{"id":71641,"date":"2017-03-12T03:25:00","date_gmt":"2017-03-12T03:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=71641 "},"modified":"2017-03-12T03:25:00","modified_gmt":"2017-03-12T03:25:00","slug":"71641-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=71641","title":{"rendered":"\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u4e0e\u89e3\u6784"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u5173\u952e\u8bcd<\/strong>\uff1a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49  \u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b<\/span><\/p>

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\u4e00\u3001\u5f15\u8a00<\/span><\/h1>

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\u4e8c\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/h1>

1.            \u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/h2>

\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49(totalitarianism)\u4e5f\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a“\u5168\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49”\uff0c\u672c\u610f\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u80fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5168\u4f53\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u5eb7\u594e\u65af\u7279\u5bf9\u6b64\u505a\u4e86\u7cbe\u51c6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a“\u5728\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4efb\u4f55\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u5176\u6240\u80fd\u529b\u6c42\u63a7\u5236\u516c\u5171\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002”<\/span>[3]<\/span> \u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u786e\u5b9e\u4f1a\u628a\u6743\u529b\u7528\u5230\u6781\u81f4\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u653f\u5e9c\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u90fd“\u7ba1\u8d77\u6765”\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6781\u6743\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7ba1\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u60f3\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c31\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u6240\u5411\u62ab\u9761\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u65e0\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c31\u7ba1\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u8981\u600e\u4e48\u7ba1\u5c31\u600e\u4e48\u7ba1\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u81ea\u536b\u6743\u5229\u5219\u5747\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6b86\u5c3d\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u62b5\u6297\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u5176\u9f0e\u76db\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7ba1\u4f4f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u675f\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u7075\u9b42\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u5982\u679c\u7528\u7535\u8def\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b“\u96f6\u963b\u6297”\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u963b\u6297\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u7535\u6d41\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7535\u6d41\u77ed\u8def\uff0c\u4f1a\u628a\u7535\u8def\u70e7\u574f\uff1b\u6781\u6743\u8086\u8650\u3001\u6a2a\u884c\u65e0\u963b\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u7d66\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u707e\u96be\uff0c“\u6587\u9769”\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e3a\u7978\u60e8\u70c8\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u5c31\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9020\u6210\u6743\u529b“\u77ed\u8def”\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5229\u7528\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6“\u53d1\u7535\u673a”\u5bf9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2a\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u7535\u3001\u6d17\u8111\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4f53\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u662f\u62b5\u5236\u6781\u6743\u6215\u5bb3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684“\u963b\u6297”\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u6210\u79ef\u6781\u62e5\u62a4\u6781\u6743\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u63a5\u53d7\u5974\u5f79\u7684“\u84c4\u7535\u6c60”\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5f53\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684“\u53d1\u7535\u673a”\u8d8b\u4e8e\u67af\u7aed\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a“\u84c4\u7535\u6c60”\u4ecd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5ef6\u7eed\u6781\u6743\u5bff\u547d\u3002\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u77ed\u8def\u7684\u516c\u6743\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u8111\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u77ed\u8def\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u77ed\u8def\u4e92\u4e3a\u56e0\u679c\uff1b\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u6c11\u4fdd\u6301\u6e05\u9192\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u83ab\u5927\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u6743\u529b“\u96f6\u963b\u6297”\u4e43\u81f3“\u8d1f\u963b\u6297”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u7740\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e0a\u6e90\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f20\u7edf\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u90fd\u5e26\u7740\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u5341\u5206\u665a\u8fd1\u624d\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u679c\u541b\u4e3b\u865a\u9759\u65e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4f1a\u81ea\u6211\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u80fd\u591f\u963b\u6b62\u4e00\u4e2a\u66b4\u541b\u4e0a\u53f0\u5e76\u65e0\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u6269\u5f20\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u7ea6\u7ff0\u738b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u8feb\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u673a\u7f18\u5de7\u5408\u4f7f\u5f97\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5747\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7b49\u4eba\u6279\u5224\u7684“\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49”(absolutist)\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5373\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u8d4b\u4e88\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u884c\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53e4\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u660e\u51fa\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u653f\u515a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7eb2\u9886\u53ca\u5176\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u6548\u7387\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u60ef\u4f8b\u4e60\u4fd7\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u6325\u5230\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u73b0\u4ee3\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e3a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\u662f1830\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u521b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u8f6b\u6709\u5f85\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u5e76\u501f\u52a9\u5927\u8427\u6761\u7684\u6076\u52a3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6c14\u5019\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u3002\u65e9\u57281923\u5e74\uff0c\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u5c31\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e00\u5207\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff1a“\u4e00\u5207\u56fd\u6709\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5916\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u670d\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002”<\/span>[4]<\/span> \u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u57281927\u5e74\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86“\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6”\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span>[5]<\/span> \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u65e9\u57281917\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u8bba\u754c\u5f53\u4f5c\u65c1\u95e8\u5de6\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u7b49\u5230\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u529b\u91cf\u968f\u7740\u6218\u8d25\u800c\u8986\u706d\u3001\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u8fdb\u5165\u51b7\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u5f0f\u5171\u4ea7\u653f\u6743\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5de6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a“\u6781\u53f3”\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5206\u4eab\u5171\u540c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u5728\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e13\u653f\u4e0e\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u4f53\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5f17\u745e\u5947\u548c\u5e03\u70ed\u6d25\u65af\u57fa\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u66b4\u529b\u7b49\u673a\u5236\u7684\u6050\u5413\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5bf9\u901a\u8baf\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u884c\u4e2d\u592e\u6307\u5bfc\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span>[6]<\/span>       \u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5168\u80fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6765\u6307\u79f0\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8d70\u5411\u5168\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u52a8\u6216\u88ab\u8feb\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u627f\u8bfa\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f1f\u5927\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u547d\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u786e\u3001\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f1f\u5927\u627f\u8bfa\u4e3a\u5df1\u4efb\u7684\u653f\u515a\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u7279\u5f81\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u9898\u4e2d\u4e4b\u610f\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

