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\u8b6c\u5982\u5176\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c“\u5434\u6de6\u957f\u671f\u5229\u7528\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53d1\u8868\u98a0\u8986\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u7684\u8a00\u8bba”\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bba\u8bc1\u8a00\u8bba\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210“\u98a0\u8986”\u7684\uff1b“\u5c60\u592b”\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u300a\u6740\u732a\u5b9d\u5178\u300b\u3001\u300a\u559d\u8336\u5b9d\u5178\u300b\u3001\u300a\u88ab\u62c6\u8fc1\u5f81\u5730\u6237\u7ef4\u6743\u5b9d\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\u5374\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b“\u5b9d\u5178”\u5982\u4f55“\u653b\u51fb\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u673a\u5173”\uff1b\u4ed6\u8fd8“\u63a5\u53d7\u5883\u5916\u5a92\u4f53\u91c7\u8bbf\u3001\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u53d1\u5e03\u97f3\u9891\u8bb2\u5ea7\u3001\u5ba3\u626c\u6240\u8c13‘\u63a8\u5899’\u601d\u60f3”\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8c01\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5883\u5916\u5a92\u4f53\u91c7\u8bbf\u6216\u53d1\u8868\u97f3\u9891\u8bb2\u5ea7\u5c31\u662f“\u98a0\u8986\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743”\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e“\u63a8\u5899”\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u7a81\u7834“\u957f\u57ce\u9632\u706b\u5899”\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0e\u73b0\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u6784\u6210“\u98a0\u8986”\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u91cd\u7f6a\u3002\u4f55\u51b5\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u8c08\u8bba“\u63a8\u5899”\u7684\u5927\u6709\u4eba\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u60e9\u7f5a\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4efb\u610f\u800c\u4e0d\u516c\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6267\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\u5177\u4f53\u7f57\u5217\u4e86“\u5c60\u592b”\u7684<\/span>12<\/span>\u6761\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u7b49\u673a\u5173\u95e8\u524d\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3e\u724c\u3001\u6302\u6a2a\u5e45\u3001\u558a\u53e3\u53f7\u3001\u5b9e\u65bd“\u884c\u4e3a\u827a\u672f”\uff0c\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u8c29\u9a82\u7279\u5b9a\u5e72\u90e8\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u6c11\u8b66\u6216\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c“\u4eba\u8089\u641c\u7d22”\uff0c\u62b9\u9ed1\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u7b49\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c“\u5728\u5883\u5185\u5916\u9020\u6210\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u3002”\u95ee\u9898\u9996\u5148\u662f\uff0c\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8a00\u884c\u6240\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c31\u628a“\u5c60\u592b”\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a“\u62b9\u9ed1\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5f62\u8c61”\u3001“\u653b\u51fb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6”\u3001“\u98a0\u8986\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743”\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u9662\u884c\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9e\u6784\u6210\u8fdd\u6cd5\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f“\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6”\u6240\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u96be\u9053\u8150\u8d25\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e5f\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0d\u516c\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u5f3a\u62c6\uff0c“\u5c60\u592b”\u7684“\u653b\u51fb”\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u8981\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5417\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5e73\u548c\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5f15\u8d77\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5938\u5f20\u4e00\u70b9\u7684“\u884c\u4e3a\u827a\u672f”\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u7ea6\u516c\u6743\u6ee5\u7528\u4e0d\u662f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7f57\u5217\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8a00\u884c\u90fd\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u5e02\u957f\u7b49\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u548c“\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743”\u5212\u7b49\u53f7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde“\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173”\u90fd\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u66ff\u56fd\u5bb6“\u6253\u5de5”\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u72af\u9519\u7684\u62bd\u8c61“\u56fd\u5bb6”\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4f1a\u72af\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u6ee5\u7528\u516c\u6743\u3001\u6ecb\u751f\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9700\u8981\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u8a00\u8bba\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u548c\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\u5374\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e“\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743”\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u90fd\u6210\u4e86“\u98a0\u8986”\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span>35<\/span>\u6761\u548c\u300a\u5211\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span>105<\/span>\u6761\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u8bef\u8bfb\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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 <\/p>

\u6309\u7167\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\uff0c“\u98a0\u8986\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743”\u5f53\u7136\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u9650\u4e8e\u6781\u5176\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u770b\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u6cd5\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u7b2c<\/span>18<\/span>\u7bc7\u7b2c<\/span>115<\/span>\u7ae0\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u53db\u56fd\u3001\u717d\u52a8\u548c\u98a0\u8986\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684“\u98a0\u8986\u884c\u4e3a”\u662f\u548c\u53db\u56fd\u3001\u53db\u4e71\u6216\u66b4\u52a8\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u717d\u52a8\u3001\u9f13\u52a8\u63a8\u7ffb\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5f71\u54cd\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u4e3a\u654c\u56fd\u670d\u5f79\u7b49\u4e25\u91cd\u72af\u7f6a\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u5982\u4f55\u754c\u5b9a“\u98a0\u8986”\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u7ec8\u7a76\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u53ef\u64bc\u52a8\u7684\u5e95\u7ebf\u3002\u5728<\/span>1966<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff08<\/span>Elfbrandt v. Russell, 384 U.S. 11)<\/span>\uff0c\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u6cd5\u8981\u6c42\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u96c7\u5458\u5ba3\u8a93\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u4f3c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5206\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e5f\u88ab\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u5728<\/span>1967<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff08<\/span>Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 U.S. 589<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u53c2\u4e0e\u5ba3\u626c\u63a8\u7ffb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u6559\u5e08\u548c\u96c7\u5458\u7b7e\u7f72\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u6c83\u4f26\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>5:4<\/span>\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u8fd9\u9879\u5dde\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

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