{"id":7862,"date":"2009-02-10T13:17:34","date_gmt":"2009-02-10T13:17:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/127.0.0.1:10081\/?p=7862 "},"modified":"2009-02-10T13:17:34","modified_gmt":"2009-02-10T13:17:34","slug":"7862-revision-v1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/?p=7862","title":{"rendered":"\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u573a\u57df\u6784\u5efa"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u5728\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u7167\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u201c\u6838\u5fc3-\u8fb9\u7f18\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u516c\u5171\u6027\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9769\u547d\u6784\u5efa\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6d88\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u7406\u8bba\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u89d2\u8272\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u516c\u5171\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u591a\u5143\u5171\u6cbb\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u800c\u4f20\u7edf\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f53\u4ee3\u590d\u5174\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u826f\u5584\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u653f\u4f53\u6784\u9020\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u6cbb\u7406\uff1b\u573a\u57df\uff1b\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5f15 \u8a00<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5316\u548c\u540e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5bf9\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5408\u7406\u6027\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u65e0\u53ef\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u62bd\u8c03\u201c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u91cd\u5efa\u201d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u8f74\uff0c\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u8bdd\u8bed\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u201c\u9690\u853d\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u3002\u5728\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u540e\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5173\u5207\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u5411\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5e76\u671f\u5f85\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u7ed9\u4e88\u652f\u6301\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u66ff\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6291\u6216\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u81ea\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u96be\u9898\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5426\u5b9a\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u51fa\u573a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4f46\u9650\u5236\u516c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u53d9\u4e8b\u548c\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7533\u8fa9\u7684\u6d69\u5927\u58f0\u52bf\u5374\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u98a0\u8986\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u3002[\u2460]\u6279\u5224\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u89e3\u6784\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u6574\u5408\u201c\u4ed6\u5728\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u201d\u7b49\u6563\u5e03\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6cbb\u7406\u9769\u547d\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u6765\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u6784\u9020\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8f74\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u9769\u547d\u53cd\u800c\u88ab\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u88ab\u8a00\u8bf4\u6210\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f0f\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bc9\u6c42\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u547d\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u9769\u547d\u8981\u5728\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u548c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u52fe\u753b\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u8fd8\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u8feb\u5207\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u4e3a\u5176\u5bfb\u627e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8bf4\u660e\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u91cd\u6784\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u80fd\u4ece\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e13\u6ce8\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u800c\u820d\u5f03\u5bf9\u91cd\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u5207\u5462\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u8981\u8ba9\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6446\u8131\u67d0\u79cd\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u5c06\u98a0\u8986\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u6784\u5efa\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u601d\u8003\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u8003\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u652f\u6301\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u800c\u4ece\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u8def\u5f84\u9610\u91ca\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u91cd\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8868\u8fbe\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u4e3b\u4e49\u751a\u81f3\u6c11\u4e3b\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5b9a\u52bf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u81ea\u53e4\u5178\u7406\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u81f4\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60f3\u8c61\u653f\u4f53\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u4f1a\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u751f\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u201d[\u2461]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u590d\u5174\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u6d89\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u63a8\u5d07\u591a\u6570\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u504f\u7231\u591a\u5143\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u201d[\u2462] <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u6309\u7167\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u539f\u5219\u6291\u6216\u516c\u5171\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u201d[\u2463].