2.            \u6781\u6743\u4e0e\u5a01\u6743<\/span><\/h2>

\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5a01\u6743(authoritarian)\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5f53\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5168\u9762\u6269\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u5176\u5b83\u9886\u57df\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e8e\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u6216\u6267\u653f\u515a\u64cd\u63a7\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5e76\u538b\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u72ec\u88c1\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f“\u6ea2\u51fa\u6548\u5e94”\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u679c\u672a\u5fc5\u4e25\u683c\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u6709\u4e43\u81f3\u79c1\u8425\u4f01\u4e1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5404\u79cd\u4efb\u4eba\u552f\u4eb2\u548c\u88d9\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u6ca1\u6709\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bd5\u56fe\u5168\u9762\u7ba1\u5236\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u793e\u4f1a\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u667a\u5229\u7b49\u5357\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u6b63\u662f\u76ae\u8bfa\u5207\u7279\u4e4b\u7c7b\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u79ef\u6781\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u54f2\u5b66\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u5f17\u745e\u5947\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5a01\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u6240\u652f\u6301\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u4e09\u662f\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5927\u4f17\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5a01\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5076\u5c14\u5229\u7528\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8b66\u5bdf\u66b4\u529b\u66f4\u662f\u4e0d\u5728\u8bdd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u5c40\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u63a7\u5236\u56fd\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u7684“\u601d\u60f3\u72af\u7f6a”\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u96c7\u7528\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ef4\u6301\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u628a\u6253\u51fb\u5bf9\u8c61\u9501\u5b9a\u4e8e\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u7edf\u6cbb\u6784\u6210\u76f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u9886\u8896\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u56e0\u4e3a\u6267\u653f\u515a\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5784\u65ad“\u771f\u7406”\u3001“\u6b63\u786e”\u6216“\u4f1f\u5927”\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u5141\u8bb8\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4e43\u81f3\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>

