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Marx,1918-1883\uff09\u57281848\u5e74\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u901a\u904e\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u9b25\u722d\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u30021864\u5e74\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4f5c\u70ba\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u5de5\u4eba\u806f\u5408\u7d44\u7e54\u300e\u570b\u969b\u5de5\u4eba\u5354\u6703\u300f\uff08IWA\uff09\u30021889\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u570b\u5de5\u4eba\u653f\u9ee8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u806f\u5408\u7d44\u7e54\u300e\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u969b\u300f\uff08Second 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href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u516c\u958b\u767c\u8868\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u56db\u5927\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u6536\u9304\u8a72\u6c7a\u8b70\u3002\u8607\u4fc4\u89e3\u5bc6\u6a94\u6848\u8a3b\u660e\uff0c\u8a72\u6c7a\u8b70\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u6771\u65b9\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u7db1\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u300f\u3002\u7c3d\u7f72\u4eba\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u66f8\u8a18\u8655\u62c9\u72c4\u514b\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65b7\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6c7a\u8b70\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u66f8\u8a18\u8655\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6c7a\u8b70\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c4\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u5168\u9ad4\u901a\u904e\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6c7a\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u300e\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u300f\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u6703\u8b70\u6c7a\u8b70\u7684\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u63cf\u7e6a\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u5e45\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5716\u666f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6587\u5316\u5df2\u906d\u6467\u6b98\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u8655\u65bc\u5b8c\u5168\u6bc0\u6ec5\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u5920\u62ef\u6551\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u5373\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u89e3\u9ad4\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5167\u90e8\u5d29\u6f70\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u820a\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u5df2\u4e0d\u5fa9\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u751f\u7522\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6df7\u4e82\u53ea\u6709\u6700\u5927\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u8005\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u624d\u80fd\u514b\u670d\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5fc5\u9808\u5efa\u7acb\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u2014\u2014\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u5fc5\u9808\u63a8\u7ffb\u8cc7\u672c\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u6d88\u6ec5\u6230\u722d\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u570b\u754c\uff0c\u628a\u6574\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5be6\u73fe\u5404\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u53cb\u597d\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u57281848\u5e74\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u63cf\u7e6a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u793e\u6703\u2014\u2014\u6253\u7834\u570b\u754c\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u7a7a\u60f3\u3002\u800c\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5247\u8981\u901a\u904e\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u8457\u624b\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebc\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u8ddf\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u60f3\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u662f\u4e00\u8108\u76f8\u627f\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u6240\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5c40\u52e2\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4e86\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u5be6\u8cea\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u7684\u6587\u737b\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u300e\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u300f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u4e0a\u7576\u9078\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u57f7\u884c\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u4fc4\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u59d4\u54e1\u683c\u88e1\u6208\u88e1\u00b7\u8449\u592b\u8b1d\u8036\u7dad\u5947\u00b7\u5b63\u8afe\u7dad\u4e5f\u592b\uff08\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0417\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0432\uff0c1883\uff0d1936\uff09\u5c0d\u6210\u7acb\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u505a\u4e86\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8af1\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c\u8ab0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u9019\u662f\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5805\u4fe1\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5c07\u4f86\u5c31\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\uff1b\u96e3\u9053\u6211\u5011\u9084\u4e0d\u6562\u6210\u7acb\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u70ba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u624b\u6bb5\u55ce\uff1f\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5217\u5be7\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u7684\u300a\u9589\u5e55\u8a5e\u300b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u7533\uff1a\u300e\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5df2\u7d93\u70ba\u671f\u4e0d\u9060\u4e86\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u6703\u8b70\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u985e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u805e\u6240\u672a\u805e\u7684\u65b0\u5947\u53e3\u865f\uff1a\u300e\u570b\u969b\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u842c\u6b72\uff01\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5217\u5be7\u901a\u904e\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u6240\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u5f62\u614b\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u6210\u7acb\u5f8c\u7684\u7576\u5929\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u6176\u795d\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u6210\u7acb\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u6f14\u8aaa\uff0c\u4fe1\u8a93\u65e6\u65e6\u5730\u5c07\u4ed6\u6240\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u505a\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u7576\u4eba\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u300c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u7684\u52dd\u5229\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b49\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5927\u5ef3\u88e1\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u770b\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u662f\u600e\u6a23\u6210\