u6c11\u6210\u529f\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u6e56\u5317\uff08Hubei\uff09\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e00\u4f4d\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u610f\u56fe\u5f3a\u5978\u540e\u6740\u5bb3\u8be5\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u5b50\u8fdb\u884c\u51cf\u5211\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff16\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4e0e\u516d\u56db\u7684\u5b66\u8fd0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u73b0\u65f6\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5173\u952e\u4eba\u7269\u6765\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u7f3a\u4e4f\u50cf\u5c3c\u5c14\u900a\uff0e\u66fc\u5fb7\u62c9\uff08Nelson Mandela\uff09\u548c\u7ef4\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Vaclav Havel\uff09\u7b49\u7684\u9b44\u529b\u578b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u624d\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff16\uff0d\uff11\uff10\uff17\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u8fd0\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u4eba\u58eb\u6709\u7740\u300c\u4ee3\u6c9f\u300d\uff08a generation gap\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u957f\u8fdc\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u53ef\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u5982\u516d\u56db\u6c11\u8fd0\u4e00\u6837\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u8107\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u53d8\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff17\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u827e\u534e\uff08Eva Pils\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u3008\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u53d1\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3009\uff08The Practice of Law as Conscientious Resistance: Chinese Weiquan Lawyers&#8217; Experience\uff09\u5219\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u666f\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7ef4\u6743\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u52a0\u8270\u96be\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff10\uff19\uff0d\uff11\uff11\uff10\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53bb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u4f17\u573a\u6240\u7528\u4f5c\u6311\u6218\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff11\uff10\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u7fa4\u4f53\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c6\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u300c\u5177\u7834\u574f\u6027\u7684\u300d\uff08subversive\uff09\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u8a93\u8981\u5168\u529b\u6253\u538b\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff11\uff10\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e2d\u5171\u5229\u7528\u5bf9\u6267\u4e1a\u5f8b\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u7684\u8003\u8bd5\u8bc4\u6838\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u6e05\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u73b0\u653f\u6743\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u505c\u724c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u518d\u8fd0\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u6765\u6311\u6218\u653f\u6743\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff11\uff13\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u300c\u6709\u6bd2\u5976\u7c89\u300d\uff08poisoned milk powder\uff09\u548c\u300c\u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u300d\uff08tofu dreg\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u771f\u76f8\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u5c31\u4f1a\u4ee5\u300c\u717d\u52a8\u98a0\u8986\u300d\uff08incitement to subversion\uff09\u7684\u7f6a\u540d\u6765\u52a0\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff11\uff13\uff0d\uff11\uff11\uff14\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u5f8b\u5e08\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u5185\uff08inside the system\uff09\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff12\uff10\uff09\u3002\u3000\u3000<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u5ba2\u5ea7\u6559\u6388\u6797\u548c\u7acb\uff08Willy Lam\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6267\u884c\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3009\uff08The Politicisation of China&#8217;s Law-Enforcement and Judicial Apparatus\uff09\u5168\u9762\u5730\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u5171\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u653f\u6cd5\u59d4\uff08Central Commission on Political and Legal Affairs\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u975e\u53bb\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5de9\u56fa\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u96c6\u6743\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u5f02\u89c1\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u538b\u5236\u4e8e\u840c\u82bd\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ee4\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6267\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff12\uff16\uff0d\uff11\uff12\uff17\uff09\u3002\u653f\u6cd5\u59d4\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4ee4\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e76\u975e\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u653f\u6743\u5f00\u8def\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u6311\u6218\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff12\uff18\uff09\u3002\u6797\u548c\u7acb\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u80e1\u6e29\u653f\u6743\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u786e\u6bd4\u4ee5\u5f80\u6709\u6240\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fc5\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u5c0a\u91cd\u6cd5\u5236\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff12\uff19\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6267\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u6cd5\u5f8b\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u5927\u591a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u672f\u80cc\u666f\u751a\u81f3\u300c\u6cd5\u76f2\u300d\uff08legal ignoramuses\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u9ed1\u793e\u4f1a\u5e2e\u6d3e\u73b0\u8c61\u5df2\u4ee4\u4e2d\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u6253\u6298\u6263\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u4ecd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff13\uff16\uff0d\uff11\uff13\uff18\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u3008\u65f7\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8b66\u6743\u9547\u538b\uff1a\u52b3\u6559\uff0c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53d8\u9769\u3009\uff08The