\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7740\u91cd\u7814\u7a76\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u884c\u653f\/\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e92\u6d89\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91ca\u4e49\uff0c\u5c55\u5f00\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5728\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u8f6c\u5411\u4e88\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002[\u2464]\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5176\u590d\u5174\u4e2d\u6240\u4e9f\u5f85\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u91cd\u6784\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba8\u8bba\u610f\u793a\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5728\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u5efa\u6784\u4e2d\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5236\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u7684\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u793a\u610f\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7406\u6027\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u5207\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5951\u5408<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u6309\u7167\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u8005\u65af\u8482\u5c14\u66fc\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Richard.J.Stillman\uff09\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u8fdb\u5165\u91cd\u6784\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672a\u89c1\u91cd\u6784\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u91cd\u6784\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5efa\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u65e8\u8da3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5bf9\u5b66\u79d1\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5728\u6839\u57fa\u4e0a\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u518d\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5bfb\u627e\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9690\u542b\u6027\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6d89\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u9610\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4ece\u9610\u91ca\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Mansfield\uff0cH.C\uff09\u7684\u300a\u9a6f\u5316\u541b\u4e3b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e92\u6d89\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u3002[\u2465]\u6309\u7167\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u663e\u8457\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8d4b\u4e88\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\uff0c\u66fe\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u6cbb\u56fd\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u6f14\u5316\u56fe\u8c31\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u5b98\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u5374\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u91cc\u7684\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u91cc\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5927\u751a\u81f3\u6b8b\u5fcd\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5374\u524a\u5f31\u4e43\u81f3\u9690\u9041\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5982\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7b49\u4eba\u5c31\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u201c\u9a6f\u5316\u201d\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u91cc\u7684\u55dc\u8840\u201c\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u53cd\u5171\u548c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u52a0\u4ee5\u7a00\u91ca\uff0c\u7eb3\u5165\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u800c\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u666e\u9009\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4eca\u5929\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5728\u6267\u884c\u6743\u5174\u8d77\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u8fd9\u9879\u8003\u5bdf\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u6743\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u5baa\u653f\u5316\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u4e2d\u5eb8\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6267\u884c\u6743\u5171\u548c\u5316\u201d\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5b66\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u7ecf\u7531\u666e\u9009\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5171\u548c\u5316\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u65e0\u7591\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u6743\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u59cb\u81ea\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u3001\u53e4\u5fb7\u8bfa\u7ecf\u5178\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u884c\u653f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u9c9c\u6d3b\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u8d28\u7d20\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u666e\u9009\u5f62\u6210\u5e76\u5728\u7075\u6d3b\u5baa\u653f\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u7b26\u5408\u6267\u884c\u6743\u5171\u548c\u5316\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e92\u6d89\u89e3\u91ca\u5c31\u6b64\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u5417\uff1f\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\u8003\u636e\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa50\u81f370\u5e74\u4ee3\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u4f53\u5236\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u5229\u5965\u3002\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\uff08Leo Strauss\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6743\u5171\u548c\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u6210\u5c31\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u5236\u6839\u57fa\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e92\u6d89\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5b66\u751f\u628a\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u91cd\u7533\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u9690\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ecd\u65e7\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u5c06\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7f6e\u4e8e\u53cd\u601d\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u6781\u4e3a\u9057\u61be\u5730\u4e27\u5931\u5f15\u9886\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u3002\u8865\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e00\u7f3a\u61be\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u68ee\u7279\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\uff08Vincent Ostrom\uff09\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u300a\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u5c06\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7acb\u5baa\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u7acb\u5baa\u8bbe\u8ba1\u95ee\u9898\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e90\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c[\u2466]\u4f7f\u5f97\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u8f6c\u5411\u66f4\u4e3a\u5173\u5207\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5bf9\u6267\u884c\u6743\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\u884c\u653f\u6743\u6216\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\uff09\u5171\u548c\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e5f\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b66\u5c42\u9762\u83b7\u5f97\u65b0\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u300a\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5bf920\u4e16\u7eaa\u5355\u4e00\u6743\u5a01\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u8fdc\u79bb\u5171\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u671f\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u5b66\u8bc6\u6839\u57fa\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f03\u4e0d\u820d\u5730\u9610\u91ca\u516c\u5171\u6027\u8fd9\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u53e0\u5171\u8bc6\u201d\uff0c\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u201c\u5546\u8c08\u7406\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u5728\u6279\u5224\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u540e\u90c1\u7ed3\u4e0b\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4e61\u6101\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6709\u548c\u5185\u5728\u8054\u7cfb\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8bf420\u4e16\u7eaa\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d4a\u6d41\u56db\u6ea2\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u5374\u82b1\u679c\u98d8\u96f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u673a\u5236\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u5462\uff1f\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u4ece\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c6\u89d2