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\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c \uff08citizenship & national idetity\uff09
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\u798f\u5c71\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u901a\u8fc7\u786e\u8ba4\u516c\u6c11\u662f\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5171\u4eab\u81ea\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4f53\u6765\u4f53\u73b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u201d\uff08A liberal democratic regime based on individual rights enshrines the notion of equal dignity in law by recognizing citizens as moral agents capable of sharing in their own self-government.\uff091 \u8fd9\u8bdd\u6709\u70b9\u7ed5\u53e3\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c0a\u4e25\u662f\u7531\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\u75ab\u60c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u6216\u7fa4\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u8d70\u4e0a\u8857\u5934\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u8bdd\u8bed\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4e22\u5931\u4e86\u88ab\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u5e76\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u56de\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u575a\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4fee\u590d\u5176\u4ed6\u7834\u635f\u4e86\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u7fa4\u4f53\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u76ca\u4e8e\u4fdd\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u51f8\u663e\uff0c\u5f53\u7fa4\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u8c10\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u6240\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u80fd\u4ece\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6495\u88c2\uff0c\u7f13\u51b2\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2a\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7ebd\u5e26\u201d(Citizenship linked the identity of the individual to the identity of the nation.)2 \u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9119\u5f03\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u5c31\u7834\u88c2\u4e86\u3002\u5951\u7ea6\u4e0d\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e5f\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u5904\u6816\u8eab\u7684\u5b64\u9b42\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u6027\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u5fd7\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u552f\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u201d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u53ea\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u624d\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5973\u6027\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u534e\u4eba\u90fd\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u82e6\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6b8b\u4f59\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u575a\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u6562\u4e8e\u6311\u6218\u5f31\u52bf\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f60\u624d\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u53bb\u5e94\u5bf9\u5404\u7c7b\u6311\u6218\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u80a4\u8272\u7684\u3001\u6027\u522b\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u4ec0\u4e48\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u77ee\u5316\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cd\u6784\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u5e94\u8be5\u9996\u5148\u4ece\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u51fa\u53d1\u3002\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u6495\u6210\u788e\u7247\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7f6e\u4e8e\u793e\u7fa4\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1b\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7f6e\u4e8e\u80a4\u8272\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u6027\u522b\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u63d0\u5021\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5c06\u5c11\u4e00\u70b9\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u8eab\u4efd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u540c\u8d28\u611f\u548c\u6e29\u99a8\u611f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u591a\u4e00\u4efd\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002
\n\u91cd\u6784\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u5e94\u8be5\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u80fd\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u516c\u5171\u5584\u201d(Public Good) \u6216\u201c\u5171\u540c\u5584\u201d(Common Good)\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u53e0\u5171\u8bc6\u201d( Overlapping Consensus)4\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u91cd\u53e0\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u80fd\u5171\u540c\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6307\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u4ef7\u503c\u3002
\n\u91cd\u6784\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u5e94\u8be5\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u6709\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u516c\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u767d\u4eba\u3001\u9ec4\u79cd\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff1b\u82f1\u8bed\u7cfb\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u7cfb\u3001\u5fb7\u8bed\u7cfb\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7cfb\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u8bed\u7cfb\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1a\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1b\u4f46\u51e1\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u90fd\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d1f\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u5730\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u3002
\n\u91cd\u6784\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u5e94\u8be5\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u53ef\u80fd\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c06\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e2d\u5265\u79bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u798f\u5c71\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u610f\u7684\u3002\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u8bf4\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a2\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65e9\u5148\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u80cc\u666f\u5df2\u7ecf\u6de1\u5316\u548c\u7a00\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u4e0d\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e86\u3002\u6309\u7167\u798f\u5c71\u7684\u4e00\u53a2\u60c5\u613f\uff0c\u53bb\u5b97\u6559\u5316\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u76ce\u683c\u9c81-\u6492\u514b\u900a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u798f\u5c71\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u3002
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\n\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u5404\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u80a4\u8272\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u516c\u6c11\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e0d\u8bba\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4f55\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bae\u5458\u90fd\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u5acc\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u53d1\u653e\u798f\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u975e\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u5408\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0e\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u6ee5\u53d1\u4e00\u901a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u50da\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u6295\u7968\u7ad9\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e49\u52a1\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4eba\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u9009\u7968\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u59ff\u6001\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\uff08\u5979\uff09\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5c3d\u5230\u516c\u6c11\u4e49\u52a1\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u573a\u4ee5\u80a4\u8272\u7ed1\u67b6\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6e38\u884c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6253\u7838\u70e7\u62a2\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4e0a\u524d\u963b\u6b62\uff0c\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\u4ee5\u9ed8\u8bb8\u8868\u8fbe\u652f\u6301\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u6211\u5212\u5f52\u4e3a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u516c\u6c11\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u8df5\u8e0f\u516c\u6c11\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are the People\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u8eab\u4efd\u4ece\u8fb9\u7f18\u5730\u5e26\u5411\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u5e26\u9760\u62e2\uff0c\u4ee5\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u628a\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u6574\u4f53\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u975e\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u8bf4\u201c\u4e0d\u201d\uff01<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1 (justice & obligation)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff1f\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u4f18\u5148\u4fdd\u969c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u969c\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u4f18\u5148\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4f53\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6700\u5927\u53163\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u73b0\u5b58\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u652f\u6301\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u4e49\u52a1\uff08natural