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(Samuel Wells Williams)\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\uff0c1833\u5e74\u6765\u534e\uff0c1877\u5e74\u56de\u56fd\u5728\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u62c5\u4efb\u6c49\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u662f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u8bba\u300b\u3002\uff082\uff09\u65bd\u5609\u58eb (John Scarth)\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\uff0c1847\u5e74\u52301859\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u5199\u6210\u300a\u65c5\u534e\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\u3002\uff083\uff09\u5bc6\u8fea\u4e50 (Thomas Taylor Meadows)\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\uff0c1842\u5e74\u6765\u534e\uff0c1856\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u9769\u547d\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6211\u5bf9\u5176\u82f1\u6587\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6211\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u5904\u52a0\u5de5\u4fee\u6539\u800c\u6210\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5199\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u751a\u5c11\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u662f\u96c6\u4f53\u5148\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5bb6\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u519b\u4e8b\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u7eb5\u6a2a\u636d\u9616\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u82e6\u96be\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3001\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5bb6\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u5b83\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u53f2\u4e66\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u5927\u4e66\u4e00\u7b14\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u65c5\u534e\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e7c\u65f6\u751f\u957f\u73af\u5883\u53cd\u5dee\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9707\u52a8\u4e5f\u8f83\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<h1>1. \u6740\u5a74\u884c\u4e3a<\/h1>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u76f8\u5f53\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6740\u5a74\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u53ca\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u5927\u7ea6\u53d1\u751f\u57281842-1843\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u96c5\u88e8\u7406 (David Abeel, \u7f8e\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb) \u6b63\u5728\u53a6\u95e8\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u540c\u884c\u5bf9\u6740\u5a74\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u529d\u963b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u7701\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6cc9\u5dde\u5e9c\u548c\u6f33\u5dde\u5e9c\uff0c\u6740\u5a74\u884c\u4e3a\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8c03\u67e5\u8fc7\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u8981\u76db\u884c\u3002\u96c5\u88e8\u7406\u5148\u751f\u8c03\u67e5\u4e86\u6cc9\u5dde\u7684\u56db\u5341\u4e2a\u6751\u9547\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5a74\u513f\u88ab\u6740\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5341\u5230\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u4e0d\u7b49\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ece\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u2018\u5a74\u513f\u2019\u90fd\u662f\u6307\u5973\u5a74\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6570\u5b57\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u5168\u90e8\u5973\u5a74\u6570\u91cf\u4e3a\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\uff09\uff1b\u5e73\u5747\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u7ea6\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u56db\u5341\u7684\u5973\u5a74\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u3002\u5728\u6f33\u5dde\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e2a\u9547\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6740\u5a74\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5728\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5230\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u9ad8\u81f3\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u4f4e\u81f3\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u5e73\u5747\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u6709\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5973\u5a74\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u3002\u4e00\u6b21\u4ed6\u548c\u7518\u660e (William Henry \u00a0Cumming, \u7f8e\u56fd\u533b\u751f\u3001\u4f20\u6559\u58eb) 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4b3\u5939\u5979\u7684\u8138\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7528\u4e00\u58f6\u5f00\u6c34\u628a\u5979\u70eb\u6b7b\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\u8fd8\u900f\u9732\u4e86\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u6587\u7ae0\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u662f\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u7591\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6587\u4e2d\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u66b4\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u8650\u5f85\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u6740\u6216\u81ea\u6740\u672a\u9042\u7684\u4e8b\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\uff0c\u542c\u95fb\u8005\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u8bae\u8bba\u51e0\u53e5\u4e4b\u540e\u4fbf\u5f88\u5feb\u5fd8\u8bb0\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5c11\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u201d\u30106\u3011<\/p>\n<h1>3. \u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a<\/h1>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u7684\u6b8b\u66b4\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u6bb5\u8bdd\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u79c1\u5211\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\uff08\u5927\u7ea6\u53d1\u751f\u57281840-1890\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u51e0\u4e2a\u503a\u4e3b\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b20\u4e86\u503a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7528\u5176\u5927\u811a\u8dbe\u5c06\u5176