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e24\u9879\u89e3\u91ca\u3002[\u2467]\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u7684\u96c5\u5404\u5bbe\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4f9d\u7167\u6838\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u7ba1\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u5851\u9020\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6784\u9020\u3002\u5bf9\u5f97\u52bf\u7684\u6267\u653f\u96c6\u56e2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u6df7\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5bf9\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u653f\u548c\u8d22\u653f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u515a\u4f53\u5236\u7b49\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u6548\u7387\u4e3a\u540d\u800c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u636e\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u5176\u8087\u59cb\u5c31\u67d3\u4e0a\u4e86\u201c\u5171\u548c\u75c5\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u901a\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u53ef\u8c13\u8d70\u8fdb\u5171\u548c\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u79cd\u5171\u548c\u53cd\u5012\u6210\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u56e0\u7f18\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u3001\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u89e3\u6784\u51fa\u5177\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5f52\u56e0\u5355\u4e00\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u8fd9\u4e00\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u201c\u5171\u548c\u5236\u8865\u6551\u5171\u548c\u75c5\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e3a\u201c\u5143\u8bdd\u8bed\u201d\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u6297\u62d2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5047\u501f\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4e0e\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5171\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\u53e0\u5408\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\u9690\u800c\u672a\u53d1\u7684\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u5927\u667a\u6167\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u81ea\u53cd\u7701\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u9009\u62e9\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u201c\u9a6f\u5316\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6838\u5fc3\u2014\u8fb9\u7f18\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u4f55\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5411\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6027\u5efa\u6784\u4e0a\u68c0\u89c6\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\u529f\u6548\u3002\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\u672c\u6765\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u5173\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5c06\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u9501\u5b9a\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u800c\u8fdc\u79bb\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u5bf9\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9610\u53d1\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u77e5\u8bc6\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u4ee5\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53d8\u8fc1\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u5426\u5b9a\u529f\u6548\u800c\u8a00\u8bd5\u56fe\u60ac\u7f6e\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u8fd9\u4e00\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u6291\u5236\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u66b4\u653f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5219\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6d88\u966420\u4e16\u7eaa\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdb\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5411\u6cbb\u7406\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6291\u6216\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u81ea\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u59cb\u7ec8\u98d8\u5ffd\u4e8e\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u9677\u9631\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u5171\u548c\u5316\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5bf9\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5361\u84dd\u9ed8\u9884\u8a00\u5f0f\u5206\u6790\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e8e\u4eba\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3001\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u8c61\u6b63\u5728\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u52a0\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6765\u5ba1\u89c6\u516c\u5171\u884c\u52a8\u3001\u7edf\u5408\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u5173\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u201d[\u2468] <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6587\u732e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5171\u548c\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e92\u6d89\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8303\u5f0f\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u6210\u4e3a\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5171\u548c\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u547d\u9898\u4e0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5baa\u653f\u89e3\u6784\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u4ee5\u5171\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u4f5c\u4e3a\u652f\u6491\u5efa\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u8f6c\u6362\u5d4c\u5165\u5355\u4e00\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4ece\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7cbe\u795e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5efa\u6784\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6cd5\u6743\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u95f4\u201d\u5efa\u6784\u516c\u5171\u5546\u8bae\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684\u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6467\u6bc1\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u83b7\u5f97\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u6cbb\u7406\u89d2\u8272\u4e0e\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u573a\u57df\u7684\u9002\u914d<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5411\u6cbb\u7406\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u751f\u6210\u7684\u201c\u540e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u5171\u548c\u5316\u8bae\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u91cd\u5851\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u80fd\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5411\u670d\u52a1\u578b\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u5c65\u884c\u5f15\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5177\u6709\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u6846\u67b6\uff1b\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u5728\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4ee5\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u548c\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\u5206\u62c5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff1b\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4ee5\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u4ece\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u201d\u4e2d\u8d70\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