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u53c8\u770b\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u5373\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u662f\u600e\u6a23\u6210\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u770b\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5c07\u662f\u600e\u6a23\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u7b97\u8a08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u4e5f\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebc\u5217\u5be7\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3\uff0e\u958b\u5c55\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e86\u628a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u70cf\u6258\u90a6\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u300e\u70ba\u671f\u4e0d\u9060\u300f\u7684\u5be6\u9ad4\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u958b\u5c55\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u8a08\u756b\uff1a\u300e\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7576\u524d\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u570b\u65e5\u76ca\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u5c55\u958b\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5373\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u904b\u52d5\u662f\u5411\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u3001\u5411\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u52dd\u5229\u9081\u51fa\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u5728\u5404\u570b\u958b\u5c55\u300e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u300f\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u6230\u7565\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5176\u8457\u773c\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u7acb\u5373\u596a\u53d6\uff08\u5404\u570b\uff09\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u6253\u788e\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u6b0a\u6a5f\u69cb\u3002\u300f\u300e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u65b0\u578b\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u300f\u800c\u5728\u5404\u570b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u578b\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u73fe\u6210\u7684\u3001\u6bcf\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u6548\u4eff\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u5df2\u7d93\u5be6\u969b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1920\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u518d\u6b21\u5f59\u96c6\u4e86\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u5340\u7684\u4e8c\u767e\u591a\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u53ec\u958b\u4e86\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\uff09\u3002\u6703\u4e0a\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u660e\u78ba\u4e86\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u958b\u5c55\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\uff1a\u300e\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u662f\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u904e\u5be6\u969b\u4f86\u6aa2\u9a57\u5728\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u8f03\u865b\u5e7b\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5411\u53c3\u52a0\u7684\u5404\u570b\u5404\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u66f4\u70ba\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014\u300e\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\u3002\u5217\u5be7\u8981\u6c42\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5c0d\u6b64\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u5be6\u969b\u6aa2\u9a57\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u904e\u6e21\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u5f9e\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u610f\u5716\u3001\u6703\u8b70\u6587\u737b\u548c\u5f8c\u4f86\u300e\u5be6\u969b\u6aa2\u9a57\u300f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u300e\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\u5373\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u65e2\u5b9a\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u8207\u9032\u7a0b\u3002\u5176\u6642\u7a7a\u7684\u614b\u52e2\u5927\u9ad4\u5982\u4e0b\u5c55\u958b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u596a\u53d6\u5404\u570b\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u570b\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4fc4\u5f0f\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5728\u5404\u570b\u596a\u6b0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9f4a\u982d\u4e26\u9032\u540c\u6642\u5c55\u958b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u5148\u5f8c\uff0c\u51e1\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7d50\u6210\u70ba\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u7d44\u6210\u4ee5\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u7684\u5ef6\u7e8c\u8207\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u64f4\u5c55\uff0c\u5c07\u4e0d\u65b7\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u52a0\u5165\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u570b\u5bb6\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u9019\u7a2e\u6efe\u96ea\u7403\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u5c07\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u88f9\u633e\u4f75\u5165\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d66\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3001\u4eba\u5011\u4e00\u5411\u6240\u8a8d\u77e5\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u7d66\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u540d\u7a31\uff1a\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u904b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u912d\u91cd\u5ba3\u4f48\uff1a\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u4e8b\u696d\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7684\u4e8b\u696d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u70ba\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u806f\u76df\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u5c31\u6c7a\u4e0d\u7518\u4f11\u3002\u300f\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c11\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u90fd\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u300e\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u806f\u76df\u300f\uff0c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u5584\u7f77\u7518\u4f11\u3002\u9019\u5012\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4e00\u7d71\u5929\u4e0b\u7570\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8b00\u800c\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u638c\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u6b0a\u529b\u6b32\u671b\u8207\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u547d\u904b\u88ab\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u6346\u7d81\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u985e\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u90a3\u4e9b\u5371\u8a00\u8073\u807d\u7684\u6216\u82b1\u88e1\u80e1\u54e8\u7684\u8fad\u85fb\u80cc\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9010\u6f38\u64f4\u5927\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u7248\u5716\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u5404\u570b\u3001\u5404\u65b9\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u600e\u9ebc\u6562\u65bc\u5411\u5927\u6703\u63d0\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u76ee\u5f35\u81bd\u7684\u64f4\u5f35\u8a08\u756b\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u6703\u8b70\u6587\u737b\