\u5012\u540a\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u903c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u503a\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u5bb6\u4f19\uff0c\u53cc\u624b\u88ab\u53cd\u7ed1\uff0c\u7528\u5176\u5927\u62c7\u6307\u540a\u5728\u7a7a\u4e2d\u3002\u6211\u628a\u4ed6\u6551\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u540a\u4e86\u516d\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u81c2\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u6cd5\u518d\u56de\u5230\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u9752\u7d2b\uff0c\u624b\u6307\u5934\u8ddf\u624b\u8155\u4e00\u6837\u7c97\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u8981\u6765\u5077\u4e1c\u897f\uff01\u30107\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u4eba\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u628a\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u516c\u5802\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8fc7\u7a0b\u56f0\u96be\u3001\u8017\u8d39\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u5bb6\u4e11\u5916\u626c\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u901a\u5978\u4e4b\u4e8b\u9760\u79c1\u4e0b\u5bfb\u4ec7\u6765\u4e86\u7ed3\uff0c\u72af\u4e8b\u8005\u88ab\u4e00\u5927\u7fa4\u4eba\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fd7\u8bdd\u8bf4\u7684\u2018\u4eba\u591a\u52bf\u4f17\u2019\u3002\u8fd9\u4eba\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u817f\u3001\u6709\u65f6\u88ab\u6253\u65ad\u80f3\u818a\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u5e38\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u773c\u775b\u91cc\u63c9\u5165\u751f\u77f3\u7070\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u81f4\u76f2\u3002\u201d\u30108\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u6e05\u519b\u4e0e\u5c0f\u5200\u4f1a\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u5f53\u662f\u5c0f\u5200\u4f1a\u8d77\u4e8b\u76841853\u5e74\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u515a\u4eba\u201d\u5373\u5c0f\u5200\u4f1a\u4f17\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u4e8e\u5c0f\u5200\u4f1a\u8d77\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u664f\u9a6c\u592a\uff08Matthew T. Yates, 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\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u62d0\u5356\u5987\u5973\u73b0\u8c61\u6df1\u5c42\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0chttps:\/\/www.rfa.org\/mandarin\/ytbdzhuantixilie\/guaimai-funu\/wy-03102022131034.html<\/li>\n<li>Thomas Taylor Meadows \uff08\u5bc6\u8fea\u4e50\uff09, <em>The Chinese and Their Rebellions, viewed in connection with their national philosophy, ethics, legislation, and administration, <\/em>Academic Reprints, 1856. p. 450<\/li>\n<li>Samuel Wells Williams \uff08\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff09, <em>The Middle Kingdom <\/em><em>\u2013<\/em><em> A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants<\/em> \uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u603b\u8bba\u300b\uff09, Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1883. pp. 240-241<\/li>\n<li>Williams, p. 543<\/li>\n<li>John Scarth \uff08\u65bd\u5609\u58eb\uff09, <em>Twelve Years in China \u2013 The People, The Rebels, and The Mandarins<\/em>, Hamilton, Adams, and Co., 1860, pp. 148-149<\/li>\n<li>Arthur H. Smith \uff08\u660e\u6069\u6d66\uff09, <em>Chinese Characteristics<\/em>, Fleming H. Revell, 1894. p. 202<\/li>\n<li>Scarth, pp. 147-148<\/li>\n<li>Smith, p. 210<\/li>\n<li>\u7b80\u53c8\u6587\uff0c\u300a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5168\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u731b\u8fdb\u4e66\u5c4b\uff0c1962\u5e74\u3002721\u9875<\/li>\n<li>Meadows, p. 169<\/li>\n<li>\u7b80 612-613\u9875<\/li>\n<li>Williams, p. 631<\/li>\n<li>Williams, p. 600<\/li>\n<li>\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u4eba\u53f2\u201d\uff0chttps:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%B2#%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB<\/li>\n<li>Stephen R. Platt, <em>Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom, <\/em>Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. pp. 338-339<\/li>\n<li>Williams, p. 621<\/li>\n<li>Williams, p. 623<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6c5f\u82cf\u5f90\u5dde\u4e30\u53bf\u6b22\u53e3\u9547\u8463\u96c6\u6751\u7684\u201c\u94c1\u94fe\u5973\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u9707\u60ca\u5168\u56fd\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7275\u52a8\u4e86\u4e3e\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u201c\u94c1\u94fe\u5973\u201d\u7684\u906d\u9047\u4e4b\u60b2\u60e8\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u52a0\u5bb3\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u59a5\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u6751\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u77e5\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e60\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e38\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4ece\u5730\u65b9\u5230\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e00\u518d\u63a9\u76d6\u771f\u76f8\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u8c03\u67e5\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\uff1b\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u906d\u9047\u7edd\u975e\u4e2a\u6848\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5907\u53d7\u6307\u8d23\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u771f\u76f8\u592a\u8fc7\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u627f\u62c5\u4e0d\u8d77\u8ba9\u771f\u76f8\u89c1\u5149\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[151,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chater08-10years","category-first","et-doesnt-have-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94646","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=94646"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94646\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":94648,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/94646\/revisions\/94648"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=94646"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=94646"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/minzhuzhongguo.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=94646"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}