1\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u201d\uff1a\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u6027\u8865\u6551\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5728\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7a76\u7adf\u626e\u6f14\u4ec0\u4e48\u89d2\u8272\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6d89\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u671f\u8bb8\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5355\u4e00\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u4f9d\u8d56\u81ea\u6211\u671f\u8bb8\u800c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4ed6\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u89d2\u8272\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u7406\u6240\u5e94\u5f53\u6309\u7167\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5411\u516c\u5171\u6027\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u601d\u8def\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u81ea\u8fd1\u4ee3\u786e\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u89d2\u8272\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u653e\u5728\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u83b7\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6279\u5224\u8be0\u91ca\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u73af\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u89e3\u51b3\u83b7\u53d6\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6027\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u540c\u610f\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u5584\u6cbb\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89c6\u57df\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u4ee3\u8bae\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f80\u5f80\u6613\u4e8e\u9677\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u8bca\u65ad\u8bef\u533a\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u7a98\u5883\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\u62db\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u666e\u904d\u9762\u4e34\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u62ef\u6551\u7684\u51fa\u8def\u4e5f\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u6539\u5584\u5176\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u83b7\u53d6\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d89\u53ca\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u7531\u6c11\u9009\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u79ef\u6781\u8ffd\u6c42\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5c31\u590d\u5408\u5236\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7edf\u6cbb\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u5374\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ef7\u503c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u65b0\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u4e5f\u6279\u5224\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u653f\u5e9c\u7406\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ece\u5173\u5fc3\u516c\u5171\u7f8e\u5fb7\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u6743\u529b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u53d7\u5e76\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u9009\u4e3e\u628a\u653f\u5e9c\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u7b97\u5408\u6cd5\u4e86\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u610f\u56fe\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u4e0a\u3002\u201d[\u2469]\u4e00\u4e2a\u6309\u7167\u516c\u5171\u6027\u89c4\u5219\u652f\u914d\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6700\u7ec8\u5e94\u5411\u516c\u6c11\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u624d\u663e\u5f97\u5d07\u9ad8\u795e\u5723\u3002\u2026\u2026\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4e50\u5584\u597d\u65bd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u201d[11] <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ba1\u7406\u578b\u884c\u653f\u6a21\u5f0f\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e86\u5355\u4e00\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5374\u5341\u5206\u9ad8\u6602\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9996\u8981\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u5b83\u9010\u6e10\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6027\u3002\u201d[12] \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u201c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u8def\u6807\u3002\u65b0\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee\uff08H.George Frederickson\uff09\u4e3a\u5728\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e0e\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\uff1b\u89e3\u51b3\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u975e\u4eba\u60c5\u5316\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff1b\u53d1\u5c55\u5f53\u4ee3\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u201d[13]\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u6784\u884c\u4e3a\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\u80fd\u591f\u987a\u5229\u5728\u8fd9\u56db\u70b9\u4e0a\u6709\u6548\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u3001\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u516c\u5171\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4ece\u5f3a\u8c03\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5230\u6062\u590d\u516c\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ece\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u201c\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5584\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5584\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u53ec\u5524\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u516c\u5171\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u3001\u4f53\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e0e\u627f\u8bfa\uff1b\u4e5f\u610f\u793a\u67d0\u79cd\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\u5728\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u56de\u5f52\uff1a\u76f8\u4e92\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u627f\u8bfa\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5584\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u6027\u201c\u98a0\u8986\u201d\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u89d2\u8272\u6210\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u516c\u5171\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u201c\u4ed6\u8005\u201d\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

2\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff1a\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u6807\u5fd7\u5219\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u7acb\u7ed3\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6cd5\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u52d8\u754c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u5728\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u81ea\u6cbb\u6216\u5408\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u786e\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8eab\u4efd\u5b9a\u4f4d\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u5b9a\u4f4d\u662f\u6cbb\u7406\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5408\u610f\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u201c\u5168\u7403\u7ed3\u793e\u9769\u547d\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5957\u7528\u8fd1\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u8d4b\u4e88\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8be0\u91ca\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ece\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u5229\u5230\u8ba4\u540c\u5408\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u6cbb\u7406\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d27\u5f20\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65b0\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u548c\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002[14]\u65b0\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u81f4\u7531\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u548c\u6709\u6548\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e09\