\u5982\u679c\u628a“\u5a01\u6743”\u4f5c\u4e3a\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a“\u5a01\u67431.0\u7248”\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6781\u6743\u72b6\u6001\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5a01\u67433.0\u7248”\u3002\u7248\u672c\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u72ec\u88c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6108\u70c8\u3002\u4e0d\u59a8\u518d\u6b21\u6cbf\u7528\u7535\u8def\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u4e0b\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u65e0“\u7535\u538b”\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6“\u7535\u538b”\u6765\u81ea\u591a\u6570\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53“\u7535\u538b”\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u6c11\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684“\u963b\u6297”\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u7684“\u7535\u538b”\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u5f31“\u7535\u963b”\u30021.0\u7248\u5a01\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u515a\u5185\u5b9e\u884c\u9886\u8896\u72ec\u88c1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u7cbe\u82f1\u89c4\u5219\u6216\u6d3e\u7cfb\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u80fd\u9ed8\u8ba4\u515a\u5916\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u9650\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529f\u80fd\uff1b\u4eba\u6c11\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u8eab\u6743\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u4e09\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u6761\u4ef6<\/span><\/h1>

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1.            \u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001<\/span><\/h2>

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3.            \u5185\u5916\u96c6\u6743<\/span><\/h2>

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1.            \u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8715\u53d8<\/span><\/h2>

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2.            \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f1a\u4e00\u70c2\u5230\u5e95<\/span><\/h2>

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3.            \u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u5982\u4f55\u9000\u573a<\/span><\/h2>

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\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5f31\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d17\u8111\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u6559\u80b2\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u4fe1\u4f17\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u7684\u865a\u4f2a\u6559\u4e49\u53bb\u586b\u585e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5207\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8bf4\u6559\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u5916\uff0c\u72ac\u5112\u4e3b\u4e49\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\u3002\u5b98\u5458\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5229\u7528\u4f53\u5236\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8d44\u6e90\u5bfb\u79df\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u5219\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5229\u7528\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u673a\u4f1a\u6323\u94b1\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\u4e0d\u65ad\u6ed1\u5761\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u6fd2\u4e34\u5931\u5e8f\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6297\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684“\u963b\u6297”\u6b63\u5728\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684“\u6743\u529b\u96f6\u963b\u6297”\u72b6\u6001\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\u3002\u6216\u8005\u7528\u78c1\u573a\u505a\u6bd4\u55bb\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u78c1\u529b\u4f7f\u5f97“\u78c1\u573a”\u5185\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a“\u78c1\u4f53”\u90fd\u53d1\u751f“\u6781\u5316”(polarization)\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u90fd\u4ee5\u5927\u78c1\u573a\u65b9\u5411\u51b3\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u6781\u6743\u78c1\u573a\u8870\u5fae\u540e\uff0c“\u78c1\u4f53”\u53d1\u751f\u65e0\u5e8f“\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8”\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u78c1\u6027\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u968f\u673a\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u6216\u56e0\u78c1\u6027\u51cf\u5f31\u800c\u5411\u4e2d\u6027“\u7edd\u7f18\u4f53”\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u540e\u6781\u6743\u72b6\u6001\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u5a01\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u76841.0\u7248\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u4e3b\u8981\u9760\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\u548c\u6050\u6016\u6cbb\u56fd\u7ef4\u6301\u3002<\/span>[18]<\/span><\/p>

4.            \u65b0\u6781\u6743\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd<\/span><\/h2>