obligations\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u4ef7\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u65f6\u50195\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u5b58\u5236\u5ea6\u57fa\u672c\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u5e78\u798f\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4ed6\u56fd\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u652f\u6301\u548c\u670d\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u522b\u95ee\u4f60\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u4e3a\u4f60\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u95ee\u4f60\u80fd\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\uff08Ask not what your country can do for you \u2013 ask what you can do for your country\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u201c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u516c\u6c11\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u516c\u6c11\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5f97\u4e2a\u4f53\u540c\u610f\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u53bb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u5171\u548c\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u5baa\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8fbe\u8a00\u8bba\uff0c\u634d\u536b\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u9075\u7eaa\u5b88\u6cd5\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u5e94\u8be5\u8bda\u5b9e\uff0c\u5b88\u4fe1\uff0c\u5bcc\u4e8e\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516c\u6c11\u8d23\u4efb\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5951\u7ea6\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5f97\u4e2a\u4f53\u540c\u610f\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\uff1a\u634d\u536b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u53c2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u98df\u5176\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u8d70\u5411\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u6587\u660e\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u53bb\u83b7\u53d6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u671f\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8d50\u4e88\u3002\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u6743\u5229\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u9700\u8981\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5728\u7684\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u5bbd\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u53d7\u9053\u5fb7\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5c06\u53d7\u5951\u7ea6\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5c65\u884c\u516c\u6c11\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u662f\u5177\u6709\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n

\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u4ee3\u53d8\u8fc1\u800c\u6df1\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u542b\u4e49\u52a1\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u83b7\u53d6\u6743\u5229\u548c\u798f\u5229\u7684\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u5e76\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u6627\u5730\u7d22\u53d6\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u85d0\u89c6\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u5fb7\u7684\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u79fb\u6c11\u5728\u5165\u7c4d\u65f6\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u53c2\u52a0\u5165\u7c4d\u8003\u8bd5\uff0c\u90fd\u987b\u8981\u5ba3\u8a93\u6548\u5fe0\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002Naturalization \u65e2\u662f\u5165\u7c4d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f52\u5316\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u79fb\u6c11\u5728\u5165\u7c4d\u65f6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u4e86\u5f52\u5316\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u79fb\u6c11\u90fd\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5c65\u884c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5165\u7c4d\u5ba3\u8a93\uff0c\u5373\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u5efa\u56fd\u7406\u5ff5\u3001\u5baa\u653f\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5165\u7c4d\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e0d\u662f\u620f\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f92\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u9576\u5d4c\u5728\u8840\u6db2\u91cc\u7684\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7231\u3001\u4e00\u4efd\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\u62d2\u7edd\u5c65\u884c\u8a93\u8a00\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e94\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u52a8\u653e\u5f03\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5c06\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u5e76\u6536\u56de\u4ed6\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u672c\u571f\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5c06\u81ea\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5efa\u8bae\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u767b\u8bb0\u5e76\u5ba3\u8a93\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5fe0\u8bda\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5fe0\u8bda\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u975e\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u519b\u961f\u5fe0\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5fe0\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u6837\uff1b\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5fe0\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5fe0\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff1a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff1b
\n\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1b
\n\u5171\u540c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5e95\u7ebf\uff1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u70ed\u7231\u4e0e\u5fe0\u8bda\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e09\u8005\u662f\u91cd\u5efa\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6240\u5728\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u5904\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7ed3\u70b9\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4fee\u517b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u516c\u6c11\u4e49\u52a1\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u516c\u6c11\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5c06\u5065\u5eb7\u8bb8\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6781\u6743\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u76d1\u89c6\u3001\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u3001\u88ab\u611a\u5316\uff0c\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u63a5\u53d7\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u670d\u4ece\u6267\u653f\u515a\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u63a5\u53d7\u7531\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u626d\u66f2\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743 \uff08national identity vs human right\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u754c\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u56fd\u754c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e00\u56fd\u7586\u754c\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u4eba\u6743\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u6db5\u76d6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6743\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8bed\u6c47\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u6b62\u6b65\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u7586\u754c\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7586\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u8715\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u56fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u5411\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u201d\u5ef6\u4f38\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u6743\u4e00\u65e6\u8d85\u8d8a\u56fd\u754c\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u6cdb\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u514d\u4e8e\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u532e\u4e4f\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u754c\u7684\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5ea6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u6743\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u96be\u6c11\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u96be\u6c11\u4ee5\u4eba\u6743\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8fdb\u5165\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u62d2\u7edd\u4ed6\u4eba\u975e\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7586\u754c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u535a\u5f08\uff1a\u4eba\u6743 vs \u4e3b\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u6743\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u6f6e\u6d41\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u96be\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u96be\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u96be\u6c11\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u96be\u6c11\u8f93\u5165\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96be\u6c11\u8f93\u5165\u56fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u663e\u7136\u9ad8\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u3002<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\uff1a
\n1. Fukuyama, Francis:\u300aIdentity: the demand for dignity and the politics of resentment\u300b. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018
\n2. Samuel P. Huntington:\u300aWho Are We – The Challenges to America\u2019s National Identity\u300b. New York: SIMON & SCHUSTER, 2004.
\n3. Ruth Lister: \u300aCitizenship\uff1aFeminist Perspectives\u300b\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u300a\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\uff1a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff0c\u590f\u5b8f \u7ffb\u8bd1
\n4. \u4efb\u8d5c\uff1a\u300a\u5bf9\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u4e0e\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u7eb5\u89c8\u4e2d\u56fd
\n5. John Rawls: \u300aA Theory of Justice\u300b. Revised Edition, 1999. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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