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c[15]\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5e76\u975e\u96b6\u5c5e\u79c1\u4eba\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u67b6\u6784\u6765\u81ea\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u65b0\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u8bdd\u8bed\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u662f\u4fe1\u4efb\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u4ee5\u53ca\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u6709\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u81ea\u613f\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65b0\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u4e86\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u5177\u6709\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u515a\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u793e\u56e2\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8c0b\u53d6\u6267\u653f\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u6cbb\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u793e\u56e2\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u52d8\u754c\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cbb\u7406\u53d6\u5f97\u826f\u597d\u7ee9\u6548\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5229\u76ca\u96c6\u56e2\u6700\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u6234\u7ef4\u3002\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u66fe\u628a\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u89c6\u4f5c\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8bf4\u5b83\u5904\u4e8e\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e2\u4e0d\u5904\u4e8e\u4ece\u5c5e\u5730\u4f4d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5904\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002[16] <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u8fd0\u8f6c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u5355\u4e00\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u5207\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u201c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u81ea\u8d1f\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u52a0\u5165\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u5378\u5176\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u662f\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u516c\u5171\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u627f\u62c5\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5206\u62c5\u7684\u662f\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u57f9\u80b2\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u66f4\u662f\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u8d23\u4efb\u2014\u2014\u65e2\u8981\u4f7f\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u52a0\u5165\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u53ca\u5176\u201c\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u52a0\u4ee5\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u8bae\u9898\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

3\u3001\u5851\u9020\u79ef\u6781\u516c\u6c11\uff1a\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u5171\u548c\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5851\u9020\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u53d7\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6b63\u4e49\u8bc9\u6c42\u6240\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u516c\u76ca\u6216\u4e49\u52a1\u8d28\u7d20\u5374\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u7f3a\u61be\u516c\u6c11\u8d44\u683c\u7406\u8bba\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u5176\u4f5c\u51fa\u5f25\u8865\u3002\u4f46\u516c\u6c11\u8d44\u683c\u5728\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53d1\u6325\uff0c\u5c1a\u9700\u516c\u6c11\u80fd\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u5bf9\u793e\u7fa4\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u3001\u5fb7\u6027\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u516c\u6c11\u516c\u5171\u7cbe\u795e\u5904\u4e8e\u201c\u4f4e\u7aef\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u5c31\u96be\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u5efa\u6784\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u201c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u53d7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bdd\u8bed\u652f\u914d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u5efa\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u9677\u5165\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u201d\u7684\u504f\u9762\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u88ab\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u5bdf\u89c9\u540e\u51c6\u786e\u800c\u4e0d\u514d\u8ba5\u8bbd\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u201c\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u9000\u5374\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u201d\u3002[17]\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\uff08J.Habermas\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u800c\u5efa\u5236\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u89d2\u8272\u538b\u7f29\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u6781\u6743\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u6027\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u201d\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u5e94\u8be5\u56f4\u7ed5\u54c1\u5fb7\u5d07\u9ad8\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u552f\u79c1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u4ee5\u516c\u5171\u6027\u5efa\u6784\u4e3a\u7eb2\uff0c\u53d8\u9769\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u518d\u9020\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u4ece\u9009\u4e3e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6062\u590d\u5230\u5173\u5fc3\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5ba1\u614e\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u5e73\u8861\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u529f\u8fc7\u5f97\u5931\uff0c\u5151\u73b0\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u77eb\u6cbb\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u5c45\u4ee5\u81ea\u50b2\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c40\u9650\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08Michael.J.Sandel\uff09\u6279\u5224\u8bf4[18]\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u516c\u5171\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u62e9\u751f\u6d3b\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u6781\u7aef\u5316\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5e94\u5851\u9020\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u52bf\u5fc5\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7acb\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u516c\u5171\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u9610\u53d1\u5171\u548c\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u9760\u5171\u540c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u636e\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u81ea\u6cbb\u5305\u542b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff1a\u4e0e\u540c\u7c7b\u516c\u6c11\u5546\u8bae\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u51b3\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5546\u8bae\u597d\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u9700\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u81ea\u5df1\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u719f\u6089\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6709\u5f52\u5c5e\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5177\u5907\u5173\u5fc3\u5168\u5c40\u4e0e\u547d\u8fd0\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u56e0\u800c\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u81ea\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u6c11\u5177\u6709\u6216\u83b7\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u516c\u6c11\u9053\u5fb7\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u91c7\u53d6\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u6743\u5229\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5851\u9020\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff08a