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International\uff09\u6bcf\u5e74\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u8150\u8d25\u611f\u89c9\u6307\u6570\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u6307\u6807\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6307\u6570\u4f53\u7cfb\u91c7\u752810\u5206\u5236\uff1a10\u5206\u8868\u793a\u653f\u5e9c\u5f88\u6e05\u5ec9\uff0c0\u5206\u8868\u793a\u5f88\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u6d77\u767b\u6d77\u9ed8[1997]\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684Transparency International[1996]\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff1a1996\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u6392\u540d\u4e3a\u5012\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f97\u52062.16\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5f88\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u800c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c2007\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u6539\\&#8221;\u5012\u51e0\u540d\\&#8221;\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403180\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u6392\u540d\u4e3a\u7b2c72\u540d\uff0c\u5f97\u5206\u662f3.6\u3002[\u6d77\u5ce1\u65f6\u62a5\uff0c2009]<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e861.44\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u6210\u7ee9\u6590\u7136\uff01\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\\&#8221;\u8d8a\u53cd\u8d8a\u8150\\&#8221;\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u5316\u5224\u65ad\u5417\uff1f<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u4e24\u4e0a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\uff0c\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u9002\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u8bf4\u5b83\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\\&#8221;\u51e0\u5343\u540d\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3b\u7ba1\\&#8221;\u5bf9\\&#8221;\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\\&#8221;\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\u6ce8\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u56fd\u4f01\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u503e\u5411\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u505a\u51fa\u8d1f\u9762\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u8ba4\u53ef\u8150\u8d25\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5bfb\u79df\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u516d\u8282\u5173\u4e8e\u7a9d\u6848\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u4ece\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5404\u79cd\u7531\u516c\u4fe1\u529b\u6d3e\u751f\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e03\u8282\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u6cd5\u96c6\u8d44\u4e2d\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u6548\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u867d\u672a\u8be6\u5c3d\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4f50\u8bc1\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u7ed3\u6784\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u516b\u8282\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u519c\u6751\u8150\u8d25\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u516c\u6743\u529b\u884d\u751f\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u4e9a\u8150\u8d25\u672a\u80fd\u5217\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u89c2\u5bdf\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5982\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e03\u8282\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7684\u592e\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u8bc1\u76d1\u4f1a\u64c5\u53d1\u798f\u5229\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u603b\u7684\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u900f\u660e\u56fd\u9645\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u91cc\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u5b66\u754c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u5957\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u8150\u8d25\u5206\u6790\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8bf4\u662f\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7f3a\u61be\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3>\u8150\u8d25\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6297\u4e89\u662f\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u7126\u70b9[\u89c1\u56fe6]\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u4f53\u7ef4\u62a4\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6253\u538b\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u5c06\u5927\u5927\u6fc0\u5316\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u72b6\u6001\u53c8\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u654f\u611f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72af\u7f6a\u66