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u770b\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ee3\u8868\u5011\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u65b7\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u8457\u5167\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u95dc\u806f\u7684\u7e1d\u5bc6\u8003\u616e\uff1a<\/p>\n<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href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u4e8c\u6230\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u300e\u806f\u76df\u300f\u8a08\u756b\u50c5\u5728\u8607\u4fc4\u7684\u5468\u908a\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u5340\u57df\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u6975\u70ba\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1918\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u8607\u4fc4\u6b63\u5f0f\u8a2d\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5340\u5283\uff0c\u570b\u540d\u70ba\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u90a6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7d93\u904e\u8fd14\u5e74\u7684\u93d6\u6230\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u64ca\u6557\u4e86\u5916\u570b\u7684\u6b66\u88dd\u5e72\u6d89\uff0c\u64ca\u6f70\u4e86\u767d\u8ecd\uff0c\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea6\u5ba3\u4f48\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b49\u3002\u52301922\u5e7412\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u8607\u4fc4\u901a\u904e\u7c3d\u7f72\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u806f\u76df\u3002\u7c21\u7a31\u8607\u806f\u3002\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u90a6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3001\u767d\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u90a6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3001\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u90a6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3001\u5916\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u90a6\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u683c\u9b6f\u5409\u4e9e\u7684\u55ac\u6cbb\u4e9e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u3001\u4e9e\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9e\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u653f\u6b0a\u548c\u4e9e\u585e\u62dc\u7136\u7b49\uff09\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u70ba\u8607\u806f\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u6210\u54e1\u570b\u3002\u800c\u300a\u6c7a\u8b70\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3001\u82ac\u862d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u66c7\u82b1\u4e00\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u6230\u671f\u9593\u53ca\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u524d\u8607\u806f\u7684\u7248\u5716\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u64f4\u5927\uff0c\u53c8\u541e\u4f75\u4e86\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u3001\u62c9\u812b\u7dad\u5c3c\u4e9e\u3001\u611b\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9e\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u524d\u8607\u806f\u7684\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u5df2\u7d93\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53f2\u9054\u6797\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5f8c\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ca7\u5f31\u843d\u5f8c\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5462\uff1f\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5217\u5be7\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u4f48\u5c40\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u5c07\u52a0\u5165\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u300e\u70ba\u671f\u4e0d\u9060\u300f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6309\u7167\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u662f\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7522\u751f\u7684\u3002\u300e\u5728\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u548c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5f9e\u524d\u8005\u8b8a\u70ba\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8f49\u8b8a\u6642\u671f\u3002\u540c\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u76f8\u9069\u61c9\u7684\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u904e\u6e21\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5c08\u653f\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u800c1919\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u9084\u9060\u6c92\u9054\u5230\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9769\u547d\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u7684\u653f\u6b0a\u5462\uff1f\u70ba\u6b64\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6295\u6a5f\u6027\u7684\u3001\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300f\u9019\u4e00\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u5217\u5be7\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u5074\u91cd\u65bc\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5be6\u8cea\u3002\u800c\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300f\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u9019\u4e00\u6574\u9ad4\u8a08\u756b\u4e2d\u6709\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6230\u7565\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u7576\u7136\u8981\u5728\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5c55\u958b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u6467\u6bc0\u73fe\u5b58\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u975e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u53c8\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u8fa6\u5462\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u975e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u806f\u7e6b\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5462\uff1f\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300f\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5316\u89e3\u9019\u4e00\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u8b93\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u6cbf\u8457\u5169\u689d\u6230\u7dda\u540c\u6642\u5c55\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u6230\u7dda\uff0c\u5728\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5c55\u958b\u53cd\u5e1d\u904b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7576\u6642\u570b\u969b\u5f62\u52e2\u4e0b\uff0c\u300e\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u300f\u6210\u70ba\u8607\u4fc4\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6575\u4eba\u3002\u57281919\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\u53ec\u958b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u6703\u4e0a\uff0c\u5404\u570b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e8e1\u670825\u65e5\u6279\u51c6\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u300e\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u300f\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c07\u51fa\u73fe\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u7b49\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u63a8\u52d5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u5169\u570b\u88ab\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5b9a\u6027\u70ba\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f37\u570b\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e26\u4e0d\u7518\u5fc3\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u6e96\u5099\u6c7a\u4e00\u6b7b\u6230\u3002\u5b83\u6253\u8457\u300c\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u300d\u7684\u65d7\u865f\uff0c