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4<\/span>\u6708<\/span>2<\/span>\u65e5<\/span>\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u91cc\u5927\u5b66\u5384\u6e7e\u5206\u6821\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u6559\u6388\u534e\u5fd7\u575a\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u6770\u5f17\u91cc•\u74e6\u745f\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\uff0c<\/span>Jeffrey Wasserstrom<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f51\u7ad9\u300a\u8c08\u8bdd\u300b<\/span>(The Conversation)<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6807\u9898\u662f\uff0c“\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u5f3a\u4eba\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u4eba”\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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“\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>11<\/span>\u6708\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\uff0c<\/span>2013<\/span>\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff1f<\/span><\/p>

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“\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u8ddf<\/span>5<\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u5171\u8fd8\u6709\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u5728\u505a\u5b8c\u4e24\u4e2a<\/span>5<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u4e4b\u540e\u8981\u5378\u4efb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u5728\u4f4d\u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4f4d\u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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\u5bf9\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u4eca\u6614<\/span><\/p>

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 \"201842CFF39861-1F3A-4B36-91EE-F282DBDF526A_w650_r0_s.jpg<\/p>

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“\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u4eec\u6240\u95ee\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u50cf\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\uff1f\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u53ea\u662f\u5e73\u7ea7\u4eba\u7269\u5f53\u4e2d\u7684\u5934\u53f7\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89c4\u89c4\u77e9\u77e9\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u5728<\/span>2002<\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\u638c\u6743\u3002\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u4eec\u8fd8\u95ee\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u4e00\u6837\u66f4\u5927\u80c6\uff1f\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u5728<\/span>2000<\/span>\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u9677\u5165\u505c\u987f\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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“\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7b97\u662f\u54ea\u79cd\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u5750\u6ee1<\/span>10<\/span>\u5e74\u4efb\u671f\u540e\u5378\u4efb\u8fdb\u5165\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u524d\u4efb\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u548c\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u5c06\u5de9\u56fa\u6309\u7ae0\u6cd5\u79fb\u4ea4\u6743\u529b\u7684\u89c4\u77e9\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c4\u77e9\u8ddf\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u7ec8\u8eab\u5236\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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“\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5f3a\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5236\u7ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>

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“\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u5361\u5c14•\u95f5\u5179\u7eb3\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u53d6\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u590d\u5174\u5982\u4f55\u6b63\u5728\u635f\u5bb3\u5176\u5d1b\u8d77\u300b\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u8ddf\u4ed6\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u524d\u4efb\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5916\u56fd\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u58f0\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u50cf\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u6216\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u50cf\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u628a\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5e1d\u738b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5e1d\u738b\u5236\u5728<\/span>1912<\/span>\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u58f0\u8a00\u6700\u597d\u662f\u628a\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u90bb\u56fd\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u5f3a\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u666e\u4eac\u3002\u666e\u4eac\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u518d\u5ef6\u957f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4e89\u8bba<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u80c6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u61c8\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u4eba\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4e4e\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u53d6\u5148\u524d\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5730\u4f4d\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u5982\u662f\u8bf4\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u7ae0\u5219\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u662f\u666e\u4eac\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u6c13\u5f0f\u5bf9\u7b49\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u58f0\u8a00\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u7406\u89e3\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u8bfb\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u5377\u672c\u7684\u300a\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u8c08\u6cbb\u56fd\u7406\u653f\u300b\u3002\u90a3\u91cc\u9762\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u5219\u628a\u4ed6\u79f0\u4f5c\u6a2a\u884c\u9738\u9053\u7684\u8001\u5927\u54e5\u3002\u4e54\u6cbb•\u5965\u5a01\u5c14\u5728\u5176\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a<\/span>1984<\/span>\u300b\u4e2d\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b9e\u884c\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u76d1\u63a7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u6839\u636e\u5bc6\u5207\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u91c7\u53d6\u79cd\u79cd\u884c\u52a8\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6700\u5927\u5316\u3001\u9547\u538b\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5b98\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u8d5e\u7f8e\u6b6a\u66f2\u4e86\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u6211\u8fd8\u611f\u89c9\u628a\u4ed6\u6bd4\u4f5c\u666e\u4eac\u3001\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u6216\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5728\u3001\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7684\u8001\u5927\u54e5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u9002\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u6709\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5e94\u5f53\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u5373\u867d\u7136\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3001\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u4e66\u7c4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u8ddf\u666e\u4eac\u6709\u4e9b\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u50cf\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u739b\u5229\u4e9a•\u96f7\u666e\u5c3c\u79d1\u5a03\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u8ddf\u666e\u4eac\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5f3a\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5185\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u548c\u666e\u4eac\u8ddf\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ddf\u5370\u5ea6\u603b\u7406\u83ab\u8fea\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u603b\u7edf\u57c3\u5c14\u591a\u5b89\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u540e\u4e24\u4f4d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u50cf\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u548c\u666e\u4eac\u4e00\u6837\u5bf9\u5f02\u8bae\u4e0d\u8010\u70e6\uff0c\u5e76\u8c08\u8bba\u8981\u4f7f\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8363\u5149\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u5021\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u8ddf\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u773c\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u63a8\u5d07\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u4e9b\u50cf\u662f\u5e1d\u738b\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u8a79\u59c6\u65af•\u5361\u7279\u548c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u50cf\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u540e\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u638c\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u9886\u8896\u3002\u4ed6\u5728<\/span>1927<\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span>1949<\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u865a\u5f31\u8d2b\u7a77\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u5f3a\u5927\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5f3a\u52b2\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u6d3e\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u548c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5112\u5bb6\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e76\u884c\u4e0d\u6096\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf\u662f\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3002\u6bdb\u538c\u6076\u5b54\u5b50\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b54\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a‘\u5c01\u5efa’\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e5f\u8ddf\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u6bdb\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5176\u59bb\u5b50\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u573a\u5408\u8863\u7740\u5165\u65f6\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u59bb\u5b50\u5f6d\u4e3d\u5a9b\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u8bf4\u5230\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u300a<\/span>1984<\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u5f53\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u5199\u7684\u5174\u9ad8\u91c7\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8bb0\u8005\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5a1c•\u62c9\u5c14\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u50cf\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u7cdf\u7684\uff0c\u5168\u770b\u4f60\u60f3\u8981\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u9650\u5236\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee4\u4eba\u60f3\u8d77\u4e54\u6cbb•\u5965\u5a01\u5c14\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u624b\u673a\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u6570\u4e0d\u6e05\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\uff0c\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u8d6b\u80e5\u9ece\u7684\u4e66\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>

 <\/p>

“\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3001\u4e00\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u5f00\u4e00\u5207\u8c1c\u5e95\u7684\u4e66\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e8b\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u662f\u8bf1\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u706b\u901f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e0e\u706b\u901f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u771f\u76f8\u3002”<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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