Enduring Importance of Police Repression: Laojiao, the Rule of Law and Taiwan&#8217;s Alternative Evolution\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005&#9472;&#9472;\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Maryland\uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5b54\u6770\u8363\uff08Jerome A. Cohen\uff09\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u52a9\u7406\u9646\u6885\u5409\uff08Margaret K. Lewis\uff09\u5c06\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u76f8\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u52b3\u6559\u5236\u5ea6\u4f5c\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u548c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff14\uff12\uff0d\uff11\uff15\uff13\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u516d\u56db\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e8b\u540e\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u9001\u53bb\u300c\u52b3\u52a8\u6559\u517b\u6216\u52b3\u6559\u300d\uff08reeducation through labor\uff09\uff0c\u52b3\u6559\u7cfb\u7edf\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u8d77\u5173\u6ce8\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff14\uff12\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f5c\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u52b3\u6559\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f5c\u51fa\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5927\u9646\u60c5\u51b5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e0c\u671b\u6e3a\u832b\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff14\uff12\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5728\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\uff08Chiang Kai-shek\uff09\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u5df2\u9010\u6e10\u5730\u5bf9\u5176\u300c\u7ba1\u8bad\u300d\uff08guanxun\uff09\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5927\u9646\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u975e\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u52b1\u5730\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5728\u516d\u56db\u540e\u66f4\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff14\uff13\uff0d\uff11\uff14\uff14\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u751a\u9ebd\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6d77\u5ce1\u4e24\u5cb8\u5728\u6cd5\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u52b3\u6559\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u578b\u76f8\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u50cf\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u653e\u9b06\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u9646\u5728\u73b0\u65f6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u6d88\u52b3\u6559\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff12\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4e94\u3000\u516d\u56db\u4e0e\u653f\u7ecf\u6539\u9769<\/span><\/strong><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u4eba\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u89c9\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u867d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5374\u66f4\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u548c\u53bb\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u6d32\u5927\u5b66\u5723\u5730\u4e9a\u54e5\u5206\u6821\uff08University of California, San Diego\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u5df4\u91cc\uff0e\u8bfa\u987f\uff08Barry Naughton\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u7ae0\u3008\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u98ce\u6ce2\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3009\uff08The Impact of the Tiananmen Crisis on China&#8217;s Economic Transition\uff09\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u8d35\u6709\u4e86\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u79ef\u805a\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u94fa\u8def\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u52a0\u5f3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u8054\u7ed3\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5de5\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u52a0\u5165\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u6743\u94b1\u52fe\u7ed3\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u5927\u539f\u56e0\u4ee4\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff12\u5e74\u540e\u53d6\u5f97\u7a81\u98de\u731b\u8fdb\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff14\uff09\u3002\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u66f4\u52a0\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u9762\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u7ba1\u6cbb\u548c\u5236\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u66f4\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u548c\u66f4\u5177\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u5728\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e5f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u5851\u6027\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff16\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u6b65\u4f10\uff0c\u5982\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u4e1c\u6b27\uff08Eastern Europe\uff09\u548c\u524d\u82cf\u8054\uff08the former Soviet Union\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5317\u4eac\uff08Beijing\uff09\u91c7\u53d6\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff16\uff0d\uff11\uff15\uff17\uff09\u3002\u8bfa\u987f\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u7279\u8272\u662f\u53bb\u96c6\u6743\u5316\uff08decentralising\uff09\uff0c\u53cc\u8f68\u5236\uff08dual track\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u8f83\u591a\u5730\u91c7\u7528\u5951\u7ea6\u548c\u5408\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08making extensive use of particularistic bargains and contracting\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff17\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u5219\u662f\u518d\u96c6\u6743\u5316\uff08recentralising\uff09\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff08stressed market unification\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u6539\u9769\u548c\u52a0\u5f3a\u8c03\u63a7\uff08promoted reforms of ownership and improved regulation\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff17\uff09\u3002\u8bfa\u987f\u8fd8\u5f15\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u603b\u62ec\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u519c\u6751\u548c\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u6761\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u5f80\u300c\u7f8e\u597d\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08good