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u5fc3\u8d70\u56de\u5934\u8def\u7684\u6267\u653f\u8005\uff0c\u786c\u8981\u5c06\u6781\u6743“\u6cd5\u5b9d”\u7528\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u65e0\u8bba\u515a\u5185\u8fd8\u662f\u515a\u5916\u90fd\u672a\u5fc5\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u963b\u6b62\u6781\u6743\u56de\u6f6e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c“\u540e\u6781\u6743”\u5373\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e“\u65b0\u6781\u6743”(neo-totalitarianism)\u3002\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u7684\u53d1\u6761\u53c8\u5c06\u7ef7\u7d27\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\u548c\u6050\u6016\u6cbb\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u6545\u6211\uff0c\u5ba3\u4f20\u6d17\u8111\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u539f\u5148\u4e5f\u662f“\u89c4\u5b9a\u52a8\u4f5c”\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u663e\u8457\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86“\u78c1\u573a”\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a“\u78c1\u4f53”\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5f52“\u6781\u5316”\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u7ef4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6839\u672c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u5df2\u7ecf\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u591a\u5143\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6f58\u591a\u62c9\u9b54\u76d2\u518d\u5173\u8d77\u6765\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a“\u9b54\u9b3c”\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u7b3c\u5e76\u4e14\u5927\u91cf\u7e41\u6b96\u3002\u8981\u91cd\u542f\u6d17\u8111\u704c\u8f93\uff0c\u628a\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u7684“\u9b54\u9b3c”\u518d\u653e\u56de\u9b54\u76d2\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u8fdd\u80cc\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684“\u71b5”\u51cf\u5c11\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65b0\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u5f00\u8db3\u5ba3\u4f20\u673a\u5668\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u7684\u9a6c\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u538b\u5236\u591a\u5143\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5efa\u9020\u5404\u79cd\u865a\u62df\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684“\u9632\u706b\u5899”\uff0c\u5e76\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\uff1b<\/span>[19]<\/span>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5927\u91cf\u96c7\u7528“\u4e94\u6bdb”\u5199\u624b\u53d1\u5e16“\u704c\u6c34”\u3001\u6270\u4e71\u6b63\u5e38\u8206\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u523b\u677f\u4e4f\u5473\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u6559\u4e49\u8fd8\u6709\u4f17\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6d17\u8111\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u957f\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u786e\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ecd\u7136\u6267\u8ff7\u4e0d\u609f\uff0c\u7518\u5f53\u7ef4\u62a4\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u9a6c\u524d\u5352\uff08“\u81ea\u5e72\u4e94”\uff09\u3002\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684“\u53d1\u7535\u673a”\u6548\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5927\u6253\u6298\u6263\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u671f\u5145\u7535\u6d17\u8111\u4e4b\u540e\u84c4\u52bf\u5f85\u53d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a“\u84c4\u7535\u6c60”\u5374\u5f00\u59cb\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u4e94\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u963b\u529b<\/span><\/h1>

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1.            \u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8f6c\u578b\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd<\/span><\/h2>

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2.            “\u6587\u9769”\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u5411<\/span><\/h2>

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 <\/p>

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u96be\u9898\u3002 \u6587\u5316\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u4f53\u5236\u60ef\u6027\u90fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u8f6c\u578b\u96be\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u5931\u8d25\u672c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5947\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5206\u6790\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u663e\u7136\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u56fa\u7136\u96be\u8f9e\u5176\u548e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e16\u754c\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5316\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\u7b49\u56fd\u9645\u56e0\u7d20\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u6839\u672c\u9006\u8f6c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7e41\u8363\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u76db\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u5c1a\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u4f53\u5236\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u4f53\u91cf\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u9694\u79bb\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u6539\u9769\u81f3\u5c11\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u5e73\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u767b\u5cf0\u9020\u6781\u7684\u5a01\u67433.0\u7248\u8d70\u52302.0\u7248\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002\u4eca\u540e\u7684\u8def\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u8d70\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5047\u4ee5\u5929\u65f6\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e89\u6c14\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8d70\u4e0d\u51fa\u6781\u6743\u7684\u9b54\u5492\u3002\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\uff0c\u6218\u80dc\u6781\u6743\u7684\u94a5\u5319\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u4f53\u5236\u80fd\u5426\u5b58\u7eed\u6700\u7ec8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u591f\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u65e2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8270\u96be\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u52c7\u6c14\u3001\u667a\u6167\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8003\u9a8c\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7ecf\u4e16\u81f4\u7528\u3001\u5efa\u529f\u7acb\u4e1a\u7684\u96be\u5f97\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

*<\/sup> \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6784\u601d\u59cb\u4e8e2014\u5e747\u670811\u65e5\u5728\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u7814\u8ba8\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7b14\u8005\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u8a00\u63d0\u7eb2\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u4e86Totalitarian Revolutions and Constitutional Transition in China\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u611f\u8c22\u4f55\u4e4f\u7b14(Fabian Heuser)\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\u548c\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[1]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1A. James Gregor, <\/span>Totalitarianism and Political Religion: An Intellectual History<\/em>, Stanford University Press (2012).<\/font><\/p>