formative politics\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u57f9\u517b\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u201c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4f18\u5148\u201d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u89d2\u8272\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5373\u6210\u4e3a\u5173\u5fc3\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u6000\u548c\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6784\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u6218\u7565\u9014\u5f84\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5212\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002[19] <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u4ece\u6279\u5224\u8be0\u91ca\u89d2\u5ea6\u89c2\u5bdf\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u662f\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f62\u6001\u8fd8\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u5219\u662f\u5176\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\uff0c\u5efa\u6784\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u201d[20]\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\u7684\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7a76\u7adf\u600e\u6837\u91cd\u6784\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff1f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u91cd\u6784\u7684\u8f74\u5fc3\u662f\u8f6c\u6362\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u4e3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u653f\u4f53\u8fa9\u62a4\u5230\u652f\u6301\u591a\u5143\u5171\u6cbb\u6a21\u5f0f\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u4e3a\u503c\u5f97\u73cd\u89c6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u9898\uff1a <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u62c5\u8d1f\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u6cbb\u7406\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u6539\u9769\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u5411\u4f53\u5236\u5c42\u6b21\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c42\u6b21\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7531\u4e2d\u5fc3-\u8fb9\u7f18\u6a21\u5f0f\u5411\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u91cd\u6784\u9003\u4e0d\u51fa\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u9886\u57df\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u820d\u5f03\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5c06\u96be\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u91cd\u6784\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u6539\u9769\u6446\u8131\u4e0d\u4e86\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53d6\u5f97\u8bf8\u9879\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c42\u53d6\u4e2d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5728\u7f29\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u589e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u65ad\u6743\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f3a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5021\u5bfc\u3002[21]\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u89c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5374\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8f6c\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u5728\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5171\u548c\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u7834\u9664\u5355\u4e00\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u9690\u853d\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6d88\u9664\u7531\u5176\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u63a0\u593a\u6027\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u6027\u7684\u8df5\u8e0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u904f\u5236\u3002[22]\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u63a8\u8fdb\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5219\u5f88\u96be\u53d6\u5f97\u4fc3\u8fdb\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u589e\u8fdb\u516c\u5171\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u5171\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u6539\u9769\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u6df1\u523b\u51c6\u786e\u89e3\u51b3\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u7701\u76f4\u7ba1\u53bf\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5e9c\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u91cd\u6784\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8de8\u57df\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u3001\u201c\u534f\u5546\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5efa\u6784\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7ba1\u7406\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5316\u8a00\u8bf4\uff0c\u5374\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u6539\u9769\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6279\u5224\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u5f84\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u60f3\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u826f\u597d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u9760\u673a\u9047\u548c\u5f3a\u529b\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff0c[23]\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e0d\u65e0\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u90a3\u672b\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u628a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u7d27\u8981\u5173\u5934\u5f53\u505a\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fd9\u9879\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5047\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u9519\u81ea\u5df1\u5c06\u8981\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u843d\u5b9e\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bae\u7a0b\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u80fd\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

    ——————————————————————————–<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

* \u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u83b7\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u91cd\u5927\u8bfe\u9898\u653b\u5173\u9879\u76ee\u201c\u52a0\u5f3a\u548c\u6539\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff08\u9879\u76ee\u7f16\u53f7\uff1a07JZD0026\uff09\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2460] \u5bf9\u8f6c\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6539\u9769\u53d6\u5f97\u8bf8\u9879\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u6c42\u53d6\u4e2d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u5168\u80fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5728\u7f29\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u589e\u5f3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u9650\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u65ad\u6743\u529b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f3a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5021\u5bfc\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u5f3a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u95ee\u9898\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u674e\u9e4f\u7a0b\u7b49\u7f16\u300a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c5\u30016\u9875\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u80fd\u89c2\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u95ee\u9898\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2461] \u5f20\u5eb7\u4e4b\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2462] \u5f20\u51e4\u9633\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u300b\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c87\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2463] \u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7c7b\u578b\u5f0f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u89c1\u5b54\u7e41\u658c\u300a\u516c\u5171\u6027\u7684\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u5efa\u6784\u300b\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2464] \u8be6\u7ec6\u8bba\u8ff0\u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6cbb\u7406\u8be0\u91ca\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff0c2007\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2465] \u53c2\u89c1\u54c8\u7ef4\u3002C.