capitalism\uff09\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u88ab\u540e\u6765\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u300c\u4e11\u964b\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08bad capitalism\uff09\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff15\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u575b\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u5382\u957f\u8d23\u4efb\u5236\u300d\uff08the factory manager responsibility system\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee4\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5546\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u515a\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u524a\u5f31\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff16\uff11\uff09 \u3002\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u4e1c\u6b27\u5267\u53d8\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4ee4\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u88ab\u629b\u5f03\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5f0f\u7684\u7ba1\u6cbb\u91cd\u65b0\u62ac\u5934\u3002\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u5185\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u91cd\u638c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u6b65\u4f10\u8fc7\u5feb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u56de\u706b\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff16\uff12\uff0d\uff11\uff16\uff13\uff09\u3002\u516d\u56db\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u63a7\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u63a7\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u653f\u6cbb\u5f00\u660e\u4eba\u58eb\u88ab\u8c03\u79bb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6709\u7740\u540c\u6837\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u515a\u5185\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u7275\u8fde\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff16\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u4e3e\u4f8b\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u5171\u515a\u5185\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u300c\u592a\u5b50\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d\uff08Princeling Manifesto\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u662f\u5047\u5982\u300c\u515a\u63a7\u5236\u67aa\u300d\uff08the Party controls the gun\uff09\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u300c\u515a\u63a7\u5236\u8d22\u5bcc\u300d\uff08the Party controls the assets\uff09\u4e5f\u5e94\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u7ecf\u6d4e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u515a\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53c2\u4e0e\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u547d\u8109\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u4e3a\u515a\u7684\u9644\u5eb8\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff17\uff10\uff09\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u6700\u540e\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\u5df2\u7531\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u300c\u6ca1\u6709\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u7684\u6539\u9769\u300d\uff08reform without losers\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u4ee5\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6700\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u6700\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u69a8\u53d6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6765\u79ef\u805a\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff17\uff15\uff0d\uff11\uff17\uff16\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u9006\u6765\u987a\u53d7\uff0c\u542c\u5929\u7531\u547d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u7279\u522b\u884c\u653f\u533a\uff08Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\uff09\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u5e02\u6c11\u662f\u5426\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u516d\u56db\u7684\u5669\u68a6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u53bb\u4fdd\u4f4f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u4ee3\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5462\uff1f\u9999\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\u5927\u5b66\uff08City University of Hong Kong\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u90d1\u5b87\u7855\uff08Joseph Y.S. Cheng\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u7ae0\u3008\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u3009\uff08The Tiananmen Incident and the Pro-democracy Movement in Hong Kong\uff09\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u4eba\u4e3a\u4f55\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u5982\u6b64\u5173\u6ce8\u516d\u56db\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6e2f\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff17\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u7ba1\u6cbb\u524d\u666f\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff18\uff10\uff09\u3002\u516d\u56db\u524d\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u4eba\u5bf9\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff17\u540e\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4e3b\u8981\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u6e2f\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9999\u6e2f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4f5c\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4ee4\u6e2f\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff18\uff10\uff09\u3002\u516d\u56db\u9980\u6ce2\u7684\u786e\u5728\uff19\uff17\u540e\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u90d1\u5b87\u7855\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff1a\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u5546\u754c\u9886\u8896\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff17\u5e74\u540e\u7531\u5317\u4eac\uff08Beijing\uff09\u59d4\u4efb\u7684\u6e2f\u4eba\u6765\u6cbb\u6e2f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7531\u76f4\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u62c5\u4efb\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff18\uff11\uff09\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u7ef4\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u901a\u8fc7\u666e\u9009\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u6765\u6cbb\u6e2f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u4f1a\u63d0\u5347\u666e\u7f57\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u6031\u7565\u548c\u4f24\u5bb3\u5546\u754