a8\u8150\u8d25\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u7f6a\u6848\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u505c\u6b62\u6b7b\u5211\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5f15\u6e21\u66a8\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u63a5\u8f68\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u4f55\u5883\uff1f\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5316\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u975e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\\&#8221;\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\\&#8221;&#8211;\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u6297\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u5426\u6709\u81ea\u884c\u6267\u6cd5\u6743\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u50cf\u897f\u65b9\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u540a\u6b7b\u4e70\u5356\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\\&#8221;\u8d4e\u7f6a\u8d4e\\&#8221;\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3002<\/FONT><\/P>\r\n<P><FONT size=3><STRONG>\u4e3b\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/STRONG><BR>[19]\u51af\u8c61\uff0c2001\uff1a\\&#8221;\u6027\u8d3f\u8d42\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u7b97\u8d3f\u8d42\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b\u6742\u5fd72001\u5e7411\u6708\u53f7\u3002<BR>[20]\u6b27\u9633\u6d2a\u4eae\uff1a2008\uff1a\\&#8221;\u6e58\u897f\u903e\u767e\u5b98\u5458\u53c2\u4e0e\u975e\u6cd5\u96c6\u8d44\u6848\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300aMSN\u5728\u7ebf\u8bfb\u62a5\u300b2008\u5e7411\u670820\u65e5\u3002<BR>[21]\u9ec4\u67ef\u6770\uff0c2009\uff1a\\&#8221;\u4e3d\u6c34\u516c\u5b89\u53c8\u9677\u96c6\u8d44\u6848\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u77ad\u671b\u4e1c\u65b9\u5468\u520a\u300b2009\u5e742\u6708\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u65b0\u534e\u7f512009\u5e742\u670819\u65e5\u3002<BR>[22]\u9ec4\u82c7\u753a\uff0c2002\uff1a\u300a\u82cf\u5171\u4ea1\u515a\u5341\u5e74\u796d\u300b\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u9ad8\u6821\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0cP107&amp;265\u3002<BR>[23]\u6cd5\u65b0\u793e\uff0c2009A\uff1a\\&#8221;\u4e2d\u56fd\u6751\u7ea7\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u5f85\u5b8c\u5584\\&#8221;\uff08\u5317\u4eac3\u67089\u65e5\u7535\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u300a\u53c2\u8003\u6d88\u606f\u300b2009\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c8\u7248\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5730\u3009\u3002<BR>[24]\u8303\u6625\u751f\uff0c2009\uff1a\\&#8221;\u8fbd\u897f\u8840\u6848\uff1a\u7f18\u7531\u57fa\u5c4b\u9009\u4e3e\u6761\u4ef6\u6b20\u7f3a\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u65b0\u534e\u7f512009\u5e743\u670830\u65e5\u3002<BR>[25]\u5218\u6811\u660e&amp;\u4ee3\u6674\uff0c2009\uff1a\\&#8221;\u6cb3\u5317\u5434\u6865\u53d1\u751f\u706d\u95e8\u8840\u6848\uff0c\u5bb6\u5c5e\u79f0\u4e0e\u4e3e\u62a5\u6709\u5173\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u56db\u5ddd\u5728\u7ebf\u300b2009\u5e742\u670817\u65e5\uff08\u539f\u8f7d\u300a\u71d5\u8d75\u90fd\u5e02\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u65e5\u671f\u672a\u8be6\uff09\u3002<BR>[26]\u620e\u660e\u660c&amp;\u6797\u4e9a\u8317\uff0c2009\uff1a\\&#8221;\u843d\u9009\u6751\u5b98\u95f9\u4e8b\u5f15\u5c0f\u5b98\u5927\u8d2a\u6848\uff0c\u5e7f\u5dde\u5e02\u6751\u5b98\u655b\u8d22\u8d85\u5343\u4e07\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2009\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u3002<BR>[27]\u674e\u79c0\u6797\uff0c2009\uff1a\\&#8221;\u6751\u6c113\u5e74\u534a\u544a\u4e0d\u5012\u5c0f\u7ec4\u957f\uff0c\u60ac\u8d4f\u767e\u4e07\u5f81\u6e05\u5b98\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u519c\u6751\u62a5\u300b2009\u5e743\u670828\u65e5\u3002<BR>[28]\u6cd5\u65b0\u793e\uff0c2009B\uff1a\\&#8221;\u519c\u6c11\u671f\u5f85\\&#8217;\u4e24\u4f1a\\&#8217;\u4fc3\u8fdb\u843d\u5b9e\u519c\u6751\u653f\u7b56\\&#8221;\uff08\u5fb7\u5dde3\u67084\u65e5\u7535\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u300a\u53c2\u8003\u6d88\u606f\u300b2009\u5e743\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c8\u7248\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5730\u3009\u3002<BR>[29]\u8482\u59c6\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\uff1a\\&#8221;\u4e2d\u56fd\u6751\u7ea7\u9009\u4e3e\u5b9e\u884c\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u597d\u574f\u53c2\u534a\\&#8221;\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ea6\u514b\u62c9\u5947\u62a5\u4e1a\u96c6\u7f51\u7ad92009\u5e742\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u300a\u53c2\u8003\u6d88\u606f\u300b2009\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c8\u7248\u3008\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u5730\u3009\u3002<BR>[30] Transpraency 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