\u9ad8\u5531\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9032\u884c\u6700\u5f8c\u6399\u7d2e\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u81ea\u52d5\u88c2\u958b\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5f4c\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u529b\u91cf\u5c0d\u4ed8\u65b9\u8208\u672a\u827e\u7684\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\u6230\u7dda\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5c55\u958b\u53cd\u5e1d\u904b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300f\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e26\u975e\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u767c\u9054\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u300e\u570b\u806f\u300f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u96e3\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u975e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u5c55\u958b\u4ee5\u596a\u6b0a\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u904b\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u884c\u5c07\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u300e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6230\u722d\u300f\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u6c11\u65cf\u6230\u722d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>1916\u5e74\u5217\u5be7\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u300a\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u968e\u6bb5\u300b\uff0c\u5c0d\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u4f5c\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u63ee\u30021920\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u70ba\u5927\u6703\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u7684\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\u4e2d\u5f37\u8abf\uff1a\u300e\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63d0\u7db1\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u58d3\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5225\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5283\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u70ba\u6578\u773e\u591a\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5c11\u6578\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u9019\u4e00\u5283\u5206\uff0c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u58d3\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u5c31\u628a\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u9664\u4ed6\u638c\u63a7\u653f\u6b0a\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u7d0d\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7d0d\u5165\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d50\u679c\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u6b66\u5eab\u4e2d\u53c8\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u300e\u672c\u570b\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u6216\u7a31\u70ba\u300e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u300f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u300e\u5728\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4f54\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e26\u58d3\u8feb\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u88e1\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u53cd\u5c0d\u672c\u570b\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u975e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u570b\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u52a0\u4ee5\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u8cab\u7a7f\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u4fdd\u885b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u662f\u4ea4\u7e54\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u300e\u5728\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6230\u722d\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5c07\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5c11\u6578\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u53cd\u5c0d\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u4ee5\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\u70ba\u9996\u7684\u5404\u500b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6587\u660e\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u9084\u662f\u843d\u5f8c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u6709\u5f9e\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u51fa\u767c\u624d\u80fd\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u5404\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u554f\u984c\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\u7684\u8aaa\u8fad\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u7684\u8457\u773c\u9ede\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u4fc4\u570b\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u8607\u4fc4\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u9ad4\u73fe\u5728\u5169\u500b\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u65bc1920\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u300e\u570b\u806f\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u300e\u570b\u806f\u300f\u88ab\u5217\u5be7\u8996\u70ba\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u6575\u4eba\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u662f\u88ab\u5217\u5be7\u9ede\u540d\u5283\u6b78\u5230\u4e86\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u6839\u64da\u300e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u300f\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u5247\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3002\u57281922\u5e74\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u982d\u929c\u88ab\u6234\u5728\u4e86\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u5317\u4f10\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5317\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u982d\u4e0a\u3002\u300e\u8a72\u653f\u5e9c\u53cd\u5c0d\u4fc4\u570b\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u800c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u5408\u4f5c\uff08\u5373\u570b\u5171\u5408\u4f5c<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\uff09\u7834\u7522\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u6234\u5728\u4e86\u5317\u4f10\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u5357\u4eac\u653f\u5e9c\u982d\u4e0a\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\u57281931\u5e749\u00b718\u4e8b\u8b8a\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u82cf\u4fc4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53d6\u5f97\u5bf9\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u534e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ea2\u519b\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u57281931\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e66\u8bb0\u5904\u5173\u4e8e\u6ee1\u6d32\u95ee\u9898\u975e\u5e38\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d1\u8a00\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u539f\u8bdd\uff1a\u300e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u6216\u8005\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u7565\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u8fdb\u884c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u53cd\u5bf9\u672c\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c1932\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u5169\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u300f\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u2026\u89e3\u51b3\u5934\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u7ec4\u5efa\u7ea2\u519b\u5e76\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5f3a