[2]<\/span> J.L. Talmon, <\/span>The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy<\/em>, New York: Praeger (1960), pp. 1-3.<\/font><\/p>

[3]<\/span> Conquest, Robert. <\/span>Reflections on a Ravaged Century<\/em>. W.W. Norton & Co. (1999), p. 74.<\/font><\/p>

[4]<\/span> “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state”\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Stanley G. Payne, <\/span>Fascism: Comparison and Definition<\/em>, University of Wisconsin Press (1980), p. 73.<\/font><\/p>

[5]<\/span> Carl Schmitt, <\/span>The Concept of the Political <\/em>, University of Chicago Press (1996), p. 22.<\/font><\/p>

[6]<\/span> <\/font>Carl Friedrich<\/span> and <\/span>Z. K. Brzezinski<\/span>, <\/span>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy<\/em> (2nd Ed.), Praeger (1967).<\/font><\/p>

[7]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1Andrey N. Medushevsky, <\/span>Russian Constitutionalism: Historical and Contemporary Development<\/em>, Routledge (2006), pp. 61-139.<\/font><\/p>

[8]<\/span> Ibid., pp. 61-63.<\/span><\/p>

[9]<\/span> Ibid., pp. 72-73.<\/span><\/p>

[10]<\/span> Ibid., pp. 126-128.<\/span><\/p>

[11]<\/span> Karl R. Popper, <\/span>Open Society and Its Enemies<\/em>, Princeton University Press (2013), pp.  83-114, 283-320.<\/font><\/p>

[12]<\/span> \u6c49\u5a1c·\u9102\u5170\uff08\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff09\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u9aa7\u534e\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c10\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[13]<\/span> \u672c\u6bb5\u5185\u5bb9\u53c2\u8003\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c11\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[14]<\/span> \u672c\u6bb5\u5185\u5bb9\u53c2\u8003\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u300a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c10\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[15]<\/span> \u9ad8\u534e\uff1a\u300a\u7ea2\u592a\u9633\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5347\u8d77\u7684——\u5ef6\u5b89\u6574\u98ce\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6765\u9f99\u53bb\u8109\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u81f3\u4e94\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[16]<\/span> Alexis de Tocqueville, <\/span>Democracy in America<\/em>, George Lawrence (trans.), J.P. Mayer (ed.), New York: Harper & Row (1969), pp. 15, 193.<\/font><\/p>

[17]<\/span> \u5b59\u7acb\u5e73\uff1a“\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u5728\u52a0\u901f\u8d70\u5411\u6e83\u8d25“\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7f512011\u5e742\u670816\u65e5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[18]<\/span> \u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a“\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u524d\u666f”\uff0c\u300a\u91d1\u878d\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7f51\uff0c2015\u5e745\u670818\u65e5\uff0chttp:\/\/www.ftchinese.com\/story\/001062037?full=y.<\/span><\/p>

[19]<\/span> \u9664\u4e86\u5f3a\u5316\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u9650\u5236\u5883\u5916NGO\u5728\u5883\u5185\u6d3b\u52a8\u30022016\u5e744\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u5e38\u59d4\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u5883\u5916\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5883\u5185\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5883\u5916NGO\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[20]<\/span> Ibid., pp. 44-45.<\/span><\/p>

[21]<\/span> \u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f“\u4fa5\u5e78”\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u4e0a\u53f0\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u7136\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u3001\u6700\u7cbe\u5e72\u3001\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u60df\u4e00\u80fd\u7ed9\u82cf\u8054\u5e26\u6765\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a“\u52a3\u5e01\u9a71\u9010\u826f\u5e01”\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\u7684\u540e\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u673a\u5236\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0a\u53f0\u3002<\/span><\/p>

[22]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u5343\u5e06\uff1a“\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u5c40\u9650”\uff0c\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2011\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c70-78\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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