\u66fc\u65af\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u300a\u9a6f\u5316\u541b\u4e3b\u300b\uff0c\u51af\u514b\u5229\u8bd1\uff0c\u8bd1\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2466] \u53c2\u89c1\u6587\u68ee\u7279\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u300a\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6bdb\u5bff\u9f99\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u3002\u827e\u62c9\u624e\u4f5c\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2467]\u53c2\u89c1\u6587\u68ee\u7279\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u300a\u590d\u5408\u5171\u548c\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6bdb\u5bff\u9f99\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e971999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u3002\u827e\u62c9\u624e\u4f5c\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2468] \u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u3002\u5361\u84dd\u9ed8\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u7834\u788e\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u2014\u8bd5\u8bba\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c\u9ad8\u51cc\u701a\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c56\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[\u2469] \u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee\u300a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u6210\u798f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c40\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[11] \u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee\u300a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u6210\u798f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c203-204\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[12] \u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u6210\u798f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[13] \u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u6210\u798f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c43\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[14] \u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\uff08the theory of neo-communitarian movement\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u4e54\u6cbb\u3002\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u57c3\u7c73\u6cf0\u3002\u57c3\u9f50\u5965\u5c3c\uff08Amitai Etzioni\uff09\uff1b\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u524d\u6559\u6388\u3001\u514b\u6797\u987f\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u73b0\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u7b56\u987e\u95ee\u5a01\u5ec9\u3002\u9ad8\u5c14\u65af\u987f\uff08Willam Galston\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\uff08Michael Sandel\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6742\u5fd7\u300a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u793e\u56e2\uff1a\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u300b\uff08The Responsive Community\uff1a Rights and Responsibilities\uff09\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5ba3\u4f20\u793e\u56e2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5589\u820c\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[15] \u743c\u3002\u79d1\u6069\uff1a\u300a\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u81ea\u613f\u793e\u56e2\u4e0e\u6709\u6548\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u9a6c\u514b\u3002E.\u6c83\u4f26\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4efb\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u8f89\u8bd1\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c194\u2014199\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[16] \u5e0c\u5c14\u65af\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u300b\uff0c\u66f9\u5927\u9e4f\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861990\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c290\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[17] \u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u95f4\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u5546\u8c08\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u7ae5\u4e16\u9a8f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c670\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[18] \u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u3002\u6851\u5fb7\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u63a2\u6c42\u65b0\u7684\u516c\u5171\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u56fd\u5916\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\uff0c1997\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[19]\u5f53\u4eca\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u683c\u5916\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9e\u8df5\u9884\u8bbe\u4e86\u201c\u5171\u548c\u4ea7\u6743\u201d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5176\u906d\u53d7\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u8096\u6ee8\u300a\u8ba9\u516c\u6c11\u76f4\u9762Res public\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5851\u9020\u79ef\u6781\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6218\u7565\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[20] \u5f20\u5eb7\u4e4b\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u53d8\u9769\u8def\u5f84\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c66\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[21] \u674e\u5f3a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u5efa\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u9e4f\u7a0b\u7b49\u7f16\u300a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c6\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[22] \u6587\u68ee\u7279\u3002\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\uff1a\u300a\u9690\u853d\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u63a0\u593a\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u5965\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u7b49\u7f16\u300a\u5236\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u53cd\u601d\u2014\u2014\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6289\u62e9\u300b\uff0c\u738b\u8bda\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c33\u9875\u3002 <\/FONT><\/FONT><\/P>\r\n

[23] \u6c49\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u7b49\uff1a\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u515a\u4eba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7a0b\u9022\u5982\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99861997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u5728\u81ea\u53cd\u6027\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u89c2\u7167\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u53d1\u73b0\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u201c\u6838\u5fc3-\u8fb9\u7f18\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u573a\u57df\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u90fd\u5b58\u5728 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-thought","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7862"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7862\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}