c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u5317\u4eac\u59d4\u4efb\u7684\u6e2f\u4eba\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u9002\u5f53\u5730\u6297\u62d2\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u592e\u5bf9\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff18\uff11\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u6700\u540e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u65f6\u9999\u6e2f\u8fd8\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u53bb\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e74\u9752\u4e00\u4ee3\u548c\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u4e00\u5982\u65e2\u5f80\uff1b\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u9999\u6e2f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u6c11\u751f\u56f0\u96be\uff1b\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u672c\u5730\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u52a0\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u6311\u6218\u7279\u533a\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5317\u4eac\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff19\uff12\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff08Russia\uff09\u5f0f\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08managed democracy\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u5b9e\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u969c\u788d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u88ab\u4e2d\u5171\u6536\u4e70\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\uff0c\u9760\u5317\u4eac\u8f93\u9001\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5546\u754c\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u548c\u5317\u4eac\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u68a6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8981\u770b\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u9762\u8272\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u672c\u571f\u7684\u963b\u529b\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u96be\u5ea6\u540c\u6837\u5927\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u4e8b\u6001\u53d1\u5c55\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff19\uff17\u5e74\u56de\u5f52\u4e4b\u65f6\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9999\u6e2f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5df2\u7ecf\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\u3002\u300c\u6e2f\u4eba\u6cbb\u6e2f\u300d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7edd\u4e0d\u610f\u6627\u7740\u9999\u6e2f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a\u5927\u9646\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u516d\u3000\u516d\u56db\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u5728\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u65f6\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u66fe\u7ecf\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u9677\u4e8e\u5b64\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\u9010\u6e10\u74e6\u89e3\u6216\u8f6c\u578b\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\uff11\uff19\uff14\uff19\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u90fd\u8981\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u548c\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\uff1f\u672c\u4e66\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5206\u522b\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u9999\u6e2f\u6d78\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\uff08Hong Kong Baptist University\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9ad8\u656c\u6587\uff08Jean-Pierre Cabestan\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u6446\u8131\u5b64\u7acb\u548c\u91cd\u56de\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u3009\uff08How China Managed to De-isolate Itself on the International Stage and Re-engage the World after Tiananmen\uff09\u4e2d\u900f\u9732\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u540e\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u66fe\u60f3\u8fc7\u8981\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u72ec\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5bf9\u6297\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u963b\u6b62\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff19\uff15\uff09\u3002\u9093\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u56fd\u9645\u5c01\u9501\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u300c\u97ec\u5149\u517b\u6666\u300d\uff08hide brightness, nourish obscurity\uff09\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u80fd\u968f\u65f6\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u91cd\u65b0\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u60f3\u56fd\u5bb6\u843d\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff19\uff14\uff09\u3002\u516d\u56db\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u8272\u662f\u9f13\u5439\u53cd\u300c\u548c\u5e73\u6f14\u53d8\u300d\uff08peaceful evolution\uff09\u548c\u53cd\u300c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\uff08bourgeois democracy\uff09\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u5ba3\u4f20\u548c\u6e32\u67d3\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5c06\u300c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08nationalism\uff09\u53d6\u4ee3\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u91cd\u63d0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u6b3a\u4fae\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u300c\u56fd\u803b\u300d\uff08national humiliation\uff09\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff19\uff14\uff09\u3002\u5176\u540e\u8fd8\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5a01\u8107\u8bba\u300d\uff08&#8216;China threat&#8217;syndrome\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u5938\u5927\u548c\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u717d\u52a8\u56fd\u5185\u6c11\u4f17\u6765\u62b5\u6d88\u897f\u65b9\u5728\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u904f\u5236\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff0d\uff12\uff10\uff11\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u540e\u516d\u56db\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6446\u8131\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u5176\u7684\u5c01\u9501\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u89e3\u51bb\uff08a thaw\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u975e\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u53d6\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u548c\u89e3\uff08a rapprochement\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u65e9\u5df2\u660e\u767d\u5230\u968f\u7740\u524d\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\uff08the