\u7ea2\u519b\u3002\u6269\u5927\u548c\u8054\u5408\u82cf\u533a\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8ffd\u5c0b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u5c071919\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u9019\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u8003\u616e\u5728\u5167\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5efa\u7acb\u300e\u570b\u806f\u300f\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u50c5\u50c5\u5169\u500b\u6708\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u5c31\u5411\u9019\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\u516c\u958b\u767c\u8d77\u4e86\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u6bd4\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\u65e9\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u9700\u8981\u7279\u5225\u63d0\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u652f\u67f1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5c0d\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u547d\u904b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u81f4\u70ba\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u96e3\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u878d\u5165\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u7f8e\u3001\u4e2d\u6b50\uff08\u76df\uff09\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u6df1\u5c64\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u904e\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5ac1\u63a5\uff0c\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u300e\u5929\u671d\u4e0a\u570b\u300f\u5d29\u6f70\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u300e\u5c48\u8fb1-\u53cd\u6297\u300f\u5fc3\u7406\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5167\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u300e\u53cd\u5e1d\u300f\u8207\u300e\u611b\u570b\u300f\u9023\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u60c5\u7d50\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u6558\u4e8b\u8a71\u8a9e\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u5236\u5b9a\u5c0d\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6839\u64da\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u9019\u8ddf\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u662f\u5426\u5f37\u5927\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u6642\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u8ca7\u5f31\u7684\u570b\u529b\u4e26\u672a\u524a\u5f31\u4e2d\u5171\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c7a\u5fc3\u548c\u9b25\u5fd7\u3002\u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\u7684\u97dc\u5149\u990a\u6666\u653f\u7b56\u4e5f\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u53cd\u5e1d\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u516d\u56db\u5c60\u6bba\u4e4b\u5f8c\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u5236\u88c1\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u300e\u6211\u5011\u518d\u97dc\u5149\u990a\u6666\u5730\u5e79\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u767c\u8a00\u7684\u5206\u91cf\u5c31\u6703\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u300f<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\u5728\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u6709\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u6b0a\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u662f\u97dc\u5149\u990a\u6666\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u5728\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u81e5\u85aa\u5690\u81bd\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u570b\u529b\u7d42\u65bc\u6709\u4e86\u986f\u8457\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u6709\u689d\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u4e8c\u6230\u5f8c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u70ba\u9996\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6230\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u9019\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u6230\u5f8c\u5217\u5be7\u5411\u7f8e\u82f1\u4e3b\u5c0e\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u570b\u969b\u79e9\u5e8f\u6311\u6230\u7684\u7ffb\u7248\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f9e\u6bdb\u7d93\u9127\u5230\u7fd2\uff0c\u5176\u53cd\u5e1d\u5fc3\u614b\u4e00\u8108\u76f8\u627f\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u652f\u6490\u4ecd\u7136\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u5f9e\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u53f2\u9054\u6797\u7684\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u7b97\u8a08\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e2d\u9192\u609f\u904e\u4f86\u3002\u7576\u4eca\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u6b64\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u901a\u904e\u5c0d\u5217\u5be7\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u4efb\u52d9\u3001\u5b97\u65e8\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6b78\u7d0d\u3001\u68b3\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5927\u9ad4\u80fd\u5920\u770b\u5230\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5c07\u6703\u906d\u9047\u7684\u5384\u904b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u4ee5\u4e2d\u570b\u70ba\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u8607\u4fc4\u5efa\u570b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u8ac7\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u591a\u6563\u898b\u65bc\u5831\u7d19\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>1919\u5e74\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u6210\u7acb\u5f8c\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u57281920\u5e74\u53ec\u958b\u7684\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\uff0c\u5217\u5be7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u70ba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u5171\u548c\u570b\u800c\u958b\u5c55\u7684\u570b\u969b\u8607\u7dad\u57c3\u806f\u76df\u904b\u52d5\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6230\u7565\u548c\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u591a\u653e\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u548c\u4e9e\u6d32\u554f\u984c\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u904b\u52d5\u9019\u4e00\u7e3d\u9ad4\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\u90a3\u9ebc\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u53c8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u843d\u5be6\u5728\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u7684\u547d\u904b\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u8ca7\u5f31\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6230\u706b\u7d1b\u98db\u3001\u5167\u4e82\u4e0d\u6b62\u3001\u8ecd\u95a5\u5272\u64da\u3001\u653f\u6b0a\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u53c8\u80fd\u5728\u5217\u5be7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u6230\u7565\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u626e\u6f14\u4ec0\u9ebc\u89d2\u8272\u5462\uff1f\u539f\u4f86\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u6210\u7acb\u76841919\u5e74\uff0c\u4fc4\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u9084\u51fa\u81fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e2d\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u7f8e\u4e09\u570b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6771\u4e9e\u7e3d\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u800c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6771\u4e9e\u7e3d\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u65cf\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u7