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size=3>\u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>[1]Xenopnon: Hiero or Tyrannicus. In Leo Strauss, On Tyranny. Revised and Enlarged Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000\uff0c pp. 3-21.<BR>[2]Leo Strauss, On Tyranny\uff0cp. 34.<BR>[3]Ibid, p. 32.<BR>[4]John Hoffman, The Gramscian Challenge: Coercion and Consent in Marxist Political Theory, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984, pp. 45-46.<BR>[5]Barry Schutz, \\&#8221;The Heritage of Revolution and the Struggle for Governmental Legitimacy in Mozambique.\\&#8221; In I. Willam Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, CO:\u3000L. Rienner Publishers, 1995, p. 110.<BR>[6]James Lull, China Turned On: Television, Reform, and Resistance. London: Routledge, 1991, pp. 183-184.<BR>[7]Julia Kwong, \u201cThe 1986 Student Demonstration in China: Democratic Movement?\u201d Asian Survey 10 (1988): 970-85, p. 974.<BR>[8]\u94b1\u7406\u7fa4\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u2015\u20151980\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u6821\u56ed\u6c11\u4e3b\u8fd0\u52a8\u8ff0\u8bc4\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u300b[\u7f8e]\uff0c2008\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u603b100\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c4\uff0d42\u9875\u3002<BR>[9]\u9093\u5c0f\u5e731989\u5e746\u67089\u65e5\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u300a\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u62a5\u300b1989\u5e747\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c1\u7248\u3002<BR>[10]\u8427\u529f\u79e6\uff0c\u201c\u8d70\u5411\u6210\u719f\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u7684\u56de\u987e\u4e0e\u5c55\u671b\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b,1993\u5e745\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c3\u7248\u3002<BR>[11]\u8427\u529f\u79e6\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f6c\u578b\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\uff0c \u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b,1994\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c24\u9875\u3002<BR>[12]\u5f20\u6c5d\u4f26\uff0c\u201c\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e74\u7b2c9\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c34-42\u9875\u3002<BR>[13]\u4e1c\u65b9\uff0c\u201c\u6838\u6218\u8a00\u8bba\u60ca\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f17\u4eba\u8bc4\u8bba\u6731\u5c06\u519b\u201d\uff0cVOA\uff0c2005\u5e7407\u670824\u65e5\u3002<BR>[14]\u53c2\u89c1\u5f90\u8d32\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u51b3\u65ad\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\uff0c2006\u5e744\u6708\u53f7\u3002<BR>[15]\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u600e\u6837\u505a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff1f\u2015\u2015\u5f20\u65ed\u4e1c\u6559\u6388\u8bbf\u8c08\u5f55\u201d\uff0c<\/FONT><A href=\\\"http:\/\/www.cc.org.cn\/newcc\/browwenzhang.php?articleid=5583\\\"><FONT size=3>www.cc.org.cn\/newcc\/browwenzhang.php?articleid=5583<\/FONT><\/A><FONT size=3> \uff1b\u6bdb\u71d5\uff0c\u201c\u4ece\u2018\u6587\u5316\u62ff\u6765\u2019\u5230\u2018\u6587\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u2019\u2015\u2015\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u738b\u5cb3\u5ddd\u8c08\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c booker.com.cn\/gb\/paper16\/ 39\/class001600006\/hwz198796.htm\uff1b\u7518\u9633\uff0c\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u8fd8\u662f\u9644\u5eb8\u85e9\u5c5e\uff1f\u2015\u2015\u534e\u4eba\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u5317\u5927\u6539\u9769\u201d, <\/FONT><A href=\\\"http:\/\/www.philo.ruc.edu.cn\/pol04\/\\\"><FONT size=3>www.philo.ruc.edu.cn\/pol04\/<\/FONT><\/A><FONT size=3> edu\/p_edu\/popular\/200407\/473.html\uff1b\u201c\u5f20\u56fd\u7acb\u75db\u65a5\u97e9\u5267\u2018\u5927\u957f\u4eca\u2019\u201d\uff0c <\/FONT><A href=\\\"http:\/\/www.61.184.45.151:8100\/show.aspx?id=740&amp;cid\\\"><FONT size=3>www.61.184.45.151:8100\/show.aspx?id=740&amp;cid<\/FONT><\/A><FONT size=3>\u3002<BR>[16]\u201c\u848b\u5e86\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5927\u5112\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u5b9e\u8df5\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\u7269\u5468\u520a\u300b2005\u5e747\u67087\u65e5\uff1b\u201c\u848b\u5e86\u6b32\u4e3a\u5112\u6559\u7533\u8bf7\u4e13\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u4eac\u62a5\u300b2005\u5e7412\u670820\u65e5\u3002<BR>[17]\u4f55\u6e05\u6d9f\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff09\uff0c1998\u5e741\u6708\u7248\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u589e\u8ba2\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u9677\u9631\u300b\u7531\u9999\u6e2f\u535a\u5927\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e745\u6708\u51fa\u7248\u3002<BR>[18]\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\uff0c\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e30\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u7ed3\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u8c10\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\uff0c<\/FONT><A href=\\\"http:\/\/www.chinahexie.org\/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=5278\\\"><FONT size=3>http:\/\/www.chinahexie.org\/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=5278<\/FONT><\/A><FONT size=3>\u3002<BR>[19]Robert Michels, Political Parties. New York: Free Press, 1962, p. 111.<BR>[20]Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 13-28.<\/FONT><\/P>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5f90\u8d32\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5723\u739b\u5229\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388 \u4e00\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff081978\uff0d1989\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u6539\u9769\u91cd\u5851\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e8c\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6d41\u5931\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7239"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7239\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}