Cold War\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u548c\u4e2d\u82cf\u7f8e\u4e09\u89d2\u6218\u7565\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5c06\u5448\u73b0\u300c\u591a\u6781\u5316\u300d\uff08multipolarization\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u6627\u7740\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ef\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6e14\u4eba\u5f97\u5229\uff08\u9875\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff09\u3002\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u4e5f\u610f\u6627\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u653e\u5f03\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5728\u516d\u56db\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u97ec\u5149\u517b\u6666\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u62d3\u5c55\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u91cd\u56de\u5927\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e89\u593a\u4e16\u754c\u9738\u6743\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff10\uff13\uff0d\uff12\uff10\uff14\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6700\u540e\u603b\u7ed3\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u672a\u6765\u5728\u5916\u653f\u4e0a\u6240\u4f9d\u4ed7\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u5bcc\u5f3a\u300d\uff08wealth and power\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u53d8\u5f97\u8d22\u5927\u6c14\u7c97\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u5b64\u7acb\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff10\uff14\uff09\u3002&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u7ebd\u7ea6\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff08Columbia University, New York\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u9ece\u5b89\u53cb\uff08Andrew J. Nathan\uff09\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u540e\u679c\u3009\uff08China and International Human Rights: Tiananmen&#8217;s Paradoxical Impact\uff09\u5e26\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fe7\u8651\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a\u516d\u56db\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u975e\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u8d70\u5411\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u63a5\u8f68\u7684\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u65e5\u6e10\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u6709\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c\u6309\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u539f\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u6539\u9020\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff10\uff16\uff0d\uff12\uff10\uff17\uff09\u3002\u5728\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u521a\u8d70\u51fa\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u95ed\u5173\u9501\u56fd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u5e0c\u671b\u5168\u9762\u5f00\u653e\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u63a5\u8f68\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff10\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u4eba\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5e76\u613f\u610f\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u5a92\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u5165\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u548c\u7b7e\u7f72\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5baa\u7ae0\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff10\uff0d\uff12\uff11\uff11\uff09\u3002\u516d\u56db\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8981\u53bb\u79ef\u6781\u6eb6\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5927\u53d8\uff0c\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4ece\u5408\u4f5c\u8d70\u5230\u5bf9\u6297\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff11\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f9d\u4ed7\u5176\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u5176\u4eba\u6743\u72b6\u51b5\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e5f\u6bd4\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u65f6\u8981\u591a\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff15\uff09\u3002\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u540c\u65f6\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u4eba\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6307\u8d23\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff15\uff0d\uff12\uff11\uff16\uff09\u3002\u66f4\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5b83\u7adf\u7136\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u826f\u4eba\u6743\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u9645\u573a\u5408\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56fd\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff14\uff0d\uff12\uff11\uff15\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u6765\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6240\u8d77\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u516d\u56db\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u60c5\u51b5\u53cd\u800c\u5012\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u72b6\u51b5\u975e\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u8fd8\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u8981\u631f\u548c\u6311\u6218\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u5ff5\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff11\uff18\uff0d\uff12\uff11\uff19\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Victoria\uff09\u7684\u5434\u56fd\u5149\uff08Guoguang Wu\uff09\u6559\u6388\u5728\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u7ae0\u3008\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u9634\u5f71\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u7528\u3009\uff08A Shadow over Western Democracies: China&#8217;s Political Use of Economic