dad\u8b77\u8607\u4fc4\u7684\u9060\u6771\u5b89\u5168\u505a\u51fa\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u72a7\u7272\u3002\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u5728\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e5f\u5728\u65bc\u6b64\u3002\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u8a71\u984c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u300b\uff0c\u898b\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u9060\u6771\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u73fe\u4ee3\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u737b\u4fdd\u7ba1\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u67cf\u6797\u81ea\u7531\u5927\u5b78\u6771\u4e9e\u7814\u7a76\u6703\u7de8\uff1a\u300a\u806f\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u3001\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u3001\u806f\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u9769\u547d\u6a94\u6848\u8cc7\u6599\u53e2\u66f8-\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\uff081920\u20141925\uff09\uff09\u3002\u53c8\u898b\u6258\u5c3c\u00b7\u585e\u5947\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u7d71\u4e00\u6230\u7dda\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c377-378\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1919\u5e743\u6708\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u5b63\u6d1b\u7ef4\u8036\u592b\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u4e8c\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\u7684\u5831\u544a\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1919\u5e743\u6708\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u5217\u5b81\uff1a\u300a\u95ed\u5e55\u8bcd\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1919\u5e743\u6708\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u884c\u52a8\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1919\u5e743\u6708\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u300a\u5217\u5be7\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c28\u5377\uff0c460\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u5217\u5be7\u5728\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e00\u5927\u7684\u300a\u9589\u5e55\u8a5e\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1919\u5e743\u6708\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u5217\u5be7\uff1a\u300a\u95dc\u65bc\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5c08\u653f\u7684\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u5217\u5be7\u70ba\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\u8d77\u8349\u7684\u5831\u544a\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u7db1\u521d\u7a3f\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1920\u5e747-8\u6708\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\uff0c\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c65-68\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u53c3\u898b\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\uff0c1988\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u300a\u95dc\u65bc\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6c7a\u8b70\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1920\u5e747-8\u6708\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u99ac\u514b\u601d\uff1a\u300a\u54e5\u9054\u7db1\u9818\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff08Kritik des Gothaer Programms\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1920\u5e747-8\u6708\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u300a\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1920\u5e747-8\u6708\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u5217\u5be7\uff1a\u300a\u8ad6\u5c24\u5c3c\u70cf\u65af\u7684\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u300b\uff0c1916\u3002\u300a\u5217\u5be7\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u4e2d\u8b6f\u672c\uff0c22\u5377\u30021955-1963\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u4e8c\u5927\u6c7a\u8b70\uff1a\u300a\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u969b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u300b\u3002\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u6587\u4ef6 1920\u5e747-8\u6708\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u5217\u5be7\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u554f\u984c\u7684\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u300e\u8d8a\u98db\u7d66\u5951\u5207\u6797\u7684\u96fb\u5831\uff081922\u5e7411\u670810\u65e5\u548c13\u65e5\uff09\u300f\uff0c\u300a\u806f\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u3001\u5171\u7522\u570b\u969b\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\uff081920-1925\uff09\u300b\uff0c154\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u7b46\u8005\u9700\u8981\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c07\u300e\u570b\u5171\u5408\u4f5c\u300f\u6307\u8a8d\u6210\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u9019\u4e00\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u8aa4\u5340\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u6b77\u53f2\u6558\u4e8b\u4e2d\u773e\u591a\u8aa4\u5340\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f03\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\u300e\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e66\u8bb0\u5904\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u5e1d\u9b25\u722d\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u7535\u62a5\u300f\u3002\u300a\u8054\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff081931-1937\uff09\u300b\u537713\uff0c22\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c86\u9801.\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>\u300e\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e66\u8bb0\u5904\u5173\u4e8e\u6ee1\u6d32\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u4f1a\u8bae\u901f\u8bb0\u8bb0\u5f55\u300f\uff0c\u300a\u8054\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff081931-1937\uff09\u300b\u537713\uff0c11\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c48\u9801.\u3002\u53c8\u898b\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u53cd\u5e1d\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u4fdd\u536b\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6587\u732e\u8d44\u6599\u300b\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c1928\u5e74\u3002\u5eab\u6069\u7de8\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u548c\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u5168\u4f1a\u51b3\u8bae\u3001\u63d0\u7db1\u548c\u547c\u5401\u4e66\uff081919-1932\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c1933\u3002\u300b<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>\u300e\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e66\u8bb0\u5904\u4f1a\u8bae\u901f\u8bb0\u8bb0\u5f55\u300f\uff0c\u300a\u8054\u5171\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff081931-1937\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u537713\uff0c 92\u53f7\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c269\u9801\u3002495-346\/13-92\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u9127\u5c0f\u5e73\uff0c92\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> \u5982\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300b\uff08\u300a\u6d85\u74e6\u660e\u661f\u5831\u300b1912\uff09\u3001\u300a\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u300b\uff08\u300a\u771f\u7406\u5831\u300b1912\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u52dd\u5229\u300b\uff08\u300a\u771f\u7406\u5831\u300b1913\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> 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