Power\uff09\u4e5f\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff08Canada\uff09\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\uff08Australia\uff09\uff0c\u548c\u591a\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5728\u534e\u6295\u8d44\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u516d\u56db\u540e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u65e5\u6e10\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6b63\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u5e9e\u5927\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u65bd\u538b\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff12\uff11\uff0d\uff12\uff13\uff16\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u96c5\u864e\uff08Yahoo\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u95f4\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3a\u57fa\u5730\u7684\u4e98\u8054\u7f51\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f54\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e9e\u5927\u5e02\u573a\u800c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4f5c\u51fa\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u672c\u94b1\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6253\u538b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u53e3\u9075\u5b88\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u53d6\u5f97\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u676f\u7fb9\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff12\uff17\uff09\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u756a\u8bdd\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u8fd9\u79cd\u602a\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u300c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4e98\u60e0\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u5728\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u88e1\u63d0\u5347\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u800c\u73b0\u5b9e\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u88e1\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5229\u7528\u8d44\u8baf\u79d1\u6280\u6765\u884c\u4f7f\u8d44\u8baf\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u300d\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff12\uff17\uff0d\uff12\uff12\uff18\uff09\u4e8b\u60c5\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6709\u4e86\u8d1f\u9762\u770b\u6cd5\uff08\u9875\uff12\uff12\uff18\uff09\u3002\u3000<\/span><\/p> 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Gorbachev\uff09\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6027\u548c\u653f\u6539\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee4\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0d\u518d\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u4e2d\u5171\u62ef\u6551\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6267\u653f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\u300d\u7b49\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bba\u8c03\u3002\u3000\u3000<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; 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line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u7684\u5b66\u8fd0\u4ee4\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u4e0b\u5b9a\u51b3\u5fc3\u63a8\u7ffb\u5f00\u660e\u6d3e\uff0c\u9547\u538b\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u9769\u547d\u6597\u4e89\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u505c\u7559\u4e8e\u540e\u6bdb\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u9093\u5bf9\u516d\u56db\u7684\u8840\u8165\u5904\u7406\u624b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6bdb\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u540e\u6bdb\u4f53\u5236\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e18\u4e4b\u8c89\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\u515a\u5185\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u90fd\u540c\u6837\u5730\u5f00\u59cb\u6000\u7591\u9769\u547d\u6597\u4e89\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e5f\u4ee4\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u81ea\uff11\uff19\uff17\uff18\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u53bb\u6bdb\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u62e8\u4e71\u53cd\u6b63\u548c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u4ed8\u8bf8\u4e1c\u6d41\u3002\u516d\u56db\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e86\u9093\u8fc7\u8eab\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u3002\u4ece\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\uff08Jiang Zemin\uff09\u7684\u300c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u300d\uff0c\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u7684\u300c\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\uff0c\u5230\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\uff08Xi Jinping\uff09\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68a6\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u516d\u56db\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u540e\u6bdb\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u7834\u574f\u7684\u4fee\u847a\uff0c\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\u4e2d\u5171\u540e\u6bdb\u4f53\u5236\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\">&nbsp;<\/p>  <p style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%;font-family:\u5b8b\u4f53\">\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f80\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u4ece\u672a\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u50cf\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff08civil society\uff09\uff0c\uff14\uff19\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4e2d\u56fd\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u627c\u6740\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u840c\u82bd\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u4e5f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u516d\u56db\u7684\u6700\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u4e0d\u518d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5974\u4ffe\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5177\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5929\u751f\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7efc\u89c2\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff11\uff19\uff18\uff19\u300b\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u672c\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u516d\u56db\u540e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u521d\u6b65\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6709\u6240\u51fa\u5165\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u4ece\u516d\u56db\u524d\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u5e2d\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u300c\u5bf9\u6297\u5f0f\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\uff08confrontational civil society\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5118\u7ba1\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u300c\u534f\u5546\u5f0f\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\uff08negotiated civil society\uff09\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6743\u4e5f\u7531\u516d\u56db\u524d\u7684\u300c\u538b\u8feb\u578b\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08oppressive authoritarianism \uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u300c\u9632\u5fa1\u578b